UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Rural Development .

Disclaimer: The contents of this guidance document does not have the force and effect of law and is notmeant to bind the public in any way. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the publicregarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies.UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURERural Development Utilities ProgramsBULLETIN 1724E-302RD-GD-2008-55SUBJECT: Design Guide for Oil Spill Prevention and Control at SubstationsTO: All Electric BorrowersEFFECTIVE DATE: Date of ApprovalOFFICE OF PRIMARY INTEREST: Transmission Branch, Electric Staff DivisionFILING INSTRUCTIONS: This bulletin replaces Bulletin 1724E-302, Design Guide for OilSpill Prevention and Control at Substations, issued in April 1993.AVAILABILITY: This bulletin can be accessed via Internet URPOSE: This bulletin provides guidance and assistance in protecting the environmentagainst accidental oil spills. This publication aids the electric borrower in interpreting Federalregulations and developing the necessary documents and oil retention systems to meet theseregulations.January 14, 2008Assistant AdministratorElectric ProgramDate

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Bulletin 1724E-302Page 3TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 SCOPE OF BULLETIN. 91.2 PURPOSE OF BULLETIN . 91.3 EPA REGULATIONS . 91.4 SCOPE OF AN SPCC PLAN . 101.5 NEED FOR AN EFFECTIVE SPCC PLAN . 10CHAPTER 2: GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING SPCC PLANS2.1 FACILITIES AFFECTED BY EPA REGULATIONS . 112.2 PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR SPCC PLANS. 132.3 NAVIGABLE WATERS . 132.4 COMPLETION OF SPCC PLAN. 142.5 CERTIFICATION OF SPCC PLAN . 142.6 SAFEKEEPING OF SPCC PLAN . 142.7 AMENDMENTS TO THE SPCC PLAN . 14CHAPTER 3: ELECTRICAL FACILITY APPLICABILITY3.1 REGULATIONS. 173.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE OF AN OIL SPILL . 173.3 OIL CAPACITIES OF EQUIPMENT. 18CHAPTER 4: GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN SPCCPLAN4.1 GENERAL . 214.2 MAJOR SECTIONS OF AN SPCC PLAN . 214.3 CONTENTS OF AN SPCC PLAN. 214.4 SUBSTITUTION OF AN SPCC SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR REQUIREDPREVENTION MEASURES . 224.5 USING SOFTWARE TO MODEL SPILLS.23CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL5.1 PROPERTIES OF OIL . 255.2 CHEMICAL CHANGES MADE BY OIL . 255.3 BIOLOGICAL CHANGES TO OIL . 255.4 NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THEDAMAGE5FROM OIL SPILLS . 255.5 THE BEHAVIOR OF OIL WHEN USING BOOMS . 30CHAPTER 6: OIL SPILL PREVENTION TECHNIQUES6.1 OIL RETENTION SYSTEMS. 336.2 YARD SURFACING AND UNDERLYING SOIL . 336.3 PIT LINERS AND SEALERS. 346.4 SUBSTATION DITCHING . 356.5 COLLECTING POND WITH TRAP . 36

Bulletin 1724E-302Page 46.6 POLYMER AGENTS . 396.7 OIL SEPARATOR TANK . 436.8 OIL STOP VALVE. 446.9 GRAVEL-FILLED EQUIPMENT PITS . 456.10 OIL CONTAINMENT PITS . 506.11 SUMP PUMPS. 526.12 GATE VALVES . 54CHAPTER 7: OIL CONTAINMENT IN NAVIGABLE WATERS7.1 GENERAL . 557.2 BOOMS . 557.3 CONTAINMENT DAMS. 697.4 COLLECTING AGENTS . 72CHAPTER 8: OIL REMOVAL MATERIALS8.1 SORBENTS . 738.2 MINERAL PRODUCTS . 738.3 WHEN AND HOW TO USE SORBENTS . 768.4 BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION . 818.5 COMBUSTION . 828.6 SINKING AGENTS . 83CHAPTER 9: OIL REMOVAL ON WATER9.1 OIL REMOVAL METHODS . 859.2 VACUUM UNITS . 859.3 SKIMMERS. 86CHAPTER 10: OIL SPILLS ON LAND10.1 MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SOIL AND GROUNDWATER. . 9110.2 ROCKS AND SOIL . 9110.3 GROUNDWATER . 9210.4 BEHAVIOR OF SPILLED OIL IN SOIL . 9410.5 LAND SPILL CONTROL AND RECOVERY . 9810.6 GROUNDWATER REMOVAL . 9910.7 GROUNDWATER ABSORPTION . 10810.8 SOIL WASHING . 108CHAPTER 11: OIL DISPOSAL11.1 RECLAMATION . 10911.2 BURNING . 10911.3 INCINERATION . 11011.4 GENERATING STATION DISPOSAL. . 11011.5 BURIAL . 11011.6 LAND SPREADING (LAND FARMING) . 111

