Ernest S. Berney IV And Donald M. Smith February 2008 .

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2Mechanical and Physical Propertiesof ASTM C33 SandGeotechnical and Structures LaboratoryErnest S. Berney IV and Donald M. SmithApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.February 2008

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2February 2008Mechanical and Physical Propertiesof ASTM C33 SandErnest S. Berney IV and Donald M. SmithGeotechnical and Structures LaboratoryU.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center3909 Halls Ferry RoadVicksburg, MS 39180-6199Final reportApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Prepared forHeadquarters, U.S. Army Corps of EngineersWashington, DC 20314-1000

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2Abstract: Determining the state of the ground is critical for ObjectiveForce operations. Currently, no methods exist to remotely, and accurately,measure the near-surface soil properties (strength, density, compressibility, and texture) needed to define ground state. Analysis of low-velocityimpact probe deceleration, obtained during penetration, is the most practical method to remotely determine ground state. Development of thephysics describing the behavior of the impact requires in-depth knowledgeof the physical properties of the relevant soil. This report provides anextensive suite of calibration and verification material properties for predicting the response of an ASTM C33 sand to low-velocity probe penetration. The experimental program determined the following physicalproperties for this sand: elastic behavior (shear and Young’s moduli andPoisson’s ratio), strength characteristics (friction angle, cohesion, compressibility, and triaxial strength), and construction parameters(maximum/minimum densities, optimum moisture content, andCalifornia bearing ratio).DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not tobe construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.ii

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2ContentsFigures and Tables.ivPreface.vUnit Conversion Factors.vi1Introduction. 1Background . 1Objective . 3Scope of work . 32Problem Statement. 43Laboratory Tests and Results. 6Overview . 6The material. 6The test program . 6Tests conducted . 6Index properties and grain size distribution . 8Compaction and relative density . 10Direct shear .13Triaxial test. 14Specimen preparation . 16Isotropic (hydrostatic) consolidation test .19Triaxial shear . 21Partially saturated triaxial CU test (modified Q-test) .264Summary and Conclusions.29Summary of concrete sand properties .29Recommendations .30References.31Report Documentation Pageiii

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2Figures and TablesFiguresFigure 1. Grain size distribution for concrete sand. . 9Figure 2. Standard Proctor laboratory compaction and CBR curve for SP. 11Figure 3. Modified Proctor laboratory compaction and CBR curve for SP. . 11Figure 4. Maximum relative density laboratory compaction and CBR curve for SP. 12Figure 5. Grooving tool to smooth surface of sand layer in direct shear box. . 13Figure 6. Direct shear analysis for SP sand. 14Figure 7. Principal stresses acting on cylindrical soil specimen during triaxial shear test. 15Figure 8. Triaxial specimen of SP sand after compaction. . 15Figure 9. Application of thicker outer latex membrane and aluminum foil strips tospecimen to reduce air diffusion. 17Figure 10. Completed SP triaxial specimen set-up with outer aluminum foil layer. 17Figure 11. View of final membrane around specimen seen after failure. . 18Figure 12. Drained and undrained isotropic and drained hydrostatic responsefor SP sand. 20Figure 13. Undrained shear stress-shear strain response for SP sand. 22Figure 14. Undrained pore pressure-shear strain response for SP sand. . 22Figure 15. Drained shear stress-shear strain response for SP sand. . 23Figure 16. Drained volumetric strain--shear strain response for SP sand. 23Figure 17. Effective stress paths for drained and undrained TX tests. . 24Figure 18. Hysteretic shear stress-strain response of SP sand at 150 psi confinement. . 24Figure 19. Small shear strain behavior of undrained triaxial tests . 25Figure 20. Elastic moduli as a function of effective mean stress . 26Figure 21. Modified CU-Q triaxial shear stress versus axial strain. . 28TablesTable 1. Summary of index properties for concrete sand. . 10Table 2. Relative density ranges for SP sand. . 12Table 3. Summary of isotropic consolidation data. 20Table 4. Initial conditions of modified CU-Q tests. 27Table 5. Summary of modified CU-Q test strength results. . 28iv

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2PrefaceThe tests and results presented herein describe the results of the researcheffort entitled “Soil Properties from Low-Velocity Probe Penetration.” Theobjective of this research effort is to provide a physical model of lowvelocity probe penetration to characterize soil by type, strength, maximumcompaction, and initial density.This work was conducted under the AT22 research program AdvancedPenetrometer Technology at the U.S. Army Engineer Research andDevelopment Center (ERDC). This project is part of a 3-year study thatended in 2007. This research program was sponsored by Headquarters,U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.This publication was prepared by personnel of the ERDC Geotechnical andStructures Laboratory (GSL), Vicksburg, MS. The findings presented arebased upon laboratory experimentation conducted over a 6-month periodin 2003. The principal investigator for this study was Dr. Ernest S.Berney IV, Airfields and Pavements Branch (APB), Engineering Systemsand Materials Division (ESMD), GSL. Other ERDC personnel who assistedin the research include Dr. Jerome B. Johnson, Cold Regions Research andEngineering Laboratory; Drs. James D. Cargile and Donald M. Smith,GSL; and Charles Carter and Larry Dunbar, GSL.Drs. Berney and Smith prepared this publication under the supervision ofDon R. Alexander, Chief, APB; Dr. Larry N. Lynch, Chief, ESMD;Dr. William P. Grogan, Deputy Director, GSL; and Dr. David W. Pittman,Director, GSL.COL Richard B. Jenkins was Commander and Executive Director of ERDC.Dr. James R. Houston was Director.Recommended changes for improving this publication in content and/orformat should be submitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes toPublications and Blank Forms) and forwarded to Headquarters, U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, ATTN: CECW-EWS, Kingman Building, Room 321,7701 Telegraph Road, Alexandria, VA 22315.v

