Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User's Guide
Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP)User’s Guide
Eaton is a registered trademark of Eaton or its subsidiaries and affiliates. Google Chrome is a trademark ofGoogle, Inc. HyperTerminal is a registered trademark of Hilgraeve. Linux is a registered trademark of LinusTorvalds in the United States, other countries, or both. Microsoft, Internet Explorer, Vista, and Windows areregistered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Mozilla and Firefoxare registered trademarks of the Mozilla Foundation. National Electrical Code and NEC are registeredtrademarks of National Fire Protection Association, Inc. Phillips is a registered trademark of Phillips ScrewCompany. All other trademarks are property of their respective companies. Copyright 2013–2019 Eaton, Raleigh NC, USA. All rights reserved. No part of this document may bereproduced in any way without the express written approval of Eaton.
Class A EMC StatementsFCC InformationThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant topart 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmfulinterference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, usesand can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual,may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area islikely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his ownexpense.ICES-003This Class A Interference Causing Equipment meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference CausingEquipment Regulations ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur duCanada.Eaton is not responsible for damage to this product resulting from accident, disaster, misuse, abuse, non-Eatonmodification of the product, or other events outside the reasonable control of Eaton or not arising under normaloperating conditions.1F61I.T.E.
Special SymbolsThe following are examples of symbols used on the UPS or accessories to alert you to important information:RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK - Observe the warning associated with the riskof electric shock symbol.CAUTION: REFER TO OPERATOR'S MANUAL - Refer to your operator'smanual for additional information, such as important operating andmaintenance instructions.This symbol indicates that you should not discard waste electrical orelectronic equipment (WEEE) in the trash. For proper disposal, contact yourlocal recycling/reuse or hazardous waste center.
Table of Contents12INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eaton Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Serial Line Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eaton IPM Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Network Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HTML pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ubuntu's Software Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Graphical System Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Network System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .When Activating Shutdown Controller under Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Events and Actions with Some Windows x64 bits OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shutdown Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123334444566677INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Installation Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .On the System Hosting Eaton IPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .On the System that Displays the Web-based GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Windows Quick Start Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Graphical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Installation Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Uninstalling the Windows Eaton IPP (Standard Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Installing/Uninstalling the Eaton IPP (Command Line). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linux Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Native Installation on a Red Hat, Suse, Mandriva, or Derivative System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Native Installation on a Debian or Derivative System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Generic Installation on Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Upgrading the Eaton IPP Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388899910111112121313141516CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Discover UPSs Connected through USB/Serial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Discover Nodes Connected on the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configure Node Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configure Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-mail Action Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Command (Execute Script/Program) Action Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alarm Box Notification Action Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advanced Events and Actions Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17171718212223242528Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User’s Guide P-164000291—Rev 2 www.eaton.com/IPP FINAL 10/03/2019i
