HAWAII COUNTY WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

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HAWAII COUNTY WATER USEAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN UPDATEHawaii Water PlanKeauhou Aquifer SystemMarch 2017Funded by the:Department of Water SupplyFor the:County of HawaiiFUKUNAGA & ASSOCIATES, INC.Consulting Engineers1357 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1530Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 (808) 944-1821Final Report

Table of ContentsTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . viiiCHAPTER 1Introduction . 1-1CHAPTER 2Technical Approach . 2-12.1WATER RESOURCES PLANNING METHODOLOGY . 2-12.1.1 Existing Sources and Water Uses . 2-12.1.1.1 Ground Water Pumpage . 2-22.1.1.2 Municipal Water Meter Records . 2-32.1.1.3 Water Use Unit Rates . 2-32.1.1.4 Other Water Resources . 2-42.1.2 Anticipated Water Demands . 2-42.1.2.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage). 2-52.1.2.2 Water Entitlements . 2-52.1.2.3 Community Development Plans . 2-52.1.2.3.1Kona Community Development Plan . 2-62.1.2.3.2Kona CDP Financing Plan . 2-62.1.3 Hawai‘i County Zoning Water Demands . 2-92.1.3.1 Water Demand for Existing Developed Parcels (Pumpage). 2-102.1.3.2 Updated Zoning of Undeveloped Parcels . 2-102.1.3.3 Agricultural Water Use Demands . 2-102.1.4 Additional Information Used to Refine Land Use Based Water Demands . 2-112.1.4.1 State Water Projects Plan Updates and DHHL Demands . 2-112.1.4.2 Other Development Plans . 2-122.1.5 5-Year Incremental Water Demand Projections . 2-122.1.5.1 Population and Growth Rate Projections . 2-192.1.5.2 Historical Ground Water Use and Population . 2-19CHAPTER 33.13.23.3Water Demand Scenarios and Projections . 3-1KEAUHOU AQUIFER SYSTEM AREA PROFILE . 3-13.1.1 General . 3-13.1.2 Economy and Population . 3-13.1.2.1 Economy . 3-13.1.2.2 Population . 3-13.1.3 Land Use . 3-23.1.3.1 Anticipated Water Demands . 3-23.1.3.2 Hawai‘i County Zoning Water Demand . 3-2EXISTING WATER RESOURCES . 3-73.2.1 Ground Water . 3-73.2.2 Surface Water . 3-83.2.3 Rainwater Catchment . 3-83.2.4 Recycled Water . 3-8EXISTING WATER USE. 3-13Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer Systemiii

Table of ral . 3-13Domestic Use . 3-14Industrial Use . 3-14Irrigation Use . 3-14Agricultural Use . 3-15Military Use . 3-15Municipal Use . 3-153.3.7.1 County Water Systems . 3-153.3.7.2 State Water Systems . 3-173.3.7.3 Federal Water Systems . 3-173.3.7.4 Private Public Water Systems . 3-173.3.8 Water Use by Resource . 3-173.3.8.1 Ground Water . 3-173.3.8.2 Surface Water . 3-183.3.8.3 Rainwater Catchment. 3-183.3.8.4 Recycled Water . 3-18FUTURE WATER NEEDS . 3-183.4.1 General . 3-183.4.2 Anticipated Water Demands . 3-193.4.3 Hawai‘i County Zoning Water Demands . 3-233.4.3.1 Agricultural Water Demands . 3-233.4.4 5-Year Incremental Water Demand Projection . 3-23CHAPTER 44.14.24.34.44.5OVERVIEW AND WATER SOURCE ADEQUACY . 4-1HDWS FACILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM . 4-14.2.1 History and Objectives . 4-14.2.2 Implementation of HDWS Long Range Master Plan . 4-24.2.3 HDWS Capital Improvement Program . 4-5CONCEPTUAL SOURCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES . 4-54.3.1 Source Development Program . 4-54.3.1.1 Ground Water . 4-54.3.1.2 Source Conveyance and Storage . 4-94.3.2 Non-Potable Source Strategies . 4-94.3.2.1 Surface Water . 4-94.3.2.2 Recycled Water . 4-94.3.2.3 Rainwater . 4-134.3.2.4 Desalination . 4-134.3.3 Other Resource Enhancement Measures . 4-134.3.3.1 Water Conservation . 4-13MEETING ANTICIPATED DEMANDS . 4-14IMPLEMENTATION PLAN . 4-184.5.1 Near-Term . 4-184.5.2 Medium-Term and Long-Term . 4-19CHAPTER 55.1ivResource and Facility Strategies . 4-1Environmental and Cultural Issues & Public Consultation . 5-1PRELIMINARY T&C RESEARCH . 5-1Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System

