Eric Lichtfouse Editor Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

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Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 22Eric Lichtfouse EditorSustainableAgricultureReviews

Sustainable Agriculture ReviewsVolume 22Series editorEric Lichtfouseolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

Other Publications by Dr. Eric LichtfouseBooksScientific Writing for Impact Factor JournalsNova Publishers 2013Sustainable AgricultureSpringer 2009Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2Springer 2011Environmental Chemistry. Green Chemistry and Pollutants in EcosystemsSpringer 2005Rédiger pour être publié ! Conseils pratiques pour les scientifiquesSpringer 2012, 2e édition.Journals and SeriesAgronomy for Sustainable le Agriculture Reviewswww.springer.com/series/8380Environmental Chemistry Letterswww.springer.com/journal/10311Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable Worldwww.springer.com/journal/11480BlogAgronomy agazinePublier La Sciencehttps://listes.inra.fr/sympa/d read/veillecaps/More information about this series at ola@nwu.ac.za

Eric LichtfouseEditorSustainable AgricultureReviewsolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

EditorEric LichtfouseCEREGEINRAAix en Provence, FranceISSN 2210-4410ISSN 2210-4429 (electronic)Sustainable Agriculture ReviewsISBN 978-3-319-48005-3ISBN 978-3-319-48006-0 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48006-0Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963152 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.Printed on acid-free paperThis Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerlandolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

Contents1Animal Waste: Opportunities and Challenges .Francesca Girotto and Raffaello Cossu2Soil Microorganisms Can Reduce P Lossfrom Cropping Systems .R. Michael Lehman and Wendy I. Taheri3Greenhouse Technology for Agriculture UnderArid Conditions .Ellen Letsogile Thipe, Tilahun Workneh,Alferd Odindo, and Mark Laing115374Biochar for Agriculture in Pakistan .Fahd Rasul, Ashfaq Ahmad, Muhammad Arif, Ishaq Ahmad Mian,Kawsar Ali, Muhammad Farooq Qayyum, Qaiser Hussain,Muhammad Aon, Shahzad Latif, Ruben Sakrabani,Muhammad Saghir, Genxing Pan, and Simon Shackley575Effect of UV-B Radiation on Leguminous Plants. 115Krishna Kumar Choudhary and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal6Control of Fungal Diseases in Agricultural Cropsby Chitinase and Glucanase Transgenes. 163Jagdeep S. Sandhu, Manpreet K. Sidhu, and Inderjit S. Yadav7Bioengineering Hairy Roots: Phytoremediation,Secondary Metabolism, Molecular Pharming,Plant-Plant Interactions and Biofuels . 213Peyman Habibi, Maria Fatima Grossi De Sa, Abdullah Makhzoum,Sonia Malik, André Luís Lopes da Silva, Kathleen Hefferon,and Carlos Ricardo Soccolvolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

viContents8Soil Management to Optimize Water in Rice-Wheat Cropping . 253Jagdish Singh, Sandeep Singh Sandhu, Dhanwinder Singh,and Manjit Singh Hadda9Microbial Inoculants for Soil Quality and Plant Health . 281Elizabeth T. Alori, Michael O. Dare, and Olubukola O. Babalola10 Conservation Agriculture in Tanzania . 309Msafiri Yusuph Mkonda and Xinhua HeIndex. 325olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

Chapter 9Microbial Inoculants for Soil Qualityand Plant HealthElizabeth T. Alori, Michael O. Dare, and Olubukola O. BabalolaAbstract Agriculture is the major economic activity of most developing countriesengaging more than 50 % of the population. Low world crop productivity due to lowsoil moisture, low nutrient capital, erosion risk, low pH, high phosphorus fixation,low levels of soil organic matter, aluminum toxicity pest and diseases, weeds andloss of soil biodiversity has induced the green revolution agriculture which involveshigh yielding varieties and agrochemicals. The continuous use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides has led to low agricultural productivity, low soil fertility, unfavourable economic returns, food poisoning, soil damage loss of biodiversity andserious environmental hazards. Microbial inoculants possess the capacity to enhancenutrient availability, uptake, and support the health of soil and plants to promotesustainable yield and has therefore gained attention of many agriculturist andresearchers.We review the ability of soil through the use of microbial inoculants to supplynitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to crop plants and enhance structural stability.Microbial inoculants such as rhizobium, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria andarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be used as biofertilzer to improve soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium availability and uptake. Both bacteria and fungi inoculants show potential for use in soil aggregate formation and stabilization and hence,E.T. AloriDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, NigeriaFood Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology,2735 Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africae-mail: alori.elizabeth@lmu.edu.ngM.O. DareFood Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology,2735 Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South AfricaO.O. Babalola (*)Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology,2735 Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South AfricaFood Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology,North-West University, 2735 Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africae-mail: olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017E. Lichtfouse (ed.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, Sustainable AgricultureReviews 22, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48006-0 9olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za281

