The Theory Of Plate Tectonics Guided Reading - Weebly
NameCHAPTER 10ClassDatePlate TectonicsSECTION2 The Theory of Plate TectonicsKEY IDEASAs you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What is the theory of plate tectonics? What are the three types of plate boundaries? What are three causes of plate movement?What Is Plate Tectonics?After Harry Hess described the idea of sea-floorspreading, scientists found more evidence that continentscan move. They used the evidence to develop a newtheory: the theory of plate tectonics. The theory of platetectonics explains how continents move and changeshape.READING TOOLBOXSummarize After you readthis section, create a conceptmap that uses all the vocabulary terms.THE LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERERemember that Earth’s outer layer is called the crust.The layer underneath the crust is called the mantle. Thetop part of the mantle is very stiff and brittle. Together,the crust and this upper, stiff part of the mantle form thelithosphere.The lithosphere includes only the very top part of themantle. The layer of the mantle below the lithosphere iscalled the asthenosphere. Unlike the rock in the lithosphere, the rock in the asthenosphere is soft. It is solid,but it is so hot and soft that it can flow, like chewinggum. Scientists say that the asthenosphere is made ofplastic rock. Plastic means “flexible and able to flow.”The lithosphere is hard. Itincludes the crust and thetop part of the mantle. Theasthenosphere is soft. It canmove slowly.READING CHECK1. Identify What are theparts of the lithosphere?LOOKING CLOSER2. Describe Which is thicker,the lithosphere or the crust?Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science147Plate Tectonics
NameSECTION 2ClassDateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedTECTONIC PLATESREADING CHECK3. Describe What is atectonic plate?The lithosphere is broken up into large pieces calledtectonic plates. The tectonic plates move slowly over theasthenosphere. As the tectonic plates move, they carrythe continents with them. Therefore, the movement oftectonic plates explains the movement of continents.What Happens Where Tectonic Plates Touch?Tectonic plates are like puzzle pieces. The placeswhere they touch are called plate boundaries.Earthquakes and volcanoes are more common at plateboundaries than anywhere else.EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOESTalk About ItModel Make a model ofhow an earthquake happens.Discuss your model with apartner. Describe how yourmodel shows what happensduring an earthquake.LOOKING CLOSER4. Infer Circle two areason the map that probablyhave a lot of earthquakesor volcanoes.At plate boundaries, tectonic plates rub together. Theplates do not rub together smoothly, though. Instead, theystick together, like two pieces of sandpaper. The movements of the plates cause pressure on the plate boundaries. When the pressure gets too high, the rock breaks.The breaking rock releases energy that makes the groundshake. The shaking is an earthquake.Almost all earthquakes happen at plate boundaries.Scientists have special tools that can record where earthquakes happen. They can draw those locations on a map.When they draw the locations on a map, they see thatmost earthquakes happen in certain areas. These areasare the same as the plate boundaries.Volcanoes are also more common on plate boundaries.Like earthquakes, volcanoes are most common in certainareas. The areas where earthquakes and volcanoes aremost likely show where the plate boundaries are.Juan de Fuca hilippineCaribbeanplateplateArabianCocos plateIndianplateplatePacific plateAfricanNazcaplateplate SouthAustralianAmericanplateplateScotia plateAntarctic plateThere are about 15 large tectonic plates on Earth. There are also many smallerplates. This map shows many of the tectonic plates on Earth.Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science148Plate Tectonics
NameClassSECTION 2DateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedTYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIESNot all plate boundaries are the same. There are threetypes of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries, where plates move apart convergent boundaries, where plates move together transform boundaries, where plates slide past eachotherWhat Happens at a Divergent Boundary?To diverge means “to move apart.” At a divergentboundary, two plates move away from each other. Midocean ridges are divergent boundaries. However, divergent boundaries can also form on land.Divergent boundaries are places where new lithosphere forms. At a mid-ocean ridge, melted rock, ormagma, rises up from the asthenosphere. It flows into therift between the plates. When the magma cools and hardens, it forms new lithosphere.RiftMid-ocean ridgeOceanic crustREADING CHECK5. Identify What are thethree