BEYOND ENLARGEMENT: TRADE, BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT IN A .
United NationsEconomic Commission for EuropeBEYOND ENLARGEMENT:TRADE, BUSINESS AND INVESTMENTIN A CHANGING EUROPEUnited NationsNew York and Geneva, 2003
NOTEThe publication Beyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investmentin a Changing Europe contains summaries of presentations, papers,quotations and parts of selected slide presentations delivered at theWorkshop on “Trade, Business and Investment in a Wider Europe”,held on 7 April 2003 and papers written for the purposes of thispublication.The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarilyreflect the views of the United Nations. Mention of company names orcommercial products does not imply endorsement by the UnitedNations. The publication contains official communications of theEuropean Commission.The designations employed and the presentations of the material in thispublication do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The majority of the presentations are available on the UNECE web htmECE/TRADE/317UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONISBN 92-1-016358-3Sales No. E.03.II.E.55
TABLE OF CONTENTSPreface .Acknowledgements .List of Abbreviations.Part I:WIDER EUROPE: GLOBALIZATION AND TRADEIntroductory Remarks .vviiviii11Mr. Dusan Sidjanski, President, Centre Européen de laCulture, GenevaA Wider Europe in the Context of Globalisation andRegionalism .2Ms. Brigita Schmögnerová, United Nations Under-SecretaryGeneral, Executive Secretary, UNECETrade and Economic Cooperation in a Wider Europe8Ms. Carol Cosgrove-Sacks, Director of Trade Developmentand Timber Division, UNECEandMs. Maria Misovicova, Trade Development and TimberDivision, UNECEPart II:TRADE RELATIONS IN A WIDER EUROPE:CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS .21Trade Between the EU and its Near Neighbours.21Mr. Hiddo Houben, Deputy Head, Trade Analysis Unit,Trade Directorate-General, European CommissionRegulatory Convergence in a Wider Europe.25Mr. Constantin A. Stephanou, Jean Monnet Professor ofEuropean Institutions at the Department of International andEuropean Studies of Panteion University, AthensPart III: BUSINESS, INVESTMENT AND OTHER RELATEDISSUES IN A WIDER EUROPE .35The Investment Impact of EU Enlargement on theNon-acceding Countries.35Mr. David A. Dyker, Reader in Economics, University ofSussex, Brighton, United Kingdomiii
EU Enlargement: A Challenge for Small and Medium-sizedEnterprises? .38Mr. Paul Dembinski, Secretary-General, Observatoire de laFinance, GenevaThe Enlarged EU and the Non-acceding Countries: The Need forTechnical Regulation and Standards in the Globalization40Mr. Nuno Encarnação, Expert, Federal Office forCommunications, Chairman of ETSI Access and Terminals,European Telecommunications Standards InstituteRegional Integration and Governance: How will the WiderEurope be Governed?.45Ms. Brigid Gavin, United Nations University, ComparativeRegional Integration Studies (UNU/CRIS), Bruges, BelgiumThe Social and Economic Dimension of EUEnlargement.61Mr. Béla Galóczi, European Trade Union Confederation andEuropean Trade Union Institute, BrusselsPart IV: WIDER EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AS ANOPPORTUNITY FOR THE NON-ACCEDINGCOUNTRIES .73Towards a Pan-European Economic Space .73Mr. Ivan Samson, Russian-European Centre for EconomicPolicy, Moscow, and University of Grenoble, FranceEU Interests in the Caspian Sea Region .94Ms. Yelena Kalyuzhnova, Centre for Euro-Asian Studies,University of Reading, United KingdomPart V:CONCLUSIONS .101Annex I: PROGRAMME OF THE WORKSHOP .105Annex II: EU AND WIDER EUROPE POLICY .109Communications from the European Commission:Wider Europe – Neighbourhood: A New Framework forRelations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours.109Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument .145iv
PREFACEAfter growing successfully from six to fifteen members, the EuropeanUnion (EU) is now preparing for its biggest enlargement ever in termsof scope and diversity. Ten new Member States, namely Cyprus, theCzech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,Slovakia and Slovenia, will join on 1 May 2004. Romania and Bulgariaare expected to join in 2007. The enlargement to the East and South ofEurope will have a great economic impact on those countries who havecurrently no prospects of membership but who will soon findthemselves sharing their borders with the EU. The EU has recentlylaunched a Wider Europe initiative so as to deepen its relation with thefuture neighbouring countries and reduce the economic and socialimpacts of enlargement.Over the past 50 years, the United Nations Economic Commission forEurope (UNECE) has played an important role in fostering Europeanintegration through well-targeted economic cooperation initiatives, inmany cases led by EU Member States. UNECE instruments have provedvital in facilitating trade, transit and customs matters and promotingcommon legal instruments for transport, energy and environmenttogether with the other aspects of UNECE cooperation. Theseinstruments have made a significant contribution to the success of theEU’s customs union and Single Market. To address major issuesregarding the new shape of relations between the enlarged EU and itsfuture neighbouring countries, the UNECE has, with the support of theEuropean Union, initiated a discussion on a Wider Europe through aseries of the workshops.The UNECE concept of a wider Europe shares similar aims with that ofthe European Union, which is to promote regional economiccooperation and integration to achieve stability and prosperity inEurope, and to assist in ensuring that no new divisions emerge in thiscontinent. However, the EU has so far limited its scope to the futureneighbouring countries, while the UNECE has included the nonacceding countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus andthe Balkans, which are all member States of the UNECE.v
