Family-Friendly Policies In Rich Countries
Family-Friendly Policiesin Rich Countries:How Canada ComparesUNICEF RESEARCH BRIEFCanadian CompanionONEYOUTH.UNICEF.CA
CANADIAN COMPANION TO UNICEF RESEARCH BRIEFFamily-Friendly Policies in Rich Countries: How Canada ComparesThis Canadian Companion distils and interprets data from UNICEF Research Brief,Family-Friendly Policies in Rich Countries. Visit oneyouth.unicef.ca/en/public-policy forthis report. Data sources and full references are cited in the UNICEF Research Brief.Author: Lisa WolffEditor-in-Chief: Rowena PintoCreative Director: Rachel TzeArt Director: Calvin FennellDesigner: Wesley CorbettUNICEF Canada extends our gratitude to the Lyle S. Hallman Foundation, theLawson Foundation and Intact Financial Corporation for their support.Aussi disponible en francais.Extracts from this publication may be reproduced with due acknowledgement.Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed topolicy@unicef.ca.We suggest the following citation:UNICEF Canada. 2019. UNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion, Family-FriendlyPolicies in Rich Countries: How Canada Compares. UNICEF Canada, Toronto.For more information about UNICEF CanadaCall: 1 800 567 4483Email: info@unicef.caCharitable Registration No. 122680572 RR0001IIUNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 2019UNICEF Canada
TABLE OF CONTENTSAbout this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Why family-friendly policies matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4The league table of family-friendly policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5How do rich countries stand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7PAID LEAVE FOR MOTHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7PAID LEAVE FOR FATHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10EARLY CHILDCARE AND EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12BREASTFEEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Family-friendly policies support the well-being of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Family-friendly policies make parents happy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Making Canada the best place to grow up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19UNICEF CanadaUNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 2019III
ABOUT THIS REPORTFamily-friendly policies including paid parental leave andhigh-quality early child education and care (ECEC) helpparents reconcile their child care, employment and otherresponsibilities. They should also, and primarily, be goodfor children. Canada has been advancing family-friendlypublic policies at all levels of government for decades,including significant changes over the past few years.How good are our policies? International comparison canhelp answer that question.The UNICEF Research Brief reviews key family-friendlypolicies in 41 countries that are part of the Organization forEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and/or theEuropean Union (EU). The analysis draws on the most recentcomparable data and focuses on childcare-related leavefor parents and centre-based early childcare and educationservices for children. The focus is on four basic dimensionsof these public policies. A lack of data prevents measuringcountries in relation to important employment and parentingreconciliation policies such as support for breastfeeding,and important policy dimensions such as the quality of earlychildcare and education. The review does not include otherimportant, public, child-focused policies such as incomebenefits and compassionate care benefits, or broader publicpolicies that directly affect families and children such asthose shaping employment and income inequality1. Likewise,it does not review private services and policies.This Canadian Companion to the UNICEF Research Brief, Family-FriendlyPolicies in Rich Countries, finds that significant gaps remain between Canadaand its peer countries in key family-friendly policies, and too many Canadianchildren are left out of the benefits of these policies and services. Canadaranks in the middle among other rich countries in the provision of parental leaveavailable to mothers (19th of 41) and in the provision of dedicated leave availableto fathers and second parents (16th* of 41). We lack sufficient data to reporton early childcare and education, but it is fair to say with the data we havethat Canada falls far behind. Many of the world’s richest countries fail to offercomprehensive solutions for all families.*Estimated ranking based on the 2019 policy that introduced paid leave reserved for fathers; it is notdirectly comparable to other countries given the 2016 base year for their policiesCANADA’S RANKING INKEY FAMILY-FRIENDLYPOLICIES IN41 COUNTRIESParental leave available to mothers:RANK: 19 THDedicated leave available to fathersand second parents:RANK: 16 THWHY FAMILY-FRIENDLY POLICIES MATTERFamily policies matter for children, their families and theirsocieties. Maternity leave allows mothers to recover frompregnancy and childbirth and to bond with their children. Italso facilitates breastfeeding, which has many positive, longterm benefits for children’s nutrition, health and development(Baker and Milligan 2008). A well-paid, protected leave fromwork also helps female employees maintain earnings andattachment to the labour market, and lifts children out ofpoverty, particularly if other supportive policies and socialnorms are in place. If taken up, leave reserved for fathersand second parents can promote the equitable distribution14of care in the home and help both parents to bond with theirchildren. After the end of parental leave, most children attendearly childhood education and care (ECEC), but some infantsalso require ECEC. High quality ECEC can foster children’ssocialization and skill development (Sylva 2014), improve latereducation achievement and help parents to reconcile theirprivate and professional roles while helping close gaps fordisadvantaged children (Pronzato 2009; Brilli et. al., 2016).This is good for children, good for parents and good for thesocial and economic vitality of their societies. These policiesalso tend to generate more economic benefit than they cost.For a more detailed comparison of a range of public leave policies, see UNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 2019UNICEF Canada
