Production Performance Of Finisher Broiler Fed With .
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916Available at ESEARCH ARTICLEOpen AccessProduction performance of finisher broiler fed with cocoyam-corm mealas partial energy replacement for maizeChristian Paul P. de la CruzScience Research Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Laguna State Polytechnic University – Los Baños Campus,Los Baños 4030, Laguna, Philippines.Corresponding author: Christian Paul P. de la Cruz, e-mail: cpdelacruz@lspu.edu.phReceived: 03-05-2016, Accepted: 31-08-2016, Published online: 19-10-2016doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1107-1112 How to cite this article: de la Cruz CPP (2016) Production performance of finisherbroiler fed with cocoyam-corm meal as partial energy replacement for maize, Veterinary World, 9(10): 1107-1112.AbstractAim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Gabing San Fernando (Xanthosoma spp.) corms as partialcarbohydrate replacement for maize in finisher broiler production.Materials and Methods: The completely randomized design was utilized to investigate the effects of three finisher poultrydiets prepared in varying amounts of cocoyam-corm meal set at 0% (control), 25%, and 50% (experimental) replacementlevels.Results: There were no significant differences (p 0.05) as to mortality and body weight measurements between control andexperimental groups. Similarly, the mean weights of selected internal organs and condemnable carcasses among treatmentgroups did not show any significant differences (p 0.05). In terms of the average feed intakes, birds from 50%-cocoyamgroup had the highest mean value and were found to be statistically different (p 0.01) from both control and 25%-cocoyamgroups. However, feed conversion ratio did not significantly differ (p 0.05) among three groups. Higher feed costs wereassociated with the 50%-cocoyam treatment diet, which was only consistent with higher feed inputs. Thus, the group fedwith 50%-cocoyam meal had significantly higher total mean production costs (p 0.005) per bird, when other expenses weretaken into account. The production costs for the group given 25%-cocoyam meal did not significantly differ (p 0.05) fromthe control group.Conclusion: Partial replacement of maize with cocoyam-corm meal at 25% level was acceptable since inclusion at thislevel did not adversely affect the production performance of finisher broilers in terms of growth rate, mortality rate, andfeeding efficiency. The use of cocoyam meal as nonconventional and alternative carbohydrate source in poultry diet presentspositive economic implications, especially to smallhold farmers from the developing countries, like the Philippines.Keywords: broiler, cocoyam, feed-conversion ratio, Philippines, poultry, Xanthosoma.IntroductionFeeds constitute 60-80% of the total inputs inpoultry production. High input costs associated withfeed resources is considered a primary issue in animal production [1-3]. For instance, there is a scarcityof conventional feed ingredients like maize, which isconsidered the main source of energy for monogastricanimals like chickens [4]. Insufficiency in the supplyof maize poses problems since energy ingredientsshould account for 50-55% of the total formulatedbiomass of poultry feeds [5]. The competition amongvarious consumers for maize that includes man, livestock, and fuel industries plus the high cost of thiscarbohydrate resource call for alternatives in poultrydiets [6,7].The utilization of relatively less expensive rootand tubers as alternative sources of carbohydrate hasbeen given attention in recent years. Studies haveCopyright: de la Cruz. Open Access. This article is distributed underthe terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 censes/by/4.0/),whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided you give appropriate credit to the originalauthor(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commonslicense, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative CommonsPublic Domain Dedication waiver ) applies to the data made available in thisarticle, unless otherwise stated.Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 shown that with proper pre-processing techniquesthat eliminate antinutritional components, tuber mealssuch as cassava, sweet potato, and cocoyam are potential substitutes for maize meal [5]. The use of cocoyammeal as a partial replacement for maize has beeninvestigated in various parts of Africa. The effects ofgraded levels of fermented wild cocoyam corm wereinvestigated and were found that replacement set at30% level was economical in broiler starter feeds [7].Varying levels of sun-dried cocoyam corm meals assubstitute ingredient in finisher broiler rations wasfound to have positive economic implications for dietswith 15% cocoyam replacement [4]. Meanwhile, onestudy showed that cooked wild cocoyam meal set at10-20% inclusion was better than its raw counterpartand comparable with control, i.e., full maize-baseddiet [8]. Another feeding trial done in Nigeria provedthat boiled cocoyam meal at 50% inclusion level wascomparable with control and even more economical,without adverse effect on growth parameters and feedefficiency of broilers [9].There is still limited reference work on the utilization of cocoyam corms as alternative energy sourcein poultry production, especially in the Philippines.Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential ofGabing San Fernando (Xanthosoma spp.) corms as1107