282E.T. Alori et al.soil structure enhancement. The ability of microbial inoculants to ameliorate plantstress as a result of drought, soil contamination and salinity are also highlighted.The most commonly used microorganisms as biofertilizers, biocontrol and bioremediators include Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Streptomyces spp Trichodermaspp and Mycorrhizas. Microbial inoculants function through various mechanismssuch as production of plant hormones, expansion and elongation of the root system,eliciting induced systemic resistance or systemic acquired resistance, production oflytic enzyme and antibiotic 4-hydroxyphenylactic acid, and production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-deaminase (ACC-deaminase) in plants rhizosphere.These strategies are safe and sustainable in the long run. The use of appropriate carrier material determines the success of microbial inoculation techniques. Microbialinoculants could either be applied directly to the soil or as seed dressing. The fate ofmicrobial inoculants under field application depends largely on both biotic and abiotic factors. The application of some microbial inoculants could cause a change(which could be a decrease or an increase) in the equilibrium of soil microbial communities while some produce no effect at all.Keywords Agricultural sustainability Biocontrol Biofertilizer Bioremediation Biotechnology Food security Microbial inoculants Plant growth Plant growthpromoting microorganisms (PGPM) Soil fertility and health9.1IntroductionThe increasing demand for food production with shrinking land resources is a majorchallenge to agricultural sustainability. Sustainable food production requires efficient use of determinate resources (Owen et al. 2015). Attempt to mitigate the problem include the use of high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides tosupplement plant nutrition and control plant pathogens for increased agriculturalproductivity. However the increasing impacts of these agricultural practices on theenvironment have gradually affected the quality of soil hence, there is a need tooptimize soil productivity in such a way that soil capacity to function as a healthymedium is preserved (Trivedi et al. 2012). The use of eco-friendly resources orinput has been a major focus of attention in the past three decades. Although reportson the benefits of using microbial inoculants for plant growth promotion and healthin agricultural soil have been inconsistent, there is a promising trend for microbialinoculants to meet the sustainable agricultural production needs. Suggestions toreplace or supplement the heavy application of chemical fertilizers with inoculantshave been reported (Carvajal-Muñoz and Carmona-Garcia 2012). Microbial inoculants application has been in existence for more than 100 years but gained a lot ofprominence in the last three decades with several commercial inoculants products inthe market (Babalola and Glick 2012).olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

9Microbial Inoculants for Soil Quality and Plant Health283Fig. 9.1 Maize plant (a). Showing Fusarium graminearum infection (b). Inoculated withPseudomonas sp for biocontrol against Fusarium graminearumMicrobial inoculants participate in many ecosystem biological and chemicalprocesses such as biological control of pathogens (Fig. 9.1) and nutrient cycling,thereby improving nutrient availability. Microbial inoculants application increasebiodiversity, creating suitable condition for development of beneficial microorganism. They also improve physical properties of soil such as; improve structure andaggregation of soil particles; reduce soil compaction, increase spore spaces andwater infiltration. The antioxidant properties of microbial inoculants promotedecomposition of organic matter and increase humus content in soil matrix, and aretherefore being considered as an alternative way of reducing the use of chemicals inagriculture (Carvajal-Muñoz and Carmona-Garcia 2012). Microbial inoculants techniques ensure biodegradation of complex substances and develop bioremediationprocesses in soil contaminated with toxics, xenobiotic and recalcitrant substances.The strategies involved in plant growth promotion by microbial inoculants couldbe a direct or indirect mechanism. Directly, inoculation of crop plant with microbialinoculants could result in the expansion and elongation of the root system, leadingto improved uptake of water and nutrients (Halpern et al. 2015). Production ofgrowth hormones by microbial inoculants impact root morphogenesis such thatplant root hairs and lateral roots are over produced resulting in greater uptake ofplant nutrients and hence improvement of plant growth (Kumar et al. 2007).Fixations of atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of minerals such as phosphorus(P) (Babalola 2010), are also some of the direct mechanisms of influence of microbial inoculants. In indirect growth promotion, Microbial inoculants affect the statusof plants by eliciting induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), by improving disease resistance. These acts prevent soil-borne pathogens from inhibiting plant growth (Yang et al. 2009). Ability to trigger a salicylicacid (SA) -independent pathway controlling systemic resistance is a common traitolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