Table of Contents456Configure User Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .System Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edit Scan Settings for Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282930SHUTDOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Shutdown Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edit Power Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edit Shutdown Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edit Advanced Shutdown Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edit UPS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Test Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Test Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shutdown Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Architecture #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Architecture #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Architecture #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3232333637373738383940SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Access to the Monitoring Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Local Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Power Source View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Information Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Measures Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Environment Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Graph Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Synoptic Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Events Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Statistics Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .List Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calendar Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Node Events List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Launching the Device Web Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42424242434445454749495050515153REDUNDANCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Enabling Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Electrical Redundancy Schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Configuring Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redundancy Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Composite Device in Power Source View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Power Components Sub-view. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redundancy Use Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use Case #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use Case #2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use Case #3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Use Case #4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5454555757575858596061Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User’s Guide P-164000291—Rev 2 www.eaton.com/IPP FINAL 10/03/2019ii
Table of Contents7Redundancy Advanced Behavior Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redundancy Alarm Management with Four Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Protection Alarm Management with Four Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redundancy Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62626263SERVICE AND SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User’s Guide P-164000291—Rev 2 www.eaton.com/IPP FINAL 10/03/2019iii
Chapter 1IntroductionEaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) is protection software that gracefully shuts down local computers andservers powered by a UPS in the event of a power outage. The Eaton IPP acquires information through local ornetwork communication using:llLocal Communication: UPSs USB or RS-232 communication ports (Pulsar and Powerware series)Network Communication: Web/SNMP Cards, such as Network Management Cards (NMCs), Network-MS,and Modbus-MS, ConnectUPS-X-Slot, Power Xpert Gateway 2000 (PXGX 2000), Power Xpert Gateway(PXGX UPS), and Gigabit Network Card (Network-M2)The Eaton IPP provides the following:lllProvides local computer graceful shutdown through network or local connectivityAllows Eaton Intelligent Power Manager (IPM) to provide centralized management and supervision of EatonIPP applications running on virtualized servers other than VMware vCenter (such as Microsoft Hyper-V Hypervisor or Citrix Xen ).Allows Eaton IPM to provide advanced management features (mass configuration and mass upload) withthe Eaton Network Management Cards (NMCs), Network-MS (example, 66102/103006826), Modbus-MS(example, 66103), and Gigabit Network Card (Network-M2).Figure 1 shows the Eaton IPP Main Page.Figure 1. Eaton IPP Main PageCompatibilityEaton has tested the compatibility of the Eaton IPP with the following devices and applications.NOTEThe ConnectUPS-E card (Powerware series) has not been tested but should becompatible.NOTEIf a device doesn’t support the Quick Scan feature, it can be supervised if AddressScan or Range Scan operations are performed. See “Discover Nodes Connected onthe Network” on page 17 for more information.Eaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User’s Guide P-164000291—Rev 2 www.eaton.com/IPP FINAL 10/03/20191