types of plateboundaries?Critical Thinking6. Apply Concepts If oneplate at a divergent boundary is moving north, in whichdirection is the other plateprobably moving?Continental crustNew lithosphere forms at divergent boundaries.Most divergent boundaries are under the oceans.What Happens at a Convergent Boundary?To converge means “to come together.” At aconvergent boundary, two plates move toward eachother. In other words, the plates collide. The collision ofthe plates can have different effects.The effects of the collision depend on what kindsof lithosphere are colliding. There are two main typesof lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and continentallithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is thin and dense.Continental lithosphere is thick and not very dense.CopyrightREADING CHECK7. Compare Name twoways continental lithosphereis different from oceaniclithosphere.Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science149Plate Tectonics
NameSECTION 2ClassDateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedOCEANIC-CONTINENTAL COLLISIONSREADING CHECK8. Define What issubduction?At some convergent boundaries, oceanic lithospheremeets continental lithosphere. The oceanic lithosphereis denser than the continental lithosphere. Therefore,the oceanic lithosphere sinks beneath the continentallithosphere. The oceanic lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere. The sinking of the lithosphere into the asthenosphere is called subduction.As part of the lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere, the heat and pressure on the lithosphere becomegreater. The high heat and pressure squeeze water out ofthe sinking lithosphere. The water mixes with the rock inthe asthenosphere and makes the rock melt. The meltedrock rises through the crust and erupts. Thus, volcanoesare common at plate boundaries where oceanic lithosphere sinks beneath continental kLOOKING CLOSEROceaniclithosphere9. Identify Where does themagma that is erupting atthis convergent boundarycome from?AsthenosphereWhen oceanic lithosphere meets continental lithosphere, the oceanic lithospheresinks into the asthenosphere. The Andes Mountains in South America are anexample of this kind of convergent boundary.As the oceanic lithosphere sinks, it rubs against thecontinental lithosphere on the other plate. The rubbingproduces pressure that can make the rock slip and break,causing earthquakes. Thus, large earthquakes are common at plate boundaries where oceanic lithosphere collides with continental lithosphere.Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science150Plate Tectonics
NameSECTION 2ClassDateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedCONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL COLLISIONSAt some convergent boundaries, two pieces ofcontinental lithosphere collide. Because continentallithosphere is not very dense, it does not easily sinkinto the asthenosphere. Therefore, when two pieces ofcontinental lithosphere collide, both pieces crumple upand form very tall mountains. The tallest mountains inthe world, the Himalaya Mountains, are found at this kindof convergent boundary.Volcanoes are not very common at this type of convergent boundary. Earthquakes are common. However,the earthquakes are not as large as those at continentaloceanic boundaries.READING CHECK10. Explain Why doesn’tcontinental lithosphere sinkinto the asthenosphere?OCEANIC-OCEANIC COLLISIONSAt some convergent boundaries, oceanic lithospheremeets oceanic lithosphere. Subduction happens at theseconvergent boundaries. One of the pieces of oceaniclithosphere sinks beneath the other one. The sinking lithosphere gives off water, just like at a continental-oceanicconvergent boundary.The water causes the asthenosphere to melt and formmagma. The magma rises through the lithosphere anderupts. Therefore, volcanoes are common at oceanicoceanic convergent boundaries. Earthquakes are alsocommon, because of the pressure produced when thesinking lithosphere rubs against the other lithosphere.An island arc is a chain of volcanic islands. Island arcsare common at this kind of convergent boundary. Japanis an example of an island arc.Type ceaniccontinental lithosphere collides withoceanic lithosphere; volcanoes andearthquakes common; mountains formAndesMountainsOceanic-oceanicoceanic lithosphere collides with oceaniclithosphere; volcanoes and earthquakescommon; chain of islands formsJapanContinentalcontinentalcontinental lithosphere collides withcontinental lithosphere; earthquakescommon; very tall mountains formHimalayaMountainsLOOKING CLOSER11. Compare At what twotypes of convergent boundaries are you likely to findvolcanoes?Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science151Plate Tectonics
