The Carbon Trust Is A UK-wide Company, Advanced Metering .
www.carbontrust.co.uk0800 085 2005Advanced metering for SMEsThe Carbon Trust is a UK-wide company,with headquarters in London, and basesin Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales,and the English regions.Carbon and cost savingsThe Carbon Trust is a private company set up by government inresponse to the threat of climate change, to accelerate the moveto a low carbon economy.The Carbon Trust works with UK business and the public sectorto create practical business-focused solutions through its externalwork in five complementary areas: Insights, Solutions, Innovations,Enterprises and Investments. Together these help to explain,deliver, develop, create and finance low carbon enterprise.The Carbon Trust is funded by the Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Department of Trade andIndustry (DTI), the Scottish Executive, the Welsh AssemblyGovernment and Invest Northern Ireland.Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the information contained within this publication iscorrect, the authors, the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warranty and makeno representation as to its accuracy and accept no liability for any errors or omissions.Any trademarks, service marks or logos used in this publication, and copyright in it, are the property of theCarbon Trust. Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or right to use or reproduceany of the trademarks, service marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary information in any way without theCarbon Trust’s prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enforces infringements of its intellectual propertyrights to the full extent permitted by law.The Carbon Trust is a company limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under Company number4190230 with its Registered Office at: 8th Floor, 3 Clement’s Inn, London WC2A 2AZ.Printed on paper containing a minimum of 75% de-inked post-consumer waste.Published in the UK: May 2007. The Carbon Trust 2007. All rights reserved.CTC713Full Report
The Carbon Trust would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this report, either throughdirect involvement in the trial, general discussions or review of findings and implications.
The Impact of advanced metering for SMEsAdvanced metering for SMEs0 ContentsExecutive summary1Introduction to advanced sults321.2Use of advanced metering in businesses 061.3Principles of advanced metering071.4Analysing advanced metering data078.1Introduction34Sources of energy savings088.2Methodology34Advanced metering technology088.3Results35Advanced metering services091.7406Site–based cost/benefit analysisThe potential benefits1.6371.11.5202Metering and billing in the UK068910Supplier cost/benefit analysisUK net benefit cost/benefit analysis34379.1Introduction372.1Industry structure109.2Methodology372.2Consumption levels and billing109.3Results382.3Electricity metering102.4Gas metering132.5Water metering142.6Barriers to advanced metering for SMEs15The advanced metering field trial1610Barriers to adoption4010.1 Introduction4010.2 Reasons for lack of implementation4010.3 Technical and practical41barriers identified10.4 Established market problems423.1Scope and objectives163.2Methodology and approach16Policy implications433.3Site activities1711.1 Introduction433.4Characteristics of participating sites1811.2 Actions to assist updates432211.3 Supporting and enabling measures47Next steps4812.1 UK SMEs4812.2 Suppliers and metering4812.3 Government49Example case studies50Results and findings4.1Headline results224.2Breakdown of savings23Scale-up of results to UK level265.1Introduction265.2Basis for scale-up analysis265.3UK–wide implications26Advanced metering costs1112service providers28Half-hourly metering for50multi-site businesses6.1Overview28World Museum Liverpool526.2Cost components28Bandvulc tyres546.3Current costs286.4Future costs296.5Summary of costs306.6Utility prices30
0 The Carbon TrustExecutive summaryWidespread use of advanced metering by SMEs can provide cost-effectivecarbon savings for the UK and significant energy savings for customers.The Carbon Trust’s field trial has demonstrated the potential benefits,identified key barriers and clarified the action required by the SMEcommunity, Government and energy suppliers to accelerate the market.There are over 2.7 million manually-read energy meters inUK SMEs, all of which could be replaced by advanced meters.The energy consumption through these meters is estimatedto cost 6.5 billion per year and lead to emissions of over50 MtCO2 per year.From 2004 to 2006 the Carbon Trust carried out the firstUK field trial of advanced metering for SME users. Thetrial aimed to demonstrate the potential benefits of thetechnology and to understand the case for encouragingwidespread adoption of advanced metering by SMEs. A totalof 582 advanced meters were installed in SMEs across theUK and metering services were provided to these sites byseven different consortia.SMEs using advanced meteringcan identify an average of 12%carbon savings and implementan average of 5% carbon savings.The study has demonstrated that SMEs using advancedmetering can identify an average of 12% carbon savings andimplement an average of 5% carbon savings through reducedutility consumption, as shown in Figure 1. The SMEs involvedin the trial achieved average annual savings of over 1,000and 8.5 tCO2 per site.Figure 1 Average % carbon savings in SMEs usingadvanced metering1412Carbon savings %Advanced metering can enable businesses to identifyenergy, cost and carbon savings by providing detailedinformation about the way in which they use their energy.Although this technology is fairly well established incompanies with significant energy demands, it is not widelyused by small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).12.3%10865.1%420IdentifiedImplemented