Available at eed ingredient in finisher broiler rations. Specifically,this study determined and compared some importantproduction parameters for finisher broilers fed withvarying amounts of cocoyam meal as partial substitutefor maize meal. The continued search for non-conventional carbohydrate resources that commands lowermarket price, locally available, less consumed byhumans but could equally substitute maize in poultryrations is a matter of priority.Materials and MethodsEthical approvalThis research was duly approved by theIn-House Research Committee according to the LSPUGuidelines on Animal Research Ethics, for 40 daysstarting from 10th November 2015 at the PoultryHouse of the University, with due care to minimizepain and discomfort to the birds.Research designThree diet regimens modified at the level ofcocoyam meal replacement set at 0% as control and25-50% inclusion levels were developed and evaluated through a completely randomized design experimental design. The proportion of the feed ingredients was based on the standard basal diet for finisherbroiler. Table-1 shows the feed composition of thethree dietary treatments used in this study. All dietarytreatments were submitted to the Feed AnalysisLaboratory of the Animal and Dairy Science Cluster,College of Agriculture, UP Los Baños for proximatenutritional analysis that included moisture content,crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CFi), ether extract,and ash.Experimental proceduresA total of 45 broiler chicks from an establishedhatchery were used in this study. These were broughtto the poultry house, acclimatized for one night withminimal feeding. Corms of Gabing San Fernandowere obtained from the local public market. Otherfeed ingredients including maize, soybean, and premixwere obtained from authorized dealers within Laguna.Corms were boiled for at least 1 h or until the skin canbe easily peeled off. These were then set aside to coolfor at least 30 min and subsequently shredded intoTable-1: Feed composition (in %) per kilogram of thethree dietary treatments used as rations for finisherbroilers.IngredientMaize mealCocoyam mealSoybean mealRice branLimestonePremixVegetable oilSaltTotalReplacement level0% CM25% CM50% .5100Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 smaller pieces. Air drying was allowed for at least 2 h,and subsequently, homogenized before mixing withfeed ingredients. Broiler chicks were initially provided with chick booster for 10 days and starter feedfor another 10 days. The feeds were manufactured byB-MEG. The treatment diets were introduced on day21 until day 39. Experimental cages were thoroughlycleaned and dried before the chicks were housed. Allmaterials necessary for brooding, feeding, and watering were made available to facilitate smooth operations. The chicks were reared for 20 days using commercial starter feed before the experimental diets wereintroduced for a 20-day feeding trial. All birds wereculled at the end of the experiment and pertinent datawere collected and analyzed.Data collection and analysisThe initial body weights of the birds, in grams,were determined before the application of the different dietary treatment. The body weights were monitored every 7 days. Digital weighing scale was utilized in determining the weights of the birds. Final liveweights were determined at experimental termination.Organs and condemnable carcasses were consequentlyseparated, dressing weight was determined, and feedefficiency parameters were subsequently computed.Production costs and corresponding returns were estimated for the three dietary regimens. All data wereorganized in SPSS version 20.0 statistical spreadsheet. Descriptive statistics were generated includingmean values, mean differences, standard deviation,standard error of the mean, and 95% confidence interval. The univariate analysis of variance was employedto test the significance of the mean differences amongtreatments. Tukey’s HSD was also used for multiplecomparisons. The tests were performed at 95% confidence level.ResultsProximate nutritional constituentsResults of the proximate analysis on selectednutritional components indicated comparable scoresfor the three treatment diets (Table-2). Detailed inspection of the scores showed an increasing trend in termsof moisture content and nitrogen-free extract (NFE)with 50%-cocoyam diet having the highest moisture and NFE, whereas the control diet had the least.This result suggested that moisture content and NFEin feeds increases with increasing level of cocoyaminclusion. Decreasing patterns were observed for ashcontent, CFi, and crude fat (CF). In all parameters,the control diet showed the highest values, while theleast values were observed in 50%-cocoyam diet. Thistrend indicates that ash content, CFi, and CF tend todecrease when the level of cocoyam meal replacementis increased. No apparent trend was observed for CPcontent among the three treatment diets; however,higher values were obtained in experimental dietsas compared to the control diet. Thus, cocoyam-replaced meals appeared to have comparable proximate1108