IntroductionEaton DevicesTable 1. Eaton DevicesEaton Equipment DesignationTypeGigabit Network Card (Network-M2)UPS Option CardNetwork Management Card Minislot SNMP /Web - Network-MS (ex 66102; DA firmware revision and above)UPS Option CardEaton Pulsarand associated Environment SensorNetwork Management Card & Modbus /JBus -Modbus-MS (ex 66103; through EthernetNetwork)UPS Option CardEaton Pulsarand associated Environment Sensor 66846ConnectUPS-Minislot Network Management Card / Network-MS (ex 103006826)UPS Option CardEaton PowerwareConnectUPS-BD Web /SNMP P/N 116750222-001 (**)UPS Option Cardand associated Environment SensorEaton PowerwareConnectUPS-X-Slot Web /SNMP/xHubCard, P/N 116750221-001 (*) (**)UPS Option Cardand associated Environment SensorEaton PowerwarePXGX 2000 P/N 103005868-5591 (*) (***)UPS Option CardEaton PowerwarePXGX UPS CardUPS Option CardEaton PowerwareLegacy: MGE Network Management Card Minislot SNMP/Web - 66244UPS Option Card (legacy)and associated Environment SensorLegacy: Network Management Card Transverse SNMP/Web - 66074UPS Option Card (legacy)and associated Environment SensorNOTE 1: Since Intelligent Power Protector 1.10, the Eaton Powerware three-phase UPS compatibility is officially available according to thefollowing solution:Cards: ConnectUPS-X v4.32 or PXGX 2000 v1.4.2.1llUPSs: Blade UPS, PW9155 Dual Phase, PW9355 10-30 kVA, PW9390 40-160 kVA, PW9395 225-1100 kVA & SBMlKnown limitation: PW9315 is not supported by the1.10 releaseNOTE 2: Required ConnectUPS-X-Slot/BD configuration:Set the IPP Discovery password to the same value as the Web / SNMP read community name (default is public)In the ConnectUPS Write Access Manager’s control menu (using Telnet, SSH, or a serial connection): disable SNMP access restricted byIP/Hostname (this is the default setting since firmware version 2.02) or configure it correctly. (IPP has to be configured in the trusted hostlist.)llNOTE 3: Required PXGX 2000 / PXGX UPS configurations:Set the IPP Discovery password to the same value as the PXGX read community name (default is public)On the PXGX Access control page, disable SNMP access restricted by IP/Hostname or configure it correctly (IPP has to be configured in thetrusted host list)When using PXGX, take care to configure PXGX in SNMP V1 or SNMP V1 V3lllEaton Intelligent Power Protector (IPP) User’s Guide P-164000291—Rev 2 www.eaton.com/IPP FINAL 10/03/20192
IntroductionSerial Line DevicesThe Eaton IPP is compatible with the following serial line devices (see Table 2).Table 2. Serial Line DevicesEaton Equipment DesignationConnectivityEaton Powerware series
NOTE 1: Since Intelligent Power Protector 1.10, t he Eaton Powerware three-phase UPS compatibil ity is officially available according to the following solution: l Cards: ConnectUPS-X v4.32 or PXGX 2000 v1.4.2.1 l UPSs: Blade UPS, PW9155 Dual Phase, PW9355 10-30 kVA, PW9390 40-160 kVA, PW9395 225-1100 kVA & SBM
Protector (IPP) on that machine. However we can install IPP on VMware Infrastructure Management Assistant VIMA 1.0 or on vSphere Management Assistant (vMA 4.0).Using that we can manage and shutdown the VMware ESXi in case of UPS and power anomalies. We can also configure E
Eaton Char-Lynn 4000 Series 10 Eaton Char-Lynn 6000 Series 11 Eaton Char-Lynn 10,000 Series 12 Eaton Char-Lynn Spares 13 Eaton Xcel XLH Series 15 Eaton Xcel XLS Series 16 Eaton Xcel XL2 Series 17 Eaton Xcel Spares 18 Eaton Char-
Eaton 15284 Beltsville, MD Eaton 02750 Bethel, CT Eaton 97484, 16780 Glenolden, PA Eaton 09790, 17472, 72121 Grand Rapids, MI Eaton 86090 Irvine, CA Eaton 62983, 90166 Jackson, MS Eaton 99643, 76050, 52906 Los Angeles, CA Eaton 77842 Warwick, RI Essex Cryogenics 19062 Saint Louis, MO Essex Industries 0HFY6 Saint Louis, MO Extant 22830 Melbourne .
regional center agree on what is in the IPP, the regional center must do what the IPP says.1 You can only get the services listed in your IPP, unless you change your IPP. The IPP describes your needs, preferences and choices, your goals and
Eaton Innovative Technology EATON www .eaton .com Figure 5. Protector series for PTE/PTX240 low-voltage models, PTE/PTX300 all models and PTE/PTX 400, all models Figure 6. Protector series for the integral circuit breaker (-C) and circuit breaker and external disconnects (-CD) 80, 120 a, 160, 240 a and 300 kA models a Available only in low .
11. Roll-in pallet support 12. Double flanged pallet support 13. Drum/coil bed 14. Fork clearance bar 15. Skid channel 16. Wall tie 17. Drum cradle 18. Corner protector 19. Post protector Welded and bolted post protector Post protector 12 10 2 11 14 13 9 7 3 19 Welded Selective Pallet Rack End aisle protector Corner protector Welded and bolted .
Fixed Indexed Annuity All carriers shown may not be available. Please check your approved carrier list before proceeding. Please verify rate before submitting application. 12/28/2022 Corebridge(AIG) Corebridge(AIG) Power 5 Protector Power 7 Protector Power 7 Protector Plus Income Power 10 Protector Power 10 Protector Plus Income
Alfredo López Austin (1993:86) envisioned the rela - tionship between myth, ritual, and narrative as a triangle, in which beliefs occupy the dominant vertex. They are the source of mythical knowledge