Bulletin 1724E-302Page 5TABLE OF FIGURESFigure 5-1: Some Properties of Petroleum Products That Affect Spill Behavior . 26Figure 5-2: A Hypothetical Floating Barrel of Oil . 27Figure 5-3: Oil Spreading . 28Figure 5-4: Development of an Oil Slick . 29Figure 5-5: Typical Spill Distribution Patterns. . 29Figure 5-6: Entrainment Failure. 31Figure 6-1: Methods of Ditch Construction . 35Figure 6-2: Typical Oil Drainage System for 345/138 kV Outdoor Substation .36Figure 6-3: Cross Section of Oil Drainage System .37Figure 6-4: Oil Trap or Skimming Unit . 37Figure 6-5: Oil Trap in Containment Pit . 38Figure 6-6: Oil Trap Construction Using Galvanized or PVC Pipe . 39Figure 6-7: Imbiber Beads Gravity-Flow Drain Protection System-Operational Process . 40Figure 6-8: Example of an Imbiber Beads Gravity Drain Protection System . 41Figure 6-9: Imbiber Beads Gravity-Flow Drain Protection System–Curb Application . 41Figure 6-10: Typical Construction of Oil Separator Tank . 43Figure 6-11: Transformer–Accumulating Tank Combination . 44Figure 6-12: Oil Stop Valve Installation . 45Figure 6-13: Plan View of Equipment Pit. 47Figure 6-14: Details of Equipment Pit . 48Figure 6-15: Typical Drain Pit . 49Figure 6-16: Oil Containment Pit . 50Figure 6-17: Transformer Dike . 51Figure 6-18: Dike, Sponge Area, and Stile Details . 52Figure 6-19: Above Grade Sump Pump Discharge. 53Figure 6-20: Schematic Diagram of Sump Pump Control Using Equipment Oil Limit Switch orOil Sensing Probe . 53Figure 6-21: Motor-Operated Gate Valve. 54Figure 7-1: Components of a Boom. 56Figure 7-2: Boom Tension Members . 58Figure 7-3: Boom Couplings. 59Figure 7-4: Boom “Planing” in Current. . 60Figure 7-5: Wind Effect on Oil Movement . 62Figure 7-6: Action of Spilled Oil in Fast Current Rivers. . 63Figure 7-7: Flexible vs Rigid Skirts . 64Figure 7-8: Anchoring a Boom in Deep Water . 65Figure 7-9: Suggested Boom-to-Shoreline Angles for Different Current Velocities . 66Figure 7-10: Possible Problems Caused by Improper Boom Anchoring . 67Figure 7-11: Moving Deployment . 68Figure 7-12: Changing Currents . 69Figure 7-13: Earthen Dam, Cross Section . 70Figure 7-14: Earthen Dam, Cross Section . 70Figure 7-15: Cross Section of a Sorbent Fence . 71

