Computer Aided Design And Manufacturing
Computer AidedDesign andManufacturingK. Lalit NarayanK. Mallikarjuna RaoM.M.M. Sarcar
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNANDMANUFACTURING
ComputerAidedDesign and ManufacturingK. LALIT NARAYANAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSir C.R.R. College of EngineeringEluruK. MALLIKARJUNA RAO, Ph.D.HeadDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringJNTU College of EngineeringKakinadaM.M.M. SARCAR, Ph.D.ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringA.U. College of EngineeringAndhra UniversityVisakhapatnamNew Delhi-1100012008
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURINGK. Lalit Narayan, K. Mallikarjuna Rao and M.M.M. Sarcar 2008 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may bereproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing fromthe publisher.ISBN-978-81-203-3342-0The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.Second Printing July, 2013Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, PatparganjIndustrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited,New Delhi-110020.
CONTENTSForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsPart IxxiiixxvxxixCAD—Fundamentals of Design, Computers and Controllers1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CAD1.1 Introduction 31.2 The CAD System—Definition 31.3 Reasons for Implementing CAD 41.4 Design Process 41.4.1 Shigley Model 51.4.2 Pahl and Beitz Model 61.4.3 Ohsuga Model 81.4.4 Earle Model 91.5 Application of Computers in Design 141.5.1 Geometric Modelling 141.5.2 Engineering Analysis 151.5.3 Design Review and Evaluation 161.5.4 Automated Drafting 161.6 Benefits of Computer Aided Design 171.7 Creating the Manufacturing Database 18Review Questions 192. COMPUTER SYSTEMS2.1 Introduction 202.2 Hardware Components 202.2.1 Central Processing Unit 202.2.2 Memory 222.2.3 Memory—ROM and RAM 24v3–1920–39
viContents2.3 Mass Storage Devices 262.4 Input/Output Devices 292.5 Programming Languages 332.6 Operating System 352.7 System Configuration 36Review Questions 39Part IICAD—Hardware and Software Components3. USE OF COMPUTERS IN CAD/CAM SYSTEM3.1 Introduction 433.2 Microcomputer Based Systems 443.2.1 Overview of Microcomputer Systems 453.2.2 Microcomputer Instructions 483.3 Minicomputer Based Systems 493.3.1 Minicomputer Instructions 503.4 Mainframe-based Systems 513.5 Supercomputers 533.5.1 Defining a Supercomputer 533.5.2 Why do We Need Supercomputers? 553.5.3 How do Supercomputers Achieve Their Speed?3.5.4 Applications of Supercomputers 593.6 Programmable Logic Controller 613.6.1 Components of a PLC 623.6.2 Open PLC Systems 633.6.3 The IEC 1131-3 Programming Standard 643.7 Manufacturing and Assembly Processes 693.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of PLC 69Review Questions 724. CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE4.1 Introduction 734.2 The Design Workstation 744.3 Graphics Terminal 744.3.1 Image Generation in Computer Graphics 744.4 Graphics Terminals for CAD 764.4.1 Directed Beam Refresh Tube (DBRT) 764.4.2 Direct View Storage Tube (DVST) 774.4.3 Raster Scan Terminals (Digital TV) 774.5 Graphics Input Devices 784.5.1 Cursor Control Devices 794.5.2 Digitizers 824.5.3 Keyboard Terminals 8243–725873–91
ContentsGraphics Output Devices 834.6.1 Pen Plotters 834.6.2 Hardcopy Unit 854.6.3 Electrostatic Plotters 864.6.4 Computer-Output-to-Microfilm (COM) Units4.7 Modes of Operation 874.7.1 Hard Copy Mode 874.7.2 On-line Mode 874.7.3 Off-line Mode 884.7.4 Remote Mode 884.8 CAD System Configuration 88Review Questions 90vii4.6865. CAD SYSTEM SOFTWAREIntroduction 925.1 Graphics Software 935.1.1 The Software Configuration of a Graphics System 945.2 Functions of a Graphics Package 955.2.1 Generation of Graphic Elements 955.2.2 Transformations 965.2.3 Display Control and Windowing Functions 965.2.4 Segmenting Functions 965.2.5 User Input Functions 975.3 Constructing the Geometry 975.3.1 The Use of Graphics Elements 975.3.2 Defining the Graphic Elements 985.3.3 Editing the Geometry 995.4 Operating System 1005.5 Software Modules 1015.5.1 Operating System Module 1015.5.2 Graphics Module 1015.5.3 Applications Module 1015.5.4 Programming Module 1025.5.5 Communications Module 1025.6 Graphics Standards 1025.7 Standards for Graphics Programming 1025.7.1 Features of GKS 1035.7.2 GKS-3D 1035.7.3 Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard (PHIGS)5.7.4 Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) Graphics Standard5.8 Product Data Based Format 1065.9 Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) 1075.10 Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) 1115.11 DMIS 11292–116103104
