METHODS IN MALARIA RESEARCH - BEI Resources
METHODS IN MALARIA RESEARCHSixth Editionedited byKirsten Moll, Akira Kaneko, Arthur Scherf and Mats WahlgrenEVIMalaR Glasgow, UK, 2013MR4/ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA, 2013
copyright 2013Kirsten Moll, Akira Kaneko,Arthur Scherf and Mats WahlgrenCoverpicture by Ewert Linder
METHODS IN MALARIA RESEARCH 6th editionWelcome to this new edition of Methods in Malaria Research which containsprotocols provided by 122 scientists from the global malaria community. Themanual is considered a “working document” that, with the help of our readers andusers, will continuously grow and evolve as new and improved methods aredeveloped. We, and the contributors hope that the manual will help and assistresearchers at all stages of their careers in carrying out frontline research. Weexpress our deep gratitude to all authors who have contributed to Methods inMalaria Research without whose efforts this new edition would not have beenpossible.The manual was produced with funding from EVIMalaR a European CommissionNetwork of Excellence Funded Project, Glasgow, U.K., MR4/BEI Resources atATCC, Manassas, USA and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. The bookcan be found online at www.evimalar.org, www.mr4.org, www.beiresources.org,and www.ki.se. Other valuable sources for protocols in malaria research are:Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. P.C.C. Garnham. Blackwell, Oxford,England, 1966; Malaria Methods and Protocols. Series: Methods in MolecularMedicine, vol. 72. D. L. Doolan (Ed.) 2002, Humana Press; Malaria Methods andProtocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 923. R. Ménard (Ed.) 2nd ed.2013.If you have a method you think would be suitable for the next edition or you findsome mistakes in the present edition, contact: Kirsten Moll, MTC, KarolinskaInstitutet, Nobels väg 16, Box 280, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:kirsten.moll@ki.se. For other comments or questions regarding the protocols,please contact the authors directly.Kirsten MollStockholmAkira KanekoStockholm& OsakaArturScherfParisMats WahlgrenStockholm
CONTENTSContributorsPARASITESI.Culturing of erythrocytic asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum andP. vivaxA. The candle-jar technique of Trager–Jensen . 1B. Establishment of long-term in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum frompatient blood . 3C. Short-term cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patient blood. 6D. Growing Plasmodium falciparum cultures at high parasitemia . 7E. Establishing and growing Plasmodium falciparum patient isolates in vitro withpreserved multiplication, invasion and rosetting phenotypes. 8F. Arresting Plasmodium falciparum growth at the trophozoite stage withAphidicolin . 9G. In vitro growth of PfEMP1-monovariant parasite culture. 10H. Culturing erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium vivax. 11I. In vitro continuous culture of P. vivax by erythroid cells derived from HSCs . 12II. Freezing and thawing of asexual Plasmodium spp.A. Stockholm sorbitol method . 17B. Freezing of patient isolates and strains with glycerolyte . 19C. Thawing of glycerolyte-frozen parasites with NaCl . 20D. Thawing of cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum using sorbitol . 21III.Staining of parasite culture or patient blood and estimation ofparasitemia and rosetting rateA. Acridine orange (AO) vital stain of cultures . 22B. Giemsa staining of thick or thin blood films . 23C. Estimation of the percentage of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodiumfalciparum in a thin blood film . 24D. Estimating the rosetting rate of a parasite culture. 26E. Evaluation of parasitemia by lactate dehydrogenase assay . 27IV. Purification and synchronization of erythrocytic stagesA. Enrichment of knob-infected erythrocytes using gelatine sedimentation . 28B. Sorbitol-synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes . 29C. Tight synchronisation protocol for in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. 30D. Tight synchronization of P. falciparum asexual blood stages for transcriptionalanalysis. 31E. Enrichment of late-stage infected erythrocytes in 60% Percoll . 35F. Separation of Plasmodium falciparum mature stages in Percoll/sorbitolgradients . 36G. Obtaining free parasites . 38H. Obtaining semi-intact cells . 39
I. Alanine synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes . 40J. Selection of trophozoites by using magnetic cell sorting (MACS). 41K. Isolation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from the placenta.See: PARASITES section VII:A . 69L. Isolation of viable P. falciparum merozoites by membrane filtration . 44V. Micromanipulation cloning of Plasmodium falciparumA. Micromanipulation cloning of parasites. 47B. Micromanipulation cloning of Plasmodium falciparum for single-cell RT-PCR . 48C. Expansion of Plasmodium falciparum clones . 48VI. Cytoadhesion and rosetting assaysA. Basic cell media . 50B. Thawing melanoma and other cell lines . 52C. Freezing of cell lines . 53D. Cultivation of CHO, COS, HUVEC, melanoma, and L cells . 54E. Formaldehyde-fixation of melanoma cells . 55F. Binding assays to endothelial and melanoma cells . 56G. Selection of cytoadherent parasites by passage over C32 melanoma,CHO, HUVEC, or other endothelial cells . 58H. Binding of fluorescent receptors heparin, blood group A, and PECAM-1/CD31to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes . 59I. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to immobilizedreceptors. 