Working With Bone, Antler And Horn - Halldor The Viking
Working with Bone, Antlerand HornDavid Constantine 2014V1.4 April 2014
ContentsList of Figures and Tables . iIntroduction . 1What is Bone Working? . 1Recommended reading and additional resources . 1Contact Details . 1Raw Materials . 2Definitions and basic biology of skeletal materials . 2Historical Availability and Use . 4Period Toolkits . 10Basic toolkit . 10Useful Additions . 14Larger Equipment . 21Dates of Described Tools . 23Techniques and methods of working . 25Preparing and Roughing Out . 25Shaping and General Working . 26Smoothing and Finishing . 27Riveting and Gluing . 28Hot Working Horn . 29Decorating and Carving . 30Colouring . 36Lathe Turning . 36Combs and Comb making. 38Significance . 38Typology . 38Construction . 41Decoration. 44Select Catalogue . 45Craft or Industry? . 47Overview. 47Evidence for industrial scale bone and antler working . 47Evidence for industrial scale horn working . 48Major industry or individual craft? . 48Bone artefact rich archaeological sites . 50York . 50Brough of Birsay . 55Thetford . 58Finds from assorted sites . 61Appendix 1: Acquiring and Preparing Skeletal Material . 65Appendix 2: Myths about bone working . 69Appendix 3: Cow cannon bones: The essential bones for working . 71Bibliography . 73Revision History . 78
List of Figures and TablesFig 1 Differences between horn and antler . 3Fig 2 Main bones used for working . 4Fig 3 Comparison of metadpodial size of commonly utilised animals . 5Fig 4 A whalebone line winder . 6Fig 5 Comparison of Roe, Red, Fallow and Reindeer antler morphology . 7Fig 6 The parts of an antler . 8Fig 7 10th century horn from Västerby, Sweden . 8Fig 8 Mastermyr long saw . 10Fig 9 Mastermyr hammers . 11Fig 10 Hammers from Tattershall Thorpe and York . 11Fig 11 Mastermyr files . 12Fig 12 Tongs from Flixborough and Tattershall Thorpe . 12Fig 13 A bow drill and a pump drill . 13Fig 14 Solid chisels from York and Nazeing, and a socketed chisel from Crayke . 14Fig 15 Solid twin bladed saw for cutting decorative lines. . 15Fig 16 Double saw based on the York find . 15Fig 17 Axe from Mastermyr; unfolded. . 15Fig 18 Draw knives from Thwing and Sandtun . 16Fig 19 Shears from York, Tattershall Thorpe and Mästermyr . 17Fig 20 Spoon bit augers from York, Hurbuck and Westley Waterless . 17Fig 21 Willow and Hazel mallet from York. . 18Fig 22 Antler clamps from Hedeby and one of whalebone from the Brough of Birsay . 18Fig 23 Anvils from Tattershall Thorpe and York . 19Fig 24 The planes from Sarre and Dublin. 20Fig 25 Ring-and-dot tools from Staré Město and Levy Hradec. . 20Fig 26 Edge scribe tool . 20Fig 27 Generic Shave Horse. . 21Fig 28 Pole Lathe . 22Fig 29 Possible turning tool from York. . 22Fig 30 Steps of Flush Riveting . 28Fig 31 How to cut a horn for unfolding. . 29Fig 32 Using an edge scribe. 31Fig 33 Tau Cross head from Alcester. . 32Fig 34 Carved knife handle, Sigtuna.39Fig 35 Sword guard from Sigtuna. 32Fig 36 Bone shaft of a ring pin. . 33Fig 37 Bone pins from Trondheim and London . 33Fig 38 10th C bone belt buckle from Goodmanham, Yorkshire. . 33Fig 39 Bone handled knife from Canterbury. . 34Fig 40 Decorated bone strap ends from Leicester, London and Dublin . 34Fig 41 Bone motif pieces from York. . 34Fig 42 Bone motif piece from Dublin. . 35Fig 43 Replica of a whalebone plaque from Grytøy . 35Fig 44 Basic comb types. . 38Fig 45 Example of Type 3 comb from London. . 39Fig 46 Example of Type 4 comb from London. . 39Fig 47 Example of Type 5 comb from Drimore Machair. . 39Fig 48 Example of Type 6 comb from Birka. . 40Fig 49 Example of Type 12 comb from Saevar Howe. . 40Fig 50 The walrus ivory comb from the British Museum. 41Fig 51 The elephant ivory comb from the tomb of St Cuthbert in Durham . 41Fig 52 Components of a composite comb . 42Fig 53 Stages of making a composite comb . 42Fig 54 Preparing the tips of comb teeth. . 43Fig 55 Regional differences in decoration of Type 5 combs. . 44Fig 56 Patterns on combs from Oost-Souberg . 44Fig 57 Runed inscribed comb case from Lincoln . 45Fig 58 Single sided comb from Flixborough . 45Fig 59 High backed Pictish style comb from Buckquoy . 45Fig 60 Single sided comb from London . 46i