Advanced metering for SMEsFigure 2 shows the paybacks modelled for single andmulti-site companies. Based on current meter and servicecosts, there is already a very strong business case for usingadvanced metering at multi-site SMEs, such as retail andwholesale chains, and for energy-intensive SME sectors,such as manufacturing. For single-site SMEs with lowerenergy consumption, the business case is less attractivewith paybacks over five years in most cases. However,modelling has also been carried out using predicted costsand this has indicated that in future a clear business casewill also exist for single-site SMEs with lower consumptionlevels, as the costs of metering services will be driven downby increased innovation, automation and economies of scale.CurrentElectricity WaterFigure 2 Advanced meter payback periods for SME sitesbased on current and future costs0 A variety of different metering services were included in thetrial, ranging from basic data provision to detailed advice viaphone calls and site visits. The highest energy savings wereachieved by providing consumption profiles and energy savingrecommendations via email. This is a significant finding whichsuggests that low-cost metering services could be providedusing automated systems in future.Although some SMEs were initially sceptical about thepotential benefits of advanced metering, there was awidespread recognition of these once the services had beenused. Of the many customers that were offered the chanceto continue their metering service on a full commercialbasis, over 80% opted to continue at the end of the trial.From the perspective of energy suppliers, there is likelyto be a good business case for providing metering servicesto certain sections of the SME community which have largeconsumption or concentrated sites. However, as Figure 3illustrates, the current costs of providing advanced meteringservices to all SME users significantly outweigh the potentialbenefits. Furthermore, even as costs of technology continueto come down in future the business case for energysuppliers appears to remain marginal overall.GasFigure 3 Supplier costs and benefits for widespreadroll-out of advanced gas and electricity meteringto the SME community, using current costsFutureElectricity Water10080 per meter per yrGasN/AN/A01423Payback (years)5Multi siteSingle siteN/A — sample size too smallThere is already a very strongbusiness case for using advancedmetering at multi-site SMEs andfor energy-intensive SME tsGasThe trial findings highlight asignificant barrier to the wideruptake of advanced meteringdue to the insufficient financialincentives for energy suppliers.
The Carbon TrustEnergy suppliers can benefit by altering their business modelsto realise new opportunities, such as sales of higher-marginmetering services. They may also benefit from enhancedcustomer acquisition and retention. However, the trialfindings clearly highlight a significant barrier to the wideruptake of advanced metering due to the insufficient financialincentives for energy suppliers to provide these services ona widespread basis. Given this context, if the SME advancedmetering market is left to grow organically it is likely todevelop in a fragmented way, with slow growth and limitedeconomies of scale being achieved.From the overall UK perspective, widespread adoptionof advanced metering in the SME community represents asignificant opportunity for achieving cost-effective carbonsavings. Figure 4, which shows the results of the fieldtrial scaled up to the UK level, illustrates that a totalof 5.1 MtCO2 savings could be identified and 2.5 MtCO2savings could be implemented per year. This level ofidentified savings is equivalent to over 2% of all carbonemissions from UK businesses. Scaling up the results infinancial terms indicates that total cost savings of 650million could be identified and 300 million implementedper year across the SME community.Potential UK annual carbonsavings (MtCO2)Figure 4 Field trial carbon savings scaled up to UK level65.1542.532Figure 5 Net UK costs and benefits for advanced meteringroll-out to all but the lowest consuming 000Benefits CostsElectricity0Benefits CostsGasIn the future annual savings of5.1 MtCO2 could be identifiedand 2.5 MtCO2 implemented atno net cost to the UK.10Identified1 Furthermore, a very significant proportion of these carbonsavings can be achieved with a net financial benefit to theUK. Figure 5 shows that at current costs, there would be anet UK financial benefit from rolling out advanced meteringto all but the lowest use groups of SME users1. Underexpected future costs there would be a net UK benefit forrolling out advanced metering to all business users.Net benefit /meter0 ImplementedLowest consuming groups refers to electricity customers in profile classes 3 and 4 and gas customers with annual demand of less than 732 MWh.