viiiContents5.12 Parasolid 1125.12.1 Modelling Functionalities of Parasolid5.12.2 Applications 1145.13 ACIS 1155.13.1 ACIS Architecture 115Review Questions 1161136. PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICSIntroduction 1176.1 Graphic Primitives 1186.1.1 Point Plotting 1186.1.2 Drawing of Lines 1186.2 Line Drawing Algorithms 1196.2.1 DDA Algorithm 1206.2.3 Bresenham’s Line Algorithm 1216.2.4 Bresenham’s Line-Drawing Algorithm for m 1 1236.3 Bresenham’s Circle Algorithm 1246.3.1 Properties of Circles 1246.4 Ellipse-Generating Algorithms 1266.5 Scan Conversion 1286.6 Rendering 1306.6.1 Rasterizing Polygons 1316.6.2 Hidden Surface Elimination 1326.7 Z-buffer Algorithm 1336.7.1 Scan Line Z-buffer Algorithm 1336.8 Antialiasing 1346.8.1 Super Sampling or Post Filtering 1346.8.2 Area Sampling or Prefiltering 1356.8.3 Pixel Phasing 1356.8.4 Stochastic Sampling 1356.9 Reflection 1356.10 Shading 1386.10.1 Gouraud Shading 1386.10.2 Phong Shading 139Review Questions 140117–1407. TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMSIntroduction 1417.1 Transformation Principles 1417.2 Two-Dimensional Geometric Transformations7.2.1 Scaling 1427.2.2 Translation 1427.2.3 Rotation 143141–156141
Contentsix7.3Three-dimensional Geometric Transformations 1447.3.1 Scaling 1457.3.2 Translation 1457.3.3 Rotation 1467.4 Linear Transformations 1477.5 Display 1497.6 Windowing and Clipping 1507.7 Display Files for Three-dimensional Data 1507.8 Visualization of Three-dimensional Data 1517.8.1 Perspective Transformation 1527.8.2 Brightness Modulation 1537.8.3 Hidden-line removal 1537.8.4 Shading 1537.8.5 Movement 154Review Questions 154Practice Problems 1558. WIRE FRAME MODELLINGIntroduction 1578.1 Importance of Geometric Modelling 1578.2 Requirements of Geometric Modelling 1578.3 Types of Models 1588.3.1 Wire Frame Modelling 1588.3.2 Surface Modelling 1598.3.3 Solid Modelling 1608.4 Wire Frame Entities 1618.5 Representation of Curves 1618.6 Design of Curved Shapes 1638.7 Analytic Curves 1648.8 Parametric Representation of Analytic Curves 1648.8.1 Line 1648.8.2 Circles 1658.8.3 Ellipse 1678.8.4 Parabola 1698.8.5 Hyperbola 1718.9 Synthetic Curves 1728.10 Parametric Representation of Synthetic Curves 1738.10.1 Cubic Spline Curves 1748.10.2 Bezier Curves 1768.10.3 B-spline Curves 1778.11 Limitations of Wire Frame Modelling 178157–186
Computer Aided Design AndManufacturing25%OFFPublisher : PHI LearningISBN : 9788120333420Author : LALIT NARAYAN,K., MALLIKARJUNA RAO,K., SARCAR, M.M.M.Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7384Get this eBook
Foreword xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxix Part I CAD—Fundamentals of Design, Computers and Controllers 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CAD 3–19 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The CAD System—Definition 3 1.3 Reasons for Implementing CAD 4 1.4 Design Process 4 1.4.1 Shigley Model 5 1.4.2 Pahl and Beitz Model 6 1.4.3 Ohsuga Model 8 1.4.4 Earle Model 9 1.5
CAD/CAM Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing CADD Computer-Aided Design and Drafting CADDS Computer-Aided Design and Drafting System CADE Computer-Aided Design Equipment CADEX Computer Adjunct Data Evaluator-X CADIS Communication Architecture for Distributed Interactive Simulation CADMAT Computer-Aided Design, Manufacture and Test
Aided Machining became an acronym for Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Earlier Computer Aided Manufacturing used to denote computer use in part-programming only. Today it means any non design function of manufacturing that is computer aided. In figure 2, CNC welding machine assisting in casting products. 1.3. Computer Aided Process Planning .
The computer aided technologies investigated are; computer aided design, computer aided manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing, electronic data interchange, electronic point of sale, and internet. Findings from the analysis show that the applications were not equally . to higher value-added specialised textiles and fashion garments .
A. Computer-aided welding fixture design workflow and step Various computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) systems have been developed through the years to assist the designer during the various stages of fixture design. A welding fixture is a fixture [7-10]. There are several main stages within the computer-aided welding
integrating Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Consequently, a great deal of research has been devoted for developing Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) systems that can automatically perform the task of process planning. A CAPP system, depending on the
Computer Aided Design Page 2 OUTLINE The need for Computer Aided Design The CAD Process Levels of Abstraction RIT's Metal Gate PMOS Process Layout Design Rules Layout Vs Schematic Checking Resistor Design Inverter, NOR, NAND Design RS FF Design Ring Oscillator Maskmaking Design Project References Review Questions
CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAM computer-aided manufacturing CD compact disk CPUs central processing units CRM Customer Relationship Management CRP continuous replenishment CTO "configure to order" DFM design for manufacturing DRAM dynamic random access memory DSL digital subscriber line EC engineering changes
(CAM), material requirements planning (MRP), and computer-aided planning (CAP) Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the use of computer technology to aid in the process planning of a part or product, in manufacturing CAPP is the link between CAD and CAM in that it provides for the planning of the process to be used in