NameSECTION 2ClassDateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedWhat Happens at a Transform Boundary?At a transform boundary, two tectonic plates slidepast each other. As the plates slide past each other, theystick and press together. When the pressure gets too high,the rock breaks and causes an earthquake. Therefore,earthquakes are common at transform boundaries.Volcanoes are not common at transform boundaries.The San Andreas fault in California is an example of atransform boundary. Transform boundaries are also common along mid-ocean ridges. Transform boundaries breakmost mid-ocean ridges into short segments.At a transform boundary,plates slide past eachother. They do not moveapart or together.LOOKING CLOSER12. Describe Draw arrowson the diagram to showthe directions the plates aremoving.What Makes Tectonic Plates Move?Scientists are still not sure why the tectonic platesmove. However, they think that three main factors causethe plates to move. Those three factors are mantleconvection, ridge push, and slab pull.MANTLE CONVECTIONREADING CHECK13. Define What isconvection?Suppose you put a pot of water on a hot stove. Thewater at the bottom of the pot will heat up first. As itheats up, it becomes less dense. The less dense waterrises to the top of the pot. Cooler, denser water sinkstoward the bottom to replace the rising water. Themovement of the water is an example of convection.During convection, denser material sinks, and less densematerial rises.Scientists think the rock in Earth’s mantle can convect,just like the water in the pot. Hot rock rises toward thesurface, and colder rock sinks. Scientists think the movement of the mantle might be one of the reasons the platesmove. As the mantle moves, it may carry the plates along.Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science152Plate Tectonics
NameClassSECTION 2DateThe Theory of Plate Tectonics continuedRIDGE PUSHConvection in the mantle is not the only reason theplates move. At mid-ocean ridges, new crust forms. Thenew crust pushes the older crust away from the ridge.This process is called ridge push. Scientists think ridgepush might also cause plates to move.Cooling, sliding lithosphereLOOKING CLOSERScientists think ridge pushmay be one of the reasonsthe plates move.14. Explain What causesridge push?Resulting plate motionSLAB PULLMost scientists think that mantle convection and ridgepush cause only a little bit of plate motion. They thinkpulling forces where plates converge are the main forcesthat make the plates move. Subduction happens at mostconvergent boundaries. Remember that during subduction, one plate sinks into the asthenosphere. Scientiststhink that, as the edge of the plate sinks, it pulls the restof the plate along with it. This process is called slab pull.Direction of plate motionLOOKING CLOSER15. Explain Why does theedge of the plate sink?Sinking due to densityResulting plate motionScientists think that slab pull is the main reason the plates move.Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science153Plate Tectonics
NameClassDateSection 2 ReviewSECTION VOCABULARYasthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of themantle beneath the lithosphereconvergent boundary the boundary betweentectonic plates that are collidingdivergent boundary the boundary betweentectonic plates that are moving away fromeach otherlithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth thatconsists of the crust and the rigid upper part ofthe mantleplate tectonics the theory that explains howlarge pieces of the lithosphere, called plates,move and change shapetransform boundary the boundary betweentectonic plates that are sliding past each otherhorizontally1. Compare Complete the Venn diagram to compare the three types of ariesDivergentboundaries2. Describe Relationships How are subduction and sea-floor spreading related toridge push and slab pull?Copyright Holt McDougal. All rights reserved.Holt McDougal Earth Science154Plate Tectonics
Holt McDougal Earth Science 147 Plate Tectonics Name Class Date Summarize After you read this section, create a concept map that uses all the vocabu-lary terms. READING TOOLBOX 1. Identify What are the parts of the lithosphere? READING
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Aug 26, 2015 · Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics is a theory developed in the late 1960s, to explain how the outer layers of the Earth move and deform. The theory has caused a revolution in the way we think about the Earth. Since the development of the theory, ge
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
The physical theory of plate tectonics thus has important applications to planetary habitability and the origins of life in the universe (e.g., Korenaga 2012). However, if we do not have a theory to explain why plate tectonics initiated on Earth and how it evolved with time, we cannot apply our understanding to other planets under