61J. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to immobilizedhyaluronic acid . 64K. Binding of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to placental tissuesections. See: PARASITES, section VII:B. 71L. Enrichment of rosetting parasites using Ficoll–Isopaque (Pharmacia) . 66M. Reversion of rosettes . 67VII. Placental malariaA. Isolation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from the placenta . 69B. Binding of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to placental tissuesections. 71VIII. Detection of antibodies to the infected erythrocyte surfaceA. Reversion of rosettes. See: PARASITES, section VI:M. 67B. Agglutination assay using purified trophozoite-infected erythrocytes.Measurement of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum variant antigens on thesurface of infected erythrocytes . 74C. Mixed Agglutination Assay: measurement of cross-reactive antibodies to P.falciparum antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes. 76D. Serum micro-agglutination of infected erythrocytes. 78E. Flow cytometry detection of surface antigens on fresh, unfixed red blood cellsinfected with Plasmodium falciparum . 80F. Analysis by flow cytometry of antibodies to variant surface antigens expressedby P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. 82G. Analysis of plasma antibodies to variant surface antigens by flow cytometry. 85
IX.Immunoglobulin- or serum protein-binding to infected erythrocytesA. Stripping erythrocytes of bound serum proteins and reformation of rosettes . 87B. Detection of serum proteins on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infectederythrocytes . 89C. Formaldehyde fixation for immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) of P. falciparum . 91D. Binding and eluting antibodies from the Plasmodium-infected RBC surface. 92E. Enrichment of immunoglobulin binding parasites using Dynabeads . 94X.Fractionation of the iRBCA. Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes: separation of ghosts from parasitemembranes . 96B. Subcellular fractionation of iRBC: use of saponin and streptolysin O. 97C. Purification of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (DRM-rafts) fromPlasmodium-infected erythrocytes. 100D. Obtaining free parasites. See: section: Purification and synchronization oferythrocytic stages IV G. 38XI.In vitro reinvasion and growth inhibition assaysA. In vitro reinvasion and growth inhibition assay by microscopy of erythrocytemonolayers . 102B. In vitro reinvasion and growth inhibition assay by flow cytometric measurementof parasitemia using propidium iodide (PI) staining . 104C. Erythrocyte invasion assay. See: TRANSFECTION: Monitoring transfectants:phenotypic analysis . 382D. P. falciparum growth or invasion inhibition assays using antibodies . 106E. 3H-hypoxanthine incorporation assay for the study of growth inhibition bydrugs . 110F. Plasmodium falciparum hemozoin formation assay. 113G. Erythrocyte invasion assays with isolated viable P. falciparum merozoites. 116H. Phenotyping erythrocyte invasion using two-colour flow cytometry. 119I. SYBR Green I -based parasite growth inhibition assay for measurement ofantimalarial drug susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum.122XII.Quantification of hemozoin or malaria pigment in tissues. 130MOSQUITOES and PARASITESI.Rearing of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. See: MOSQUITOES andPARASITES section IV:D . 147II.Sugar-feeding preference . 133III.Procedures required to generate Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infectedwith the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. 135IV.Culturing of sexual, oocyst, and sporozoite stagesA. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte culture, purification and gametogenesis . 136B. Cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes for mosquito infectivitystudies . 138
C. Gametocyte Culture Protocol, Membrane Feeding Gametocytes toMosquitoes . 142D. Production of Plasmodium falciparum oocysts and sporozoites. 147E. Cultivation of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes with insect cells for production ofyoung oocysts . 155F. Enrichment of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes from in vitro cultures usingDynabeads. 158G. Motility assays of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes . 160V. Transmission blocking and sporozoite invasion assayA. Transmission blocking assay (TBA) – membrane feeding. 162B. Sporozoite invasion assay . 166ANIMAL MODELSI. Infection of monkeys with Plasmodium spp. . 169II. Infection of mosquitoes with Plasmodium spp. in monkeys . 172III. Experimental malaria: using bloodstage infections of rodentmalaria. 175IMAGINGI. In vivo imaging of pre-erythrocytic forms of murine Plasmodiumparasites . 177II. Imaging of the blood stage Plasmodium falciparum merozoite duringerythrocyte invasion . 181III. Fixation protocols for transmission electron microscopyA. Fixation of tissue samples. 184B. Fixation of erythrocytes for immuno-electron microscopy. 185IV. Negative staining. 186V. Preparation for cryo-electron tomography . 188VI. Calcium signaling in malaria parasites: Single cell imaging and fluorimeterassessment of calcium in subcellular compartments of malariaparasites . 192IMMUNOCHEMISTRYI. Studies of the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte surfaceA. Surface iodination of PRBC (Lactoperoxidase method) . 197B. Solubilization/extraction of surface-radiolabelled proteins . 198C. Alternative solubilization protocol. 199