Bulletin 1724E-302Page 6Figure 8-1: Straw Skimmer . 79Figure 8-2: Straw Skimming Installation . 79Figure 9-1: Tank Truck . 86Figure 9-2: Three Types of Enlarged Suction Heads (A) Duckbill, (B) Pipe Extension, (C)Flexible . 87Figure 9-3: Weir Skimmer Operation . 88Figure 10-1: Hypothetical Groundwater System . 93Figure 10-2: Generalized Shapes of Spreading Cones at Immobile Saturation. 95Figure 10-3: Demonstration of Possible Migration to Outcrop, Followed by Second Cycle ofGroundwater Contamination . 96Figure 10-4: Movement to Groundwater . 97Figure 10-5: Contaminating Effect on Soil Caused by Vertical Movement of Oil on FluctuatingWater Table . 98Figure 10-6: Fluid Oil Floating on Water Table and Showing Elongation of “Pancake” inDirection of Water Movement . 100Figure 10-7: Oil on Water Table is Trapped in Cone of Depression Created by Drawdown ofPumping Well . 100Figure 10-8: Oil Moving with Shallow Groundwater Intercepted by Ditch Constructed AcrossMigration Path . 101Figure 10-9: System for Skimming Water Surface in Ditches or Wells . 102Figure 10-10: Typical Conditions During Latter Stage of Migration of Oil to Water Table. 103Figure 10-11: Effect on Water Table of Pumping from Well C . 104Figure 10-12: Diagrammatic Illustration of Development of a Cone of Depression Based on anActual Aquifer Test . 105Figure 10-13: Selected Drawdown Data for an Aquifer Test . 105Figure 10-14: Drawdown Configuration of Well Pumping from Inclined Water . 106Figure 10-15: Well Pumping Using Two Pumps . 107

Bulletin 1724E-302Page 7TABLE OF APPENDICESAppendix A—EPA Regional OfficesAppendix B—Normal Precipitation TablesAppendix C—SPCC Typical ExampleAppendix D—Optional SPCC Wall PlanAppendix E—ContributorsABBREVIATIONSAgency — Refers to “Rural Development Utilities Programs”CFR—Code of Federal RegulationsEPA—Environmental Protection Agency FOA—Forced oil and air (Transformer) IEEE—Institute ofElectrical and Electronic Engineers OA—Oil and air(Transformer)OCB—Oil circuit breakerPE—Professional engineerPVC—PolyvinylchlorideRD—Rural Development Utilities ProgramsSPCC—Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Planppm—Parts per millionCI—Also known as “Cheap Insurance”HDPE—High density polyethyleneHFB—Hydrocarbon flow barriersNAPL—Nonaqueous phase liquid EPRI—Electrical Power Research InstituteMOSES-MP—Mineral Oil Spill Evaluation System- Multi-PhaseMP—Multi-PhasePCB—Polychlorinated biphenyl

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Bulletin 1724E-302Page 9CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 SCOPE OF BULLETINThis bulletin covers oil spill prevention and control as a result of accidental discharges of oilfrom power facilities and electrical equipment containing oil. Topics include (1) applicability ofOil Pollution Prevention Regulations (40 CFR, Part 112) published by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) regarding electrical facilities and equipment; (2) preparation andimplementation of an oil spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plan for thosefacilities that, because of their proximity to navigable waters and amount of oil contained, arerequired by EPA regulations to have an operational SPCC plan; (3) properties of oil commonlyused or stored in electrical facilities and equipment; (4) techniques, procedures, and methods foroil spill prevention, its containment, removal, and disposal; and (5) an example of a typicalSPCC plan.1.2 PURPOSE OF BULLETINThis bulletin is intended only as a guide to enable electric program borrowers to meet therequirements of the EPA regulations. Each borrower, however, is responsible for assuringcompliance with the regulations.1.3 EPA REGULATIONSThe original Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) rules were published onDec. 11, 1973 (38 Fed. R

Appendix A—EPA Regional Offices . Appendix B—Normal Precipitation Tables Appendix C—SPCC Typical Example Appendix D—Optional SPCC Wall Plan Appendix E—Contributors . ABBREVIATIONS Agency — Refers to “Rural Development Utilities Programs” CFR—Code of Federal Regulations .