THE LEAGUE TABLE OF FAMILY-FRIENDLY POLICIESRich countries use differentcombinations of parental leave andchildcare and education servicesto help children and families andadvance social and economic goals.The league table ranks each countryon four indicators (see figure 1):1.2.3.4.Duration of paid leave availableto mothers (even if the father orsecond parent can take some of it);Duration of paid leave reservedspecifically for fathers (i.e. only thefather or second parent can use it);The share of children below theage of 3 attending centre-basedcare; andThe share of children between theage of 3 and compulsory schoolage attending preschool or centrebased care.A country’s overall ranking is based onthe average of these four rankings.Figure 1: League Table: Indicators of family-friendly policies (2016)RankCountryPaid leaveavailableto mothers(weeks, land41.62.07.861.024Czech akia53.70.00.577.327Ireland8.90.028.692.828United 5.830.4Republic of 0Turkey10.61.0Israel14.00.0Australia7.60.8New Zealand7.70.0United States0.00.0Paid leavereserved forfathers (weeks, Childcarefull-rateenrolment,equivalent)under 3 (%)Childcareenrolment,between age 3and school age(%)Notes: A light blue background indicates a place in the top third of the ranking; medium blue denotes the middle third; and dark blue the bottom third.The blank cells indicate there are no data available for this comparison. Canada is not included in the overall ranking (column 1) because the 2019 policy that introduced paid leave reserved for fathers post-dated the2016 base year for the other countries (column 4), and because Canada does not collect comparable childcare data (columns 5 and 6).Sources: See Box 1.UNICEF CanadaUNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 20195
The league table of family-friendly policiesBox 1: Data definitionsThis brief covers nationwide statutory entitlementsonly. There may be additional provisions withincountries that vary across and within regions andemployment sectors.fathers or second caregivers, expressed in full-rateequivalent (FRE) weeks. Unpaid leave is not included.Source: OECD Family Database, Table PF2.1.B (updated26.10.2017).Maternity leave includes job-protected leave foremployed women, typically starting just before the time ofchildbirth (or near the time of adoption, in some countries).Parental leave (as well as homecare/childcare leave)includes job-protected leave for employed parents.Paid leave available to mothers combines maternityleave and paid parental leave (or homecare leave) that canbe used by the mother (i.e., not reserved for the fatheror second parent), expressed in full-rate equivalent (FRE)weeks. Unpaid leave is not included. Source: OECD FamilyDatabase, Table PF2.1.A (updated 26.10.2017).Paternity leave refers to job-protected leave for fathers orsecond parents/caregivers at the time of childbirth or soonafter.Paid leave reserved for fathers combines paid paternityleave and paid parental leave reserved exclusively forChildcare enrolment is the percentage of children intheir age group (under 3 or between the age of 3 andcompulsory school age) who attend centre-based childcareor preschool education services. Source: Eurostat (lastupdate 23.01.2019; ilc caindformal; EU Statistics onIncome and Living Conditions 2016; latest data for 2014used for Switzerland).Father refers to the father, or second parent/caregiver inthe household in some country policies including Canada.FRE is the duration of leave in weeks * average paymentrate (as percentage of average national earnings) receivedby the claimant over the duration of leave.OVERALL, HERE IS HOW THE WORLD’S RICHEST COUNTRIES STAND FOR THEIRYOUNG CHILDREN:Sweden, Norway and Iceland occupy the top three places in the league table of family-friendly policies.Cyprus, Greece and Switzerland are the only countries that placed in the bottom third in three out of fourindicators.The Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia rank in the bottom third of the summary ranking, despite their generousleave provisions for mothers. Their low ranking is primarily due to poor access to ECEC.The United States is the only OECD country without nationwide statutory paid maternity leave, paternity leave orparental leave.No country ranks consistently high or low on all four indicators. This suggests that some countries facilitate youngchildren’s care in the home (some predominantly by mothers), while others prioritize accessible and affordablecentre-based services.Canada is excluded from the overall ranking because federal, provincial and territorial governments do notcollect, coordinate and report data for ECEC in the same way that most rich countries do. However, we cancompare Canada’s parental leave policies, which earn a middle ranking.6UNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 2019UNICEF Canada