284E.T. Alori et al.of ISR-inducing biocontrol bacteria. Structural deformities in pathogenic fungiunder in vitro culture conditions by the production of diffusible and volatileantifungal compounds have been reported. The bacterial strain successfullyrestricted the growth of all the test fungi in dual cultures and induced morphologicalabnormalities such as mycelial and conidial deviations. Also of note is the production of siderophores that solubilize and sequester iron (Hmaeid et al. 2014).With the increasing use of microbial inoculants for plant growth promotion, thisreview discusses some of the beneficiary roles of microbial inoculants in plant andsoil. It describes changes in soil structure, nutrient solubility as a result of the application of microbial inoculants. We provide an overview of microbial inoculants usefor agricultural sustainability, the significance of their application on soil nutrientimprovement and soil structure enhancement. Their roles in amelioration of plantsstress as a result of drought, soil contaminants, salinity and as biocontrol agents arewell explained.9.2Microbial InoculantsMicrobial inoculation is one of the major agricultural practices that have been usedto acquire desirable characteristics in the soil. Microbial inoculants are the formulations of beneficial living microorganisms that when added to soil, improve availability of nutrient to host plant directly or indirectly, thereby promoting plant growth(Gaind 2011). Most of the microorganisms that are used in the production of microbial inoculants inhabit or are capable of inhabiting the soil and perform variousroles and functions in the soil. Microbial inoculants in are applied, singly or incombinations, to seeds, plants and soil to enhance their productivity. Different terminologies such as biostimulant (Halpern et al. 2015), bio-inoculants (Singh et al.2013), and bio-fertilizers (Ansari et al. 2014) have been used to represent thesegroups of microorganisms. Microbial inoculants include three major groups: (1)plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), (2) arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and(3) the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, which are usually not considered as PGPR (Yadavand Verma 2014). These groups are known to possess the capacity to enhance nutrient availability, uptake, and support the health of plants to promote plant growth.Microbial inoculants are not nutrients but microorganisms that are able to increasethe availability of these nutrients through their biophysical and biochemical activities in soil. Business Communication Co. research report (2011) estimated a compound annual growth rate of about 6.9 % for global microbial inoculants with amarket value of 4.5 billion in 2010, 4.9 billion in 2011and projected to reach 6.8billion by 2016 (Chatzipavlidis et al. 2013).Microbial inoculation provides an innovative and cost-effective alternative toovercome salinity stress in soils (Tank and Saraf 2010). The system is environmentally friendly, and poses no health risk to either plant, human or animal. Enhancesoil nutrient availability to the plants hence their use as biofertilizers (Ahemad andKibret 2014). Microbial inoculants provide resistance against pathogens. They canolubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

9Microbial Inoculants for Soil Quality and Plant Health285Table 9.1 Examples of some microbial inoculants, the test crops and their beneficial propertiesMicrobial inoculantsTest CropBeneficial propertiesReferencesChryseobacteriumindologenes, Pseudomonascepacia, P. fluorescensBacillus subtilis, P. corrugatePaenibacillus yonginensisDCY84Enterobacter sakazakiiWide barleySalt stressHmaeid et al.(2014)MaizeArabidopsisthalianaCowpeaCool regions (22 C)Drought, salt stressBacillus subtilisCottonPhytopathogenScutellospora reticulate,Glomus pansihalos(Mycorrhizal fungi)Pseudomonas putidaCowpeaSoil polluted with Aland MnTrivedi et al. (2012)Sukweenadhia et al.(2015)Babalola et al.(2007)Pereg and McMillan(2015)Alori and Fawole(2012)WheatCool regionTrichoderma sp.,Gliocladium sp.Azotobacter sp Pseudomonas spArbuscular mycorrhizal fungiBurkholderia cepaciaP. fluorescens strains, CHA0and Pf1Gordonia sp. S2Rp-17Flowers,ornamentalsMustardPlant pathogensTrivedi and Pandey(2007)Julia et al. (2013)CadmiumPanwar et al. (2011)CitrusYellow lupineBananaDrought stressTolueneDrought stressWu et al. (2013)Barac et al. (2009)Kavino et al. (2010)CornHong et al. (2011)Sinorhizobium melilotiCommon reedDiesel (Soilcontaminant)PhenanthreneBacillus thuringiensis,Rhizophagus intraradicesBurkholderia cepaciaTrifolium repensDrought stressPopularTolueneArbuscular mycorrhizalOliveSalinity stressAzospirillum lipoferumWheatCrude oilParasitic weedGolubev et al.(2009)Ortiz et al. (2015)Taghavi et al.(2005)Porras-Soriano et al.(2009)Muratova et al.(2005)therefore be used in biological control against plant pathogens (Sukweenadhia et al.2015) against weed pest (Biological herbicides) (Babalola et al. 2007) and insectpest (Saharan and Nehra 2011). Microbial inoculants can also be used in phytoremediation of polluted soils (Alori and Fawole 2012; Alori 2015). Waterlogged,compacted, desiccated wind and rain