Advanced metering for SMEsIn light of the significant cost savings available to SMEs andcarbon savings achievable at net financial benefit to the UK,it is essential that the market for advanced metering in SMEsgrows as rapidly as possible. Given the lack of incentivefor energy suppliers to provide advanced metering servicesacross the entire commercial sector, there is a very strongcase for a mandated roll-out of advanced meters for SMEs.There are various policy options which could be used toachieve a mandated roll-out. The most basic policy measurewould be to ensure that advanced meters are installed forall new and replacement meters.Beyond this the Government could mandate an acceleratedroll-out to increase the rate at which existing meter stockis replaced. An accelerated roll-out is likely to be mosteffective if targeted initially at all high-consumption SMEusers, where the business case is currently most attractive,and then extended to the wider SME community. Using a20% accelerated roll-out rate, targeted initially at the highestconsumption users, could lead to savings of 1.5 MtCO2 peryear by 2012 and 2.5 MtCO2 per year by 2016.For energy suppliers, roll-out will stimulate the market forinnovative new metering services and generate increasedcustomer awareness of the benefits of using such services.Widespread uptake of advanced metering would also helpcatalyse an associated energy services market, particularlyfor smaller service providers. It would also put in placean infrastructure of meters capable of supporting furtherpolicies to reduce carbon emissions in future.The following is a summary of the key recommendationscoming from the trial:Trade bodies, the Carbon Trust and others should continueto promote the benefits of proactive use of advancedmeters to the SME communityBased on the new evidence from this study the Governmentshould take action to ensure a widespread roll-out ofadvanced metering technology to SME usersGovernment should work to ensure that appropriatestandards are put in place regarding advanced meterfunctionality, data availability and data transfer proceduresWithout a mandated roll-out, widespread uptake of advancedmetering by SMEs is highly unlikely and a significant costeffective carbon saving opportunity will be missed.Energy suppliers and metering service providers shouldinvestigate new business models to provide innovativemetering services to their SME clients.Further supporting measures will also be required toensure that the market grows in a coordinated manner. Forexample, it is vital that industry-wide standards regardingmeter functionality and interoperability are adopted. Thiswork is underway, led by OFGEM, but must be prioritisedto ensure that agreement is reached at the earliest possibleopportunity. Further measures are also required to ensurethat the data from advanced meters is made freely availableto the relevant parties and that standards are agreedrelating to the frequency and format of data transfer.The benefits of advanced metering are clear in termsof cost savings for SMEs and carbon savings for the UK.Action is now required to stimulate the market and ensurea widespread roll-out of this important technology.Without a mandated roll-out,widespread uptake of advancedmetering is highly unlikely anda significant cost-effective carbonsaving opportunity will be missed.0
0 1The Carbon TrustIntroduction to advanced metering1.1 The potential benefitsThe Government has set a target to cut carbon emissionsby 60% by 2050 and, in order to achieve this, significantreductions will be required from all areas of the UKeconomy. Energy use by business is the largest sourceof carbon emissions in the UK and reducing energyconsumption in companies of all sizes is therefore vitalin order to meet our targets for reducing emissions.In order to make reductions in energy consumption, consumersmust first understand their energy usage. For many businesscustomers the only information they receive on their energyconsumption is via utility bills. However, the frequencyof billing does not provide sufficient detail for energymanagement. The situation is exacerbated by the use ofestimated bills which prevent customers from gaining anaccurate picture of when and how their energy is consumed.Advanced metering provides accurate and regularconsumption data to consumers, allowing closermanagement of utility use. The half-hourly data derivedfrom advanced metering can also be aggregated for billingpurposes, avoiding the requirement for estimated bills.The overall carbon dioxide emissions from the UK businesssector are around 220 MtCO2 per annum2 and around50 MtCO2 of these emissions come from SMEs which donot generally have any form of advanced