To discuss possibilities for further integration and liberalization withinthe European region, enhancing trade, business and investmentenvironment, in order to promote stability and prosperity beyond thenew borders of the EU, the UNECE held a one-day Workshop onTrade, Business and Investment in a Wider Europe on 7 April 2003.The present publication is based on the presentations and contributionsto the Workshop and documents and papers relating to the topic. Thepublication presents to policy makers the opportunities for furthereconomic integration within the region after enlargement. It alsoconfronts non-acceding countries with some issues which would need tobe addressed in order to ensure that Europe develops in a positivemanner, promoting sustainable prosperity throughout the continent.This publication provides a basis for further discussions on suchimportant topics as the future integration process in the region. TheUNECE serves as a platform for all its 55 member States in promotingthis process, encouraging inclusiveness and contributing to buildingpeace and stability throughout the region.Brigita SchmögnerováUnited Nations Under-Secretary GeneralExecutive Secretary, United Nations Economic Commission for Europevi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSBeyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investment in a ChangingEurope was prepared by Carol Cosgrove-Sacks, Director of the UNECETrade Development and Timber Division and Maria Misovicova of theUNECE Trade Development and Timber Division.The organizers would like to express their appreciation for the supportand assistance of the International University in Geneva and theUnited Nations University – Comparative Regional Integration Studies(UNU/CRIS), Bruges, Belgium.The following persons contributed to the preparation of this publication:Dusan Sidjanski, Carlo Trojan, Hiddo Houben, Constantin Stephanou,Nuno Encarnacao, Claude Cellich, Béla Galóczi, Jean-Pierre Lehmann,Gilbert Dubois, David A. Dyker, Patrizia Baur, Yelena Kalyuzhnova,Brigid Gavin, Ivan Samson, Mykhailo Skuratovskyi, Keith Sangway(European Commission) and Luk van Langenhove (Director ofUNU/CRIS).Helpful comments were made by Paolo Garonna, Deputy ExecutiveSecretary of the UNECE, Virginia Cram-Martos and Lorenza Jachia,both from the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division. Thecopy-editing of the publication was done by Christina O’Shaughnessyand the formatting/layout by Romi Chopra.vii
LIST OF NAMFNNATOOECDPCAPPPRTAsSAASAPSMEsCommon Agricultural PolicyCentral and Eastern European CountriesCommon European Economic SpaceCentral European Free Trade AgreementCommonwealth of Independent StatesCouncil for Mutual Economic AssistanceCommittee for Trade, Industry and EnterpriseDevelopmentEuropean CommunityElectronic Data InterchangeEuropean Economic AreaEuropean Economic CommunityEuropean Free Trade AssociationEuro-Mediterranean AgreementsEuro-Mediterranean PartnershipEuropean Monetary UnionEuropean UnionForeign Direct InvestmentFree Trade AgreementsGeneral Agreement on Trade in ServicesGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGross Domestic ProductInter-governmental ConferenceInternational Labour OrganizationInternational Monetary FundMiddle East and North AfricaMost Favoured NationNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopmentPartnership and Cooperation AgreementPurchasing Power ParityRegional Trade ArrangementsStabilisation and Association AgreementStabilisation and Association ProcessSmall and Medium-sized Enterprisesviii
echnical Barriers to TradeInternational Road TransportTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsUnited NationsUnited Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUnited Nations Electronic Data Interchange forAdministration, Commerce and TransportUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Nations University, Centre for RegionalIntegration Studies, BrugesWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationWorld Trade Organizationix
Beyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investment in a Changing Europe1Part IWIDER EUROPE: GLOBALIZATIONAND TRADE“Enlargement opens up new opportunities for the EU to enhanceexisting co-operation with its neighbours, promoting stability,prosperity and security beyond the new borders of the EU.Experience gained by new Member States can now be shared withtheir neighbours across the external borders of the Union.”(Mr. Gunther Verheugen, CommissionerEuropean Commission, Brussels)forEnlargement,Democracy and peace play an important role in the Europeanregion. Cooperation between the United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe and the European Commission is thusfundamental for the future of Europe. Particularly important is thehistorical experience of the EU whose roots go back to immediatelyafter World War II in order to ensure peace and security in theregion. The UNECE since its establishment has provided a neutraldiscussion forum between East and West. Today, the UNECEserves as a balanced link between regional integration on the onehand and globalization on the other. The Workshop provides auseful opportunity to exchange views and opinions about futurecooperation of the enlarged EU with the non-acceding countriesand further integration in Europe, which should ensure sustainabledevelopment in the region.(excerpted from the introductory remarks of Mr. Dusan Sidjanski,President, Centre Européen de la Culture,Geneva, at the Workshopon Trade, Business and Investment, Geneva, 7 April 2003)
2Beyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investment in a Changing EuropeA Wider Europe in the Context ofGlobalization and RegionalismMs. Brigita Schmögnerová,Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commissionfor EuropeThe UNECE works towards creating a supportive environment for trade,industrial and enterprise activities, and assisting in the integration of allcountries – particularly the emerging market economies - into theEuropean and global economy.The enlargement of the European Union in 2004 to include 10 newmembers will greatly change the framework for trade, business andinvestment in the region. The enlarged Union will have more than 450million inhabitants. Its frontier will shift dramatically to the south and tothe east.The Workshop on “Trade, Business and Investment in a Wider Europe”is aimed at exploring the shape and direction of economic integration inthe region in the next decade and provides a valuable opportunity tothink beyond the process of EU enlargement and the WTO tradenegotiations.UNECE’s historical contribution to European integrationUNECE has for over 55 years been promoting cooperation in Europe. Itwas UNECE that originally drew up the European Union’s SingleAdministrative Document, which has become the cornerstone ofinternational trade in Europe. The European integrated railwaysnetworks, and the motorway network, are also brainchildren of UNECE.Both have greatly eased the movement of goods, people and ideasthroughout Europe. In trade and transport facilitation, Electronic DataInterchange (EDI), UN/EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange forAdministration, Commerce and Transport) and the TIR Convention, arejust a few examples of UNECE work.
Wider Europe: Globalization and Trade3During the period of the Cold War, UNECE was the only forum inwhich the two diametrically opposite systems could engage in dialogueand discuss economic cooperation. It was through this dialogue thatUNECE was able to acquire intrinsic knowledge of the central andeastern European economies. It has been able to accumulate long timeseries of data and interpretations that provide a historical dimensionindispensable to understanding the transition process. The annualstudies produced by UNECE are valuable for decision makers at alllevels of the government administration as well as for the businesscommunity and for scholars.UNECE and EU enlargementToday, we are facing new challenges and opportunities in the Europeanregion, with the political map due to be redrawn once again after EUenlargement. This enlargement will create particular challenges for thenew neighbouring countries. UNECE wants to help in seeking solutionsand bridging the gaps between the enlarged EU and the rest of Europe,especially South-Eastern European countries, Russia and other CIScountries.Already the EU is one of the biggest strategic players in the UNECE.The enlarged EU will be an even more important economic pole.UNECE sees the integration process within the context of a widerEurope as a building block for the future of a stable, prosperous andsecure Europe.The EU’s new neighbouring countries should be further integrated intothe enlarged EU and cooperate more intensively among themselves.Building a free trade area in a wider Europe that could eventually extendthe Single Market would ensure the prospects of prosperity and securityin Europe.Enlargement: Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the CIS,the Southern Mediterranean countries and the EUAs of 1 May 2004, the EU will consist of 25 countries. With apopulation of around 450 million, it will have a gross domestic product
4Beyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investment in a Changing Europeof almost 10,000 billion; the equivalent of more than US 10 trillion.This will change fundamentally its political, geographical and economicweight on the European continent.Regional and sub-regional cooperation and integration are preconditionsfor political stability and consequently economic developmentthroughout the non-accession countries. The EU is actively promoting awide range of bilateral and multilateral initiatives to promote trade andcooperation with the neighbouring countries.One of UNECE’s priorities is to further increase our already closecooperation with the EU’s new neighbouring countries. UNECE shouldreinforce its efforts to support its relations with the future EU bordercountries - Russia, the western CIS, South East Europe and countries inthe Southern Mediterranean.Many of the lessons we have learned in supporting the transition ofCentral and Eastern Europe to market economies are highly relevant tothe CIS. UNECE is happy to offer its assistance in all fields of itsexpertise, particularly in the field of harmonization of technicalstandards and trade-related norms.Implications of EU enlargement for Russia, the CIS,particularly the central Asian countriesFew studies have so far been undertaken to examine enlargement effectson other countries of the region, for instance, on those of Central Asia.Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Republic of Moldova will obviously bethe most affected, due to their more developed economic and socialconnections with both the EU and the acceding countries. Mostdiscussions on the implications of EU enlargement for the CIS focus onthe countries sharing a common border with one or more candidatecountry. However, one may assume that to the extent that Russia isaffected, there will be consequences for Kazakhstan or Kyrgyzstan, asmost of the countries in the region are economically interdependent.Studies of the effects of EU enlargement on some sectors like trade, andenergy in non-acceding countries forecast some short-term negative
Wider Europe: Globalization and Trade5implications that could be mitigated by increased cooperation in a WiderEurope. There is some dispute about the investment effects of EUenlargement on non-acceding countries. Most of the region’s countrieshave already attracted FDI in their natural resources, especiallyhydrocarbons. New investment decisions by foreign and domestic firms,say, in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in this sector, will depend on theworld oil price fluctuations. Since there is no obvious evidence that thiswill be influenced by EU enlargement, it is very uncertain that thecandidate countries’ accession to the EU will influence investmentinflows to countries in Central Asia, particularly in the energy sector.FDI in non-acceding countries in non-energy sectors will depend onfurther progress in reforms in the countries and could be accelerated byprospects for an enlarged free trade area.Russia as a major player in the Central Asian regionRussia’s transformation has been one of the most significant features ofthe last 10 years. Its future relationship with the EU is thus an issue ofprofound importance for Europe. Russia plays a leading role in theCentral Asian region, as a legacy from the Soviet Union and alsobecause of the scale of the Russian economy.The so-called “successor States” have during the last decade opened upnew channels of cooperation with the “outside world”, but they havealso renewed their links with Russia. Most of these countries depend onRussia for their trade and for the transport of gas and oil.For instance, in 1996, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed a quadripartiteagreement with Russia and Belarus, which supplemented the existingCustoms Union by providing for the coordination of economi
Beyond Enlargement: Trade, Business and Investment in a Changing Europe was prepared by Carol Cosgrove-Sacks, Director of the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division and Maria Misovicova of the UNECE Trade Development and Timber Division. The organizers would like to express their appreciation for the support
an enlargement of the prostate, a condition which is known as benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) (Fig. 1). Other conditions can also cause these symptoms and your doctor will take this into account. Benign prostatic enlargement is a common condition. It is related to hormonal changes which happen as men
an objective method of assessing gingival enlargement based on periodontal measurements that are made during routine dental examinations. Periodontal measurements may be used to estimate the degree and extent of gingival enlargement among patients with gingival enlargement. A n association between these factors may
1. The dynamics of the EU enlargement dossier Enlargement has always been part of the DNA of the European Union, since its very first expansion to the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark in 1973. Having grown over the years from 6 to 27 member states via 6 different rounds of enlargement, the EU now has another set of countries wanting to join.
BPH is a benign (non-cancerous) enlargement or growth of the prostate gland. As the prostate surrounds the top part of the urethra, enlargement of the prostate makes the urethra narrower and puts pressure on the base of the bladder. Narrowing of the urethra can affect the passing of urine in a number of ways.
Virginal breast hypertrophy/juvenile gigantomastia/ juvenile macromastia is the excessive enlargement of the breast tissue or diffuse enlargement of breasts in young women in early teen years. This excessive enlargement of breasts usually causes both physical and psychosocial pr
patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that that biatrial enlargement (BAE, HR 1.755, 95%CI 1.153-2.670, P 0.009) was an independent predictor for reablation and was associated with reablation (Log rank P 0.007). Conclusion: Biatrial enlargement is an independent risk predictor for the reablation in atrial fibrillation
enlargement has become a common discussion topic around the dinner table, on the bus, and even at work. This guide is the first step in achieving our vision. The next section will explain how the exercises work to enlarge their penis, you may be surprised. Penis Enlargement is not some kind of magical, unexplainable occurrence; it
[Class XII : Accountancy] [110] CHAPTER 7 ACCOUNTING FOR SHARE CAPIT AL (Share and Share Capital : Nature and types) “A Company is an artificial person created by law, having separate entity with a