Available at utritional components when compared to a fullmaize diet.parameters were not statistically significant (p 0.05).These results suggested that the level of cocoyamreplacement did not seem to affect the growth performance of the birds in terms of their body weights.Measurements of the organ weights showedhigher mean values for the gizzard in control group;whereas, the observed intestine and liver-heart weightswere highest in the experimental groups. When statistical comparison was applied, a significant differencewas not found among the three treatment groups interms of their organ weights (p 0.05), except for theintestine (p 0.033). However, the results of HSD posthoc test did not classify the treatments into differentsubgroups (p 0.05). These results indicated that therewere comparable effects of the experimental diets onthe organ weights of the birds, with the control diet.Significant differences (p 0.05) were not also notedas to mortality rates among treatment groups, suggesting that inclusion of cocoyam meal in finisher broilerrations did not affect the general health and survivalof the birds.Results for the daily feed intake (DFI), totalfeed intake (TFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR)are presented in Table-4. Regarding DFI of the birds,the control group showed the lowest mean value andthen followed closely by the group in 25%-cocoyamdiet. The highest DFI was observed in the groupfed with 50%-cocoyam diet. The mean differencesGrowth rates and feed efficiencyMeasures of mortality and growth rates weredetermined to reflect the performance of finisherbroilers following a 20-day feeding trial (Table-3).In terms of live body weight measurements, highermean values were noted for the control group as tofinal body weight, total weight gain, and average dailygain; whereas, higher dressing weights were measuredin groups fed with experimental diets. As to the weightmeasures of condemnable carcasses, the higher values were recorded in the control group for both headand feet. However, the mean differences for all theseTable-2: Proximate nutritional constituents of the threedietary treatments in varying amounts of cocoyam mealas partial energy replacement for maize.ConstituentsMoistureAshCPCFiCFNFEDietary treatment levels0% CYmeal25% CYmeal50% 43.512.66.7620.93.6511.944.2CP Crude protein, CFi Crude fiber, CF Crude fat,NFE Nitrogen‑free extracts,Table-3: Mean values ( SD) on growth rates of finisher broilers fed with varying amounts of cocoyam meal as partialcarbohydrate replacement for maize.ParametersReplacement levelBody weightsIBWFBWTWGADGDressing weightCondemnable carcass weightsHeadFeetOrgan weightsLiver/heartIntestineGizzardMortality rate (%)0% CM25% CY meal50% CY mealp valueȠ2671 32.51545 78.0875 96.343.7 4.511123 55.1671 31.61525 44.0854 45.442.6 2.311142 34.0721 39.01545 75.3824.0 64.941.3 3.211137 0.0 12.282.0 8.3746.0 4.1877.0 6.7146.0 8.9470.0 7.070.7300.0720.050.3652.0 14.462.0 4.4742.0 8.376.67 11.540.0 0.0054.0 5.4829.0 10.313.3 23.154.0 5.4862.0 4.4738.0 4.476.67 11.50.0590.0330.0670.8500.380.430.360.05 Standard deviation, η2 Effect size, ADG Average daily gain, TWG Total weight gain, FBW Final body weight,IBW Initial body weightTable-4: Mean values on feed efficiency of finisher broilers fed with varying amounts of cocoyam meal as partialcarbohydrate replacement for maize.ParametersReplacement level0% CMDFI*TFI*FCR25% CM187.7 2.903566 55.0b4.11 0.47ab50% CM189.5 1.803600 34.2b4.22 0.19ab201.8 2.273833 43.1a4.67 0.30aap valueȠ20.0010.0010.1480.910.910.47*DFI and TFI are measured in grams, η2 Effect size, a,bMean values on the same row having the same superscripts arenot statistically different. DFI Daily feed intake, TFI Total feed intake, FCR Feed conversion ratioVeterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 1109