metering oftheir utility use. There is therefore significant potentialfor carbon savings if advanced metering can help reduceenergy demand in the SME sector.1.2 Use of advanced meteringin businessesFor large UK businesses advanced metering is often usedacross all three utilities (electricity, water and gas), butis most established for electricity. Consumption data isroutinely captured by suppliers for high-volume consumersin the category referred to as ‘Code 5’3. This half-hourlydata is used to provide accurate bills and also to allow theelectricity to be traded via the Balancing and SettlementCode (BSC) system. Larger consumers of gas and water alsobenefit from using advanced metering and have found thatwhen used to manage consumption, the savings achievedcan justify the capital investment required. At this highconsumption end of the market, where there are significantpotential savings on utility bills and energy managers are onhand to interpret the consumption data, advanced meteringis used to good effect.For small and medium-sized UK enterprises (SMEs),advanced metering is rarely used since half-hourlydata is not required or collected by utility suppliers,and ‘optional’ systems are not commonly used. If thepotential benefits of advanced metering could be realisedin the SME sector, this could provide attractive costsavings for SME users as well as a significant contributionin terms of UK carbon savings. Some SMEs, for examplechains of high-street retail stores, may also see CorporateSocial Responsibility (CSR) and brand benefits from thereduced environmental impact associated with thesecarbon savings.Recent developments in areas such as communicationstechnology have helped bring costs down, makingadvanced metering a more realistic proposition for smallersites such as those found in the SME community. With thesecost barriers eased, the Carbon Trust set up a major fieldtrial in 2004 to investigate if the SME market can realisethe cost and carbon benefits seen in many of the largerUK companies already using advanced metering.2 Source: ‘Climate Change: The UK Programme 2006’, Defra report. End user emissions from business were 60.5MtC (222 MtCO2) in 2004.3 ‘Code 5’ users are sites which already have electricity consumption monitored half-hourly.
Advanced metering for SMEs0 1.3 Principles of advanced metering1.4 Analysing advanced metering dataIn general terms an advanced meter is any form ofmetering system which provides a greater degree of energyconsumption data beyond that used for basic billing. Theincreased granularity of data provided by an advancedmeter can be used for energy management purposes and alsohas the potential to be aggregated for, or by the supplierfor billing purposes if required. Using metering for effectiveenergy management requires consumption to be detailedat regular periods throughout the day. Half-hourly periodshave become the most commonly used time interval foradvanced metering systems.Advanced metering can help identify energy savings inseveral ways. Figure 7 represents a typical half-hourlyenergy profile shown for two different days.Install advanced meterInformenergybillsCollect advanced dataImplement savingsAnalyseIdentify er00:00Figure 6 Use of advanced metering: Data is collected andanalysed to identify and quantify possible savings,saving measures are implemented, and data isreviewed again1ConsumptionThe metering solutions involved in the Carbon Trust fieldtrial can be most accurately described as ‘advancedmetering, monitoring and targeting’ (AMM&T), as illustratedin Figure 6.Figure 7 Example half-hourly profile data, showing thethree key areas for energy reductionTimeFigure 7 illustrates three key types of potential energy savingmeasures that can be derived from advanced meter data:1. Base load reductions — the overall base load of the sitecan be studied and reduced, for example, by identifyingunnecessary constant energy use.2. Process optimisation — the profile can be used to identifywhat equipment is running and when. Altering the start-upand shutdown times of key processes and equipment canreduce consumption by limiting the duration of high-energyuse at the start and end of working schedules.3. Peak usage reduction — analysing timings and frequenciesto establish the causes of pea
Advanced metering for SMEs The Impact of advanced metering for SMEs 0 Executive summary 02 Introduction to advanced metering 7.06 The potential benefits 06 .2 Use of advanced metering in businesses 06 .3 SupplierPrinciples of advanced metering 07 .4 Analysing advanced metering data 07 .5 Sources of energy savings 08 .6 Advanced metering technology 08 .7 Advanced metering services 09
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