Table of Contents5.25.35.4INITIAL OUTREACH . 5-1PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND PROPOSED T&C PROCESS . 5-2PUBLIC CONSULTATION . 5-4CHAPTER 66.16.26.3Watershed Management Strategies . 6-1OVERVIEW . 6-1WATERSHED PROTECTION . 6-1WELLHEAD PROTECTION . 6-2CHAPTER 7Summary and Recommendations . 7-1CHAPTER 8References . 8-1LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2-1:Figure 2-2:Figure 2-3:Figure 2-4:Figure 2-5:Figure 3-1:Figure 3-2:Figure 3-3:Figure 3-4:Figure 3-5:Figure 3-6:Figure 3-7:Figure 3-8:Figure 3-9:Figure 3-10:Figure 3-11:Figure 3-12:Figure 4-1:Figure 4-2:Figure 4-3:Figure 4-4:Figure 4-5:Kona CDP Land Use Map . 2-7Anticipated Water Demand Evaluation Methodology. 2-13County Zoning Water Demand Evaluation Methodology . 2-155-Year Incremental Water Demand Projection Methodology . 2-17Historical Ground Water Pumpage and Population Growth Rates . 2-20Anticipated Water Demands Map . 3-3County Zoning Build-Out Map. 3-5Well Location. 3-9Streams and Diversions. 3-11Existing Water Use by Categories – Keauhou ASYA . 3-14HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories – Keauhou ASYA . 3-17Summary of Water Demand Scenarios – Keauhou ASYA . 3-19Kona CDP Financing Plan Table E-2 . 3-21Kona CDP Overlap . 3-22Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category – KeauhouASYA. 3-24Undeveloped Agricultural Lands . 3-25Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections – KeauhouASYA. 3-27HDWS Completed and Future CIP Projects . 4-3Conceptual Ground Water Source Development and AnticipatedWater Demands Map . 4-7Wastewater Facilities Map . 4-11Agricultural Lands Supplied by Ambient Rainfall . 4-15Anticipated Demands by Source Type . 4-18LIST OF TABLESTable 2-1:Table 2-2:Table 3-1:Table 3-2:Table 3-3:CWRM Water Use Categories . 2-2Water Use Unit Rates. 2-4Historical Population – Keauhou ASYA . 3-2Population Projection – Keauhou ASYA . 3-2County Zoning Undeveloped District Allocation Acreage –Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer Systemv

Table of ContentsTable 3-4:Table 3-5:Table 3-6:Table 3-7:Table 3-8:Table 3-9:Table 3-10:Table 3-11:Table 3-12:Table 3-13:Table 3-14:Table 3-15:Table 3-16:Table 3-17:Table 3-18:Table 4-1:Table 4-2:Keauhou ASYA . 3-7Stream Diversions – Keauhou ASYA. 3-8Wastewater Reclamation Facilities – Keauhou ASYA . 3-13Existing Water Use by Categories – Keauhou ASYA . 3-13Private Irrigation Well Pumpage – Keauhou ASYA . 3-15HDWS Existing Water Use by Categories – Keauhou ASYA . 3-16Pumpage and Sustainable Yield – Keauhou ASYA . 3-18Summary of Water Demand Scenarios – Keauhou ASYA . 3-18State Projects Component of Anticipated Water Demands . 3-20Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Unit Count . 3-20Proposed Subdivisions with SLUD Approval Water Demand . 3-20Kona CDP Demand Components of Anticipated Water Demands . 3-22Anticipated Water Demands – Keauhou ASYA . 3-22Hawai‘i County Zoning Water Demand – Keauhou ASYA . 3-23Growth Rate B Water Demand Projection by Category – KeauhouASYA. 3-24Growth Rates A, B, C Water Demand Projections – KeauhouASYA. 3-27Potential Recycled Water Use . 4-10Source Development Scenarios to Meet Anticipated Demands . 4-17APPENDICESAppendix A: Technical Memorandum, Water Use & Development Plan Update – Keauhou andWaimea Aquifer Systems, Project DescriptionviHawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System