D. Immunoprecipitation of 125I-labelled PfEMP1 . 200E. Surface biotinylation of the infected erythrocyte . 202II. Studies of the nuclear components of Plasmodium falciparumA. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay. 203B. Immunolocazation of nuclear antigens in Plasmodium falciparum . 207C. Extraction and purification of P. falciparum Histones. 208D. Novel Histone Extraction Protocol retaining maximal posttranslationalmodifications. 210III.Metabolic Labeling of Plasmodium falciparumA. Metabolic Labeling of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes . 212B. Immunoprecipitation using metabolically labelled parasite extracts . 213IV.Resolution of giant proteins (200 kDa to 1 MDa) of Plasmodium falciparumon polyacrylamide–agarose composite gels . 215V. Recovery of Plasmodium falciparum native proteins and active enzymesA. Solubilization in the presence of non-detergent sulphobetaines, mildsolubilization agents for protein purification . 216B. Isoelectric focusing of proteins in a Rotofor cell: a first step in proteinpurification . 217SEROLOGYI.Antibody staining of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytesA. Erythrocyte membrane immunofluorescence (EMIF) . 219B. Erythrocyte membrane staining by enzyme-linked antibodies (EMEAS). 221C. Parasite immunofluorescence (PARIF) . 222D. Formaldehyde fixation for immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) of P. falciparumSEE: section IX.C. . 91II.Antibody selection on immobilized antigen or peptide . 224III.ELISAA. Equipment, materials, and reagents . 225B. Antigens for coating . 227C. ELISA procedure . 228IV.Antibody affinity measurements based on Surface Plasmon Resonance . 229CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGYI.Preparation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) . 231II.Antigen preparations and peptides for cellular workA. Crude parasite antigen (Percoll-band) . 233B. Desalting of synthetic peptides . 234
III.T-cell proliferation . 235IV.Interleukin ELISPOT . 236V.Determination of experimental cerebral malaria and serum harvested frommice after Plasmodium berghei infection via multiplex beadaray analysis. 238VI.Determination of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) . 239VII. Induction of Experimental Cerebral Malaria susceptibility by transfer ofmature lymphocyte populations . 241VIII. Phagocytosis assaysA. THP1 phagocytosis by flow cytometry . 243B. In vitro phagocytosis assay by microsc
METHODS IN MALARIA RESEARCH 6th edition . Welcome to this new edition of Methods in Malaria Research which contains protocols provided by 122 scientists from the global malaria community. The manual is considered a “working document” that, with the help of our readers and users, will continuously grow and evolve as new and improved methods are
WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016 iii Contents Foreword iv Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations xi Key points xii 1. Global targets, milestones and indicators 2 2. Investments in malaria programmes and research 7 2.1 Total expenditure for malaria control and elimination 8 2.2 Funding for malaria-related research 11 2.3 Malaria expenditure per capita for malaria control and elimination 12
6 Malaria Each year, 300-500 million people become ill with malaria One to Two million die (most 5 y.o.) 2,000 – 8,000 children die every day World’s leading killer of children ( 5 y.o.) 200-300 children die from malaria each hr Malaria in pregnancy: 10-20% of LBW Families and communities suffer worldwide The Intolerable Burden of Malaria
Apr 02, 2021 · Attributable fraction (l) 43.7%Model PPV for density cut-off (lc) 85.9%Model Source data and model results Fever classification according cut-off True Malaria True No Malaria Total Malaria Fever (density cut off) 281 (Nc x lc) 46 327 (Nc) Non Malaria fever 5 324 329 Total fevers 286 (Nx l) 370 656 (N) Synthetic 2x2 table created from data .
Malaria might affect educational attainment through several mechanisms. First, malaria in pregnant women can result in anemia and interruption of in utero nutri- . Hoyt Bleakley (2007b) used malaria eradication campaigns in the United States, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico to estimate the effect of childhood exposure to malaria in pre .
ENSURING APPROPRIATE TREATMENT OF MALARIA FACILITATOR'S MANUAL 3 . TRAINING PROGRAME ON MALARIA DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT Overview of the Training Programme Introduction to the course . Malaria is a major public health problem in Cameroon. You will already know something on how to diagnose and treat malaria.
CDC, Dr. Mae Melvin, 1977 . Malaria: Utah Public Health Disease Investigation Plan Page 3 of 10 09/24/2015 . Detailed recommendations for preventing malaria are available 24 hours a day from the CDC Malaria Hotline, which can be accessed by telephone at 770-488-7788, by fax at 888-CDC-FAXX or 888-232-3299, or on the CDC website at www.cdc.gov .
climate change scenarios based on MARA/ARMA (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa/Atlas du Risque de la Malaria en Afrique) decision rules. . rainfall and sea surface temperature on malaria incidence in Botswana finding that variability in rainfall and sea temperature accounts for more than two-thirds of the inter-annual variability in malaria .
Figure 1 n: A example of agile software development methodology: Scrum (Source: [53]) 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume XIII Issue VII Version I