Available at etween the control group and 50%-cocoyam groupwere found to be statistically significant (p 0.005),indicating that birds fed with 50% cocoyam-substituted diets tended to consume more feed on a dailybasis. Similarly, TFI was significantly lower in controlgroup (p 0.005) and 25%-cocoyam (p 0.005); while50%-cocoyam treatment group had higher TFI. Theobserved significant difference between control and50%-cocoyam experimental group also indicate thatpartial inclusion of cocoyam meal at 50% inclusionlevel in finisher broiler diets apparently increases theirfeed intake. FCR was also computed among the threetreatment groups to further examine the effects of partial cocoyam meal inclusion on the feed efficiencyof finisher broilers. Results showed that the controlgroup had the least, followed by 25%-cocoyam groupand 50%-cocoyam group. Subsequent statisticaltesting revealed, however, that the mean differencesfor FCR among the three treatment groups were notsignificantly different (p 0.05). It can be suggestedthat feeding finisher broilers with rations containing 25-50% cocoyam meal as partial substitute formaize would result to a comparable feeding efficiencyobserved in birds fed with full-maize ration.Production costEstimates of feed costs for the three treatment diets showed comparable values amounting to 30.00/kg. This was expected since the market price ofmaize and cocoyam corms were the same ( 30.00/kg)at the time of acquisition. However, the significantdifferences were noted on costs as related to the average feed intake of the birds (p 0.005). Higher feedcosts were associated with the 50%-cocoyam treatment diet, corresponding to monetary values equalto 6.01 and 114.00 for DFI and TFI, respectively.The apparent increase in the feeding consumption offinisher broilers fed with 50%-cocoyam diet was consistent with higher feed inputs. Therefore, the experimental group reared in 50%-cocoyam diet had significantly higher total mean production costs ( 158.00;p 0.005) per bird, when all other expenses whichinclude chick booster and grower feeds, vaccines,electricity, and labor were considered. Interestingly,the estimated production costs for the experimentalgroup given 25%-cocoyam meal was not significantlydifferent (p 0.05) from the control group. The resultspresented above are summarized in Table-5.The economic value of cocoyam meal was furtherassessed by considering the return cost of investmentper live weight sold. The market price of the averagefinal live weight per treatment group was obtained bymultiplying this value with the current market price ofbroiler per live weight sold, set at 110.00. Returns inpeso were computed by deducting the total productioncosts from the market price according to the averagedressed weight in kilogram.Results showed no significant differences(p 0.05) on the estimated profit margin. These werereflected in the obtained cost-benefit ratios that didnot significantly differ (p 0.05) among the three treatment groups. These results support the potential ofcocoyam meal as economic feedstuff substitute formaize meal. Moreover, it should be emphasized thatthe cocoyam corms used in this study were food gradeand due for human consumption, hence, commandedhigher costs. The market price of cocoyam-basedfeeds is expected to reduce with growing supply ofcocoyam corms for animal production purposes.DiscussionMany underexploited crops have been neglecteddespite the alarming global threats in food security.Tuber/root crops such as Colocasia esculenta andXanthosoma sagittifolium, commonly called taroor cocoyam in several countries, are examples ofunderutilized crops that farmers and researchers continue to disregard. However, these crops show potentials to improve malnutrition, food scarcity [10], andproduction of farm animals that supply the majorityof protein requirements among humans. It has beenreported that cocoyam species produce corms thatcontain about 25% starch – in wet weight basis [11];thus, making them good candidate sources of carbohydrate for poultry production [12,13]. To date, onlya few studies have provided scientific evidence tosupport the idea for cocoyams as poultry feed ingredient. Therefore, this study was conducted to explorethe possibility of using corms of Xanthosoma spp. aspartial substitute for maize meal in finisher broilerrations.Table-5: Comparative production costs associated with the three dietary treatments in varying amounts of cocoyammeal as partial carbohydrate replacement for maize.Average measureReplacement level0% CMCost of DFI per birdCost of TFI per birdTotal production cost per bird*Returns per live weight sold**Cost‑benefit ratio***25% CM 5.55 0.09 105 1.62b 149 1.62b 20.6 7.300.14 0.05b50% CM 5.62 0.05 107 1.02b 151 1.02b 17.0 4.330.11 0.03bp value 6.01 0.07 114 1.29a 158 1.29a 11.7 7.110.07 0.04a 0.005 0.005 0.0050.3000.242 Mean values on the same row having the same superscripts are not statistically different *Total cost oftreatment‑feed given 34.00 (pre‑finishing feeds) 10.00 (vaccines, labor, electricity, etc.). **[Assuming marketprice of 110.00 per live weight sold average final live weight (kg)] – total production cost. ***Returns per totalproduction cost/bird. DFI Daily feed intake, TFI Total f
broiler fed with cocoyam-corm meal as partial energy replacement for maize, Veterinary World, 9(10): 1107-1112. Abstract Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Gabing San Fernando (Xanthosoma spp.) corms as partial carbohydrate replacement for maize in finisher broiler production.
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