List of AbbreviationsLIST OF WUDPIALKSMAVMGMGDMSLNELHAviiiAquifer Sector AreaAquifer System AreaAgricultural Water Use and Development PlanCommunity Development PlanCapital Improvement ProgramState of Hawai‘i, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Commissionon Water Resource ManagementState of Hawai‘i, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Commissionon Water Resource ManagementState of Hawai‘i, Department of Business, Economic Development andTourismCounty of Hawai‘i, Department of Environmental ManagementState of Hawai‘i, Department of Hawaiian Home LandsState of Hawai‘i, Department of Land & Natural ResourcesState of Hawai‘i, Department of Land & Natural Resources, Division ofForestry and WildlifeState of Hawai‘i, Department of TransportationEnvironmental AssessmentEnvironmental Impact StatementEquivalent Residential UnitGeneral CommercialGeographic Information SystemGeneral PlanGallons per DayHawai‘i Administrative RulesCounty of Hawai‘i, Department of Water SupplyHawai‘i Electric Light CompanyState of Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i Housing Finance & Development CorporationCounty of Hawai‘i Water Use and Development PlanImportant Agricultural LandKamehameha SchoolsMoving AverageMillion GallonMillion Gallons per DayMean Sea LevelNatural Energy Laboratory of Hawai‘i AuthorityHawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System

List of ative Hawaiian OrganizationNational Park ServiceState of Hawai‘i, Department of Health, Office of Environmental QualityControlOffice of Hawaiian AffairsCounty of Hawai‘i, Office of Housing and Community DevelopmentOcean Thermal Energy ConversionQueen Lili‘uokalani TrustState of Hawai‘i, Department of Health, Safe Drinking Water BranchStream Diversion Works PermitState Land Use DesignationState Water Projects PlanSustainable YieldTraditional and Customary Native Hawaiian RightsThree Mountain AllianceTax Map KeyTraditional Neighborhood DevelopmentTransit Oriented DevelopmentEconomic Research Organization at the University of Hawai‘iUniform Plumbing CodeWell Construction and Pump Installation Permit ApplicationWater Master PlanWater Resources Protection PlanWastewater Reclamation FacilityWastewater Treatment PlantHawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer Systemix

IntroductionCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThe primary objective of the Water Use and Development Plan (WUDP) is to set forth theallocation of water to land use. As required by the Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 13,Chapter 170, Hawai‘i Water Plan, each of the four counties is responsible to prepare a WUDP toinclude, but not be limited to the following:1. Status of county water and related land development including an inventory of existingwater uses for domestic, municipal, and industrial users, agriculture, aquaculture,hydropower development, drainage, reuse, reclamation, recharge, and resulting problemsand constraints;2. Future land uses and related water needs; and3. Regional plans for water developments including recommended and alternative plans,costs, adequacy of plans, and relationship to the water resource protection plan and waterquality plan.The County of Hawai‘i adopted by ordinance the Water Use and Development Plan Update datedAugust 2010 (2010 HWUDP), and the Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM)granted approval in December 2011. The 2010 HWUDP update implemented a broad, uniformapproach island-wide to conservatively evaluate the County’s land use policies set forth in theCounty General Plan and Zoning Code. The General Plan is the long-range conceptual land useplan for the island of Hawai‘i; whereas the Zoning Code is the legal instrument that regulates landdevelopment, and implements the General Plan policies. The intent of the 2010 HWUDP was toguide the County in prioritization and focus of future assessment efforts.The 2010 HWUDP identified two aquifer sectors to be considered for further evaluation anddetailed assessment. Prioritization of the aquifer areas identified resulted in the selection of theWest Mauna Kea Aquifer Sector Area (ASEA) [803]/Waimea Aquifer System Area (ASYA)[80301] and the Hualālai ASEA [809]/Keauhou ASYA [80901] for update. Per decision of theCWRM, the update consisted of two phases. The first phase (Phase 1) refined the water demandscenarios and projections; and the second phase (Phase 2) involved the development of sourcedevelopment strategies and scenarios. The CWRM further requested that the HWUDP for theKeauhou ASYA include the following elements: Address how proposed source development strategies to meet projected demands mayimpact cultural uses and rights or other public trust purposes (T&C) Identify appropriate mitigation measures for potential impacts or alternative strategiesThis document combines the elements of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Hawai‘i Water Use andDevelopment Plan Update – Keauhou Aquifer System Area into a single plan. The HWUDP forthe Waimea Aquifer System Area will be prepared separately.Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System1-1