How do rich countries stand?HOW DO RICH COUNTRIES STAND?PAID LEAVE FOR MOTHERSCanada Ranks:19THTop performer:ESTONIAOn duration of paid leave availablefor mothers (typically combinedmaternity and parental leaves),Canada ranks a middle 19th of 38countries, with 27.4 statutory FREweeks available to mothers (figure2). Quebec would rank 17th with 35statutory FRE weeks available tomothers.Paid leave for mothers averaged around18 weeks across the OECD and 22weeks across EU in 2016. At the top ofthe league table, the full-rate equivalentof paid leave available to mothers(maternity leave plus parental leavenot reserved specifically for the father)is 85 weeks in Estonia, followed byHungary’s 72 weeks. These countries,along with Finland and Slovakia, allowmothers to stay at home until the childis three years old.Focusing on remuneration, femaleemployees in Estonia – the countrywith the longest leave for mothers –can take job-protected leave aroundthe birth of a child and continue toreceive their full salary until the child is18 months old (comprising 20 weeksof fully paid maternity leave plus thefirst 62 weeks of parental leave paidup to a ceiling). Then the payment ratedrops to just 38 euros ( 57 CAD2) amonth until the end of parental leave(around the child’s third birthday). Theentitlements in Hungary are nearly asgenerous in full-rate equivalent termsbut are structured differently: 24 weeksof maternity leave are paid at 70 percent of previous earnings followed byparental leave paid at 70 per cent ofprevious earnings up to a ceiling untilthe child’s second birthday (similar toQuebec’s rate of remuneration for theBasic Plan). Then a flat-rate benefit(28,500 HUF or 134 CAD per month)until the child’s third birthday3. InSweden, the first 390 days of parentalleave are paid up to 80 per cent ofsalary, and leave time can be taken upuntil the child is eight.Only 27 out of 41 countries offer paidparental leave (available to eitherparent). In 14 of the 27 countries (abouthalf of countries) this leave is fullypaid (i.e., at 100 per cent of previousearnings), in contrast to 55 per centin Canada and 70 per cent in Quebec.Parental leave tends to be longer thanmaternity leave in rich countries but isusually paid at a lower rate, if at all. IfCanada remunerated its leave availableto mothers at 100 per cent, it wouldrank 9th instead of 19th. Mothers aremore likely to take parental leave evenin the countries where a portion ofparental leave is reserved for fathers(OECD 2016).The international standard for maternity leave in the2000 Maternity Protection Convention is a minimumof 14 weeks at no less than two-thirds (close to 70%)of pay.2Based on a conversion rate of CAD * 1.5 EUR3Based on a conversion rate of CAD * 0.0047 HUFUNICEF CanadaUNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 20197
How do rich countries stand?Box 2: Leave for parents and children in CanadaCanada offers 15 weeks of maternity benefits (availableexclusively to birth mothers); 35 weeks of parental benefits(available to either parent); and, beginning in 2019, 5weeks of paternity benefits (available exclusively to thefather or second parent) for a total of 55 weeks. These areremunerated at a rate of 55 per cent of average weeklyinsurable earnings to a maximum adjusted annually. Toqualify, the parent must have worked a minimum of 600hours in the last 52 weeks (or 6,888 CND in earnings ifself-employed, along with other qualifications), and thereis a one week waiting period to receive benefits. There is aflexible duration option in that parental benefits can extendto 61 weeks and dedicated father’s leave to 8 weeks at aremuneration rate of 33 per cent.of parental benefits; and 5 weeks of paternity benefitsfor a total of 55 weeks, remunerated at 70 per cent. It ismore generous in remuneration (by an additional 15 percent) than the standard Canada program. The Special Planprovides 15 weeks of maternity benefits; 25 weeks ofparental benefits; and 3 weeks of paternity benefits for atotal of 43 weeks at a higher rate of remuneration (75 percent). Quebec also provides a more flexible and accessiblequalifier of 2,000 earned income (CND), a much highermaximum benefit, and no waiting period.Both Canada and Quebec programs provide a low-incomesubsidy of up to 80 per cent and exclude adopted childrenand their parents from maternity leave. Leave must betaken very close to the birth of the child.In Quebec, a distinct Parental Insurance Plan provides aBasic Plan of 18 weeks of maternity benefits; 32 weeksHalf the world’s rich countries offer at leastsix months of leave at full pay for mothers.8UNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 2019UNICEF Canada
How do rich countries stand?Figure 2: Paid leave available to mothers aCzech rgItalyRepublic of andIsraelCyprusBelgiumUnited KingdomMexicoTurkeyIrelandSwitzerlandNew ZealandAustraliaUnited States020406080100Full rate equivalent (FRE weeks)120140160180Total weeksSource: OECD Family Database Table PF2.1.A (last updated 26/10/2017).UNICEF CanadaUNICEF Research Brief Canadian Companion June 20199
How do rich countries stand?PAID LEAVE FOR FATHERSCanada Ranks:41STTop performer:JAPANOn the second of the four indicators,paid leave for fathers (or secondparents in some countries includingCanada), Canada tied for last in theleague table, which is based on2016 policies, as it was one of thecountries that did not provide paidleave specific to fathers or secondparents (outside of Quebec) (figure3). However, Canada introduced a“dedicated” leave option in 2019 thatprovides 5 weeks exclusively for theiruse at a remuneration rate of 55 percent (or 8 weeks with a lower rate ofremuneration at 33 per cent).This would earn Canada a middlerank of 16th in the league tablebased on a FRE of 2.75. Quebecwould also rank in the middle at15th based on its Basic Plan (5weeks at a remuneration rate of70
Database, Table PF2.1.A (updated 26.10.2017). Paternity leave refers to job-protected leave for fathers or second parents/caregivers at the time of childbirth or soon after. Paid leave reserved for fathers combines paid paternity leave and paid parental leave reserved exclusively for
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