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2viUnit Conversion FactorsMultiplyByTo Obtaincubic feet0.02831685cubic meterscubic inches1.6387064 E-05cubic metersdegrees (angle)0.01745329radiansdegrees Fahrenheit(F-32)/1.8degrees ds (force)0.1129848newton meterspounds (force)4.448222newtonspounds (force) per square foot (psf)47.88026pascalspounds (force) per square inch (psi)6.894757kilopascalspounds (mass)0.45359237kilogramspounds (mass) per cubic foot (pcf)square inches16.018466.4516 E-04kilograms per cubic metersquare meters

ERDC/GSL TR-08-21IntroductionBackgroundDetermining the state of the ground is critical for Objective Force operations. Currently, no methods exist to remotely, and accurately, measurethe near-surface soil (NSS) properties (strength, density, compressibility,and texture) needed to define ground state. Analysis of low-velocity impactprobe deceleration, obtained during penetration, is the most practicalmethod to remotely determine ground state. However, the lack of physicsbased interpretation theory (where each of the acting mechanisms is identified and determined separately) limits the accuracy of interpreting probemeasurements.Prediction of probe performance or inference of NSS properties fromprobe measurements is accomplished using numerical methods or a penetration theory. Penetration theories can be purely empirical, empiricalwith physical elements, or purely physical.The most comprehensive method to analyze penetration problems is thenumerical approach using finite-element, finite-difference, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, or other codes. Numerical methods solve the continuity, momentum, and energy balance equations of continuum mechanicsin conjunction with an appropriate constitutive representation for the target materials of interest. These first-principle techniques can use a widevariety of initial and boundary conditions to simulate the penetrationevent. The constitutive material models that are used with the numericalmethods must capture the appropriate responses of the target material.The material property data required for use in the numerical methodsmust be obtained from the appropriate independent laboratory tests onthe target materials. The combined effects of soil strength, compaction,inertia, and probe design are not easily distinguishable except throughcomputationally intensive, nonunique trial-and-error iterative methods,making it extremely difficult to determine soil properties from probedeceleration data.Existing empirical models are based on experimental correlations ofparameters such as penetration depth, crater volume, impact velocity ormomentum, probe geometry, or other measurable quantities and generally1

ERDC/GSL TR-08-2offer little insight to the physical processes that are occurring. These models can accurately predict penetration depth when information about theprobe and the target material is within the range of experimental dataused to develop the model (Backman and Goldsmith 1978, Young 1997).Empirical models are not suitable for inferring detailed material properties because the physical processes are hidden within the correlation“index” coefficients or simplified material descriptions.Empirical models with physical elements are generally analytical modelsthat provide correlations, such as those from empirical studies, but introduce relations between parameters of the system on the basis of physicalrequirements. The best known such relation is a resistive force that is afunction of the projectile velocity where the coefficients are associated withfrictional and added mass effects (Backman and Goldsmith 1978). Whilebetter than empirical models, these models are also not well suited forinferring NSS properties from penetration measurements because theircoefficients are essentially free parameters set through correlation withexperiments.A purely physical approach uses experimental observations to guide theformulation of an ideal model of the processes that produce resistanceforces on a probe. Existing physical models generally oversimplify thedeformation geometry and do not include all relevant physics.While the number of penetration experiments that have been conducted islarge, the number of direct observations of the controlling physical processes is limited. Available data indicate that, at ordnance velocities, penetration resistance forces can arise from the failure and compaction of theinitially undeformed soil, added mass effects, soil particle comminution,friction between the probe and soil, and failure within the compacted soilregion (Allen et al. 1957, Anderson et al. 1996, Backman and Goldsmith1978, Johnson 2001). Furthermore, the shape of the probe tip determinesthe partition of importance of probe-soil friction, soil strength, and thegeometry of the zone of compacted soil around a probe. NSS deformationis primarily normal to the probe surface (Gill 1968) but can be moderatedby friction between the soil and probe surface. 11Johnson, J. B., J. D. Cargile, and D. M. Smith. 2004. Soil properties from a low-velocity probe.Presentation of progress, ERDC Program Review. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research andDevelopment Center.2