Technical ApproachCHAPTER 2TECHNICAL APPROACHThe approach used in the update of the County of Hawai‘i Water Use & Development Plan(HWUDP) for the Keauhou Aquifer System Area (ASYA) was documented in the ProjectDescription, as required by the Framework. The Project Description, which also addressed theWaimea ASYA, was presented to and conditionally approved by the Commission on WaterResource Management (CWRM) on February 18, 2015, and the final Project Description wassubmitted to the CWRM on March 4, 2015. The Project Description is presented in Appendix A.2.1WATER RESOURCES PLANNING METHODOLOGYThe HWUDP update considers an integrated approach to land use planning and water resourcedevelopment and is a continually evolving process. This HWUDP update provides an estimate ofanticipated future water demands, and refinements to water demand scenarios and projectionsbased on County land use/zoning policies using realistic water use unit rates from actual metereddata for undeveloped parcels and actual water use for developed parcels. 5-year incremental waterneeds for the next 20 years based on population and growth rate projections are also projected.2.1.1Existing Sources and Water UsesWater resources that are currently utilized on the island of Hawai‘i include the following fourcategories: Ground waterSurface water or stream diversionsRainwater catchmentRecycled waterThe CWRM has established water use categories based on water system purveyance and primaryuse of the system for the purposes of water use permitting and reporting. Existing water use willbe described for each of the four water resource categories, and existing water demands will bepresented in terms of each of the six CWRM water use categories as indicated in Table 2-1.Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System2-1

Technical ApproachTable 2-1:WellOperatorCWRM Water Use CategoriesCategoryAgricultureDomesticResidential Domestic,includes potable and nonpotable water needsIndividualOperatorNon-residential Domestic,includes potable (and nonpotable) water taryMunicipalSub-Category Aquatic plants and animals Crop irrigation and processing Livestock water, pasture irrigation, andprocessing Ornamental and nursery plants Taro Other agricultural applications Single- and multi-family households,including non-commercial gardening Commercial businessesOffice buildingsHospitalsChurchesHotelsSchoolsFire protectionMining, dust controlGeothermal, thermoelectric cooling,power development, hydroelectric powerOther industrial applicationsGolf courseHotelLandscape and water featuresParksSchoolsHabitat maintenanceAll military useStateCountyPrivateGround Water PumpageThe CWRM maintains a ground water well database of all installed wells in the State and requiresall well owners to report monthly pumpage data. Although there are several wells with an installedpump for which the CWRM has not received pumpage data, CWRM has confirmed that all wellowners who are currently using ground water are reporting. Therefore, this database is the bestavailable information to determine current ground water use. Data from August 2012 through July2014 was assessed based on the 12-month moving average (12-MAV) of monthly reportedpumpage within the aquifer system, as required by CWRM to address seasonal fluctuations. Thehighest of these 12-MAV calculations, from August 2012 through July 2013, was taken to2-2Hawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System