Fig 61 Decorated comb case from Freswick Links. 46Fig 62 Pictish double sided comb from the Brough of Birsay . 46Fig 63 Handled saxon comb from London . 46Fig 64 Evidence of comb manufacture from Anglian levels at Fishergate, York . 48Fig 65 Horn cores from Thetford . 48Fig 66 Belt Buckle . 51Fig 67 Strap End . 51Fig 68 Whistle . 51Fig 69 Comb. . 51Fig 70 Gaming Piece . 51Fig 71 Spoon. 52Fig 72 Scoop . 52Fig 73 Weaving Tablet. . 52Fig 74 Pin Beater . 52Fig 75 Pin . 53Fig 76 “Lucet” . 53Fig 77 Dice . 53Fig 78 Sword Pommel . 53Fig 79 Bow Saw . 54Fig 80 Comb . 55Fig 81 Comb . 55Fig 82 Pendant . 56Fig 83 Basic needles and pins. . 56Fig 84 Spindle whorls . 56Fig 85 Possible pin beater . 56Fig 86 Clamp .
What is Bone Working? Bone working is the catch-all name used to refer to the global skillset that consists of working all skeletal materials – bone, antler, horn and ivory. However, because ivory is very difficult to obtain legally, I will cover some artefacts of ivory where appropriate, but there won‟t be any discussion of how to work it.
the ratio of antler length per unit body mass (antler length: body mass) against age. RESULTS Principal component analyses (PCA) on antler characteristics of Alaskan moose (Gasaway et a/. 1987) reduced the dimensionality of those data (Table 1 ). The first principal component (PC 1)
bone vs. cortical bone and cancellous bone) in a rabbit segmental defect model. Overall, 15-mm segmental defects in the left and right radiuses were created in 36 New Zealand . bone healing score, bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, and residual bone area at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation .
bone matrix (DBX), CMC-based demineralized cortical bone matrix (DB) or CMC-based demineralized cortical bone with cancellous bone (NDDB), and the wound area was evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation. DBX showed significantly lower radiopacity, bone volume fraction, and bone mineral density than DB and NDDB before implantation. However,
20937 Sp bone agrft morsel add-on C 20938 Sp bone agrft struct add-on C 20955 Fibula bone graft microvasc C 20956 Iliac bone graft microvasc C 20957 Mt bone graft microvasc C 20962 Other bone graft microvasc C 20969 Bone/skin graft microvasc C 20970 Bone/skin graft iliac crest C 21045 Extensive jaw surgery C 21141 Lefort i-1 piece w/o graft C
when a bone defect is treated with bone wax, the num-ber of bacteria needed to initiate an infection is reduced by a factor of 10,000 [2-4]. Furthermore, bone wax acts as a physical barrier which inhibits osteoblasts from reaching the bone defect and thus impair bone healing [5,6]. Once applied to the bone surface, bone wax is usually not .
Keywords: Benign bone tumors of lower extremity, Bone defect reconstruction, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, Rapid screening-enrichment-composite system Background Bone tumors occur in the bone or its associated tissues with a 0.01% incidence in the population. The incidence ratio among benign bone tumors, malignant bone tu-
Mako Total Knee tray layouts Stryker leg positioner instrument kit Description 1 210040 Rail clamp 2 210110 Sled 3 210070 Extension bar 4 210194 PCL retractor 5 210192 Smiley retractor (2) 6 210098 Large antler 7 210099 Small antler (located below long antler) Description 8 210195 Patella retractor* 9 210196 Patella protector* 10 210193 Rake retractor 11 210191 Hohmann retractor
Albert Woodfox a, quant à lui, vu sa condamnation annulée trois fois : en 1992, 2008, et . février 2013. Pourtant, il reste maintenu en prison, à l’isolement. En 1992 et 2013, la décision était motivée par la discrimination dans la sélection des membres du jury. En 2008, la Cour concluait qu’il avait été privé de son droit de bénéficier de l’assistance adéquate d’un .