Technical Approachrepresent existing ground water use. Ground water pumpage represents the existing water usecomponent incorporated into water demand scenarios described in Section 2.1.2.1.1.2Municipal Water Meter RecordsAvailable meter records for individual accounts were obtained from the County Department ofWater Supply (HDWS). These records were analyzed from a period between July 2013 and June2014 to further subcategorize the HDWS municipal water use by the CWRM water use categories,and also to evaluate and develop water use unit rates described in the following section. Wateruse associated with meter records should not be compared to the ground water pumpage becausethe latter is calculated by determining the high 12-MAV and may be based on a differenttimeframe.2.1.1.3Water Use Unit RatesWater use unit rates used in the 2010 HWUDP are listed in Table 2-2, and were largely based onthe Water System Standards (WSS), which are planning level rates typically used for design ofwater system infrastructure, including pumping, storage and distribution facilities. These rates areconservative and were established to design infrastructure for service reliability during peakdemand conditions. Long-term water resources planning should be based on actual water use datafor a more realistic evaluation of anticipated water demand. This involved significant effort,incorporating detailed assessment methods and would typically be reserved for sensitive areas thatrequired higher levels of precision.The Single Family Residential unit rate used in the 2010 HWUDP was based on historical HDWSconsumption data from specific developments (not the overall single family residential accounts).The Single Family Residential unit rate is a key component of water system planning for HDWS.For example, water commitments and water development agreements are expressed in terms ofEquivalent Residential Units (ERU), which represents the planned water demand of 400 GPD froma customer with a 5/8” meter. Analysis of the HDWS meter records between July 2013 and June2014 for accounts categorized as Single Family Residential with a 5/8” meter indicated an averageunit rate of 430 GPD. This is marginally higher than the 400 GPD planning unit rate, and mayinclude large-lot subdivisions which, if developed today, would require a larger meter. Therefore,use of the planning unit rate of 400 GPD for future residential demands is reasonable.The Commercial, Industrial and Resort rates used in the 2010 HWUDP based on the WSS maynot capture the variability in permitted land use associated with each of the zoning districts. Forexample, the Zoning Code lists over 50 different permitted uses within General Commercial (GC)districts, including schools, laundries, and residential dwellings, all of which would have markedlydifferent water requirements. The average use unit rate would therefore depend on the distributionof these permitted uses within a particular GC district.Anticipated water demand associated with zoning areas assumed that the existing character of eachzoning district would be similar for future development. A single unit rate was developed for eachof the three general zoning districts with wide ranges in permitted uses, specifically Commercial,Industrial, Resort, by determining the average existing areal consumption unit rates based onHawai‘i Water Use and Development Plan UpdateKeauhou Aquifer System2-3

Technical ApproachHDWS meter records from July 2013 through June 2014 of all existing parcels connected to theHDWS system within each general zoning district.The 2010 HWUDP utilized a unit rate of 3,400 gallons per acre per day for Agricultural areas,which was developed by the 2004 Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan (AWUDP), andconsidered General Plan Important Agricultural Land (IAL) areas to be the basis for agriculturalirrigation. Public input suggested that the need for irrigation water was not predicated on theclassification of agricultural lands, and that users would grow what is feasible according to theclimate. Based on available information, most existing agricultural water use in the KeauhouASYA relies on ambient rainfall and may be supplemented by HDWS. The Agricultural waterunit rate was determined by determining the average existing areal consumption unit rate based onHDWS meter records from July 2013 through June 2014 of all existing parcels with accountsclassified as Agricultural and located within lands classified by the General Plan as ImportantAgricultural Lands (IAL). IAL is described further in Section 2.1.3.3.Table 2-2:Water Use Unit RatesAverage Daily Demand (ADD)2015 HWUDP – KeauhouLand UseAnticipatedCategory2010 HWUDPDemandsZoningResidential1,000 gal/unit1400 gal/unit400 gal/unitCommercial3,000 gal/acre3,000 gal/acre940 gal/acreIndustrial4,000 gal/acre4,000 gal/acre780 gal/acreResort400 gal/unit or 17,000 gal/acre2400 gal/unit2,965 gal/acreAgriculture3,400 gal/acre3N/A210 gal/acre1For North Kona and South Kohala districts2Resort ADD of 17,000 gal/acre based on ADD for Maui3Agriculture ADD based on AWUDP2.1.1.4Other Water ResourcesExisting use of other water resources was determined where possible; however, these quantitieswere not used to project future

May 10, 2017 · County of Hawaii FUKUNAGA & ASSOCIATES, INC. Consulting Engineers 1357 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1530 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 (808) 944-1821 HAWAII COUNTY WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN UPDATE Keauhou Aquifer System Hawaii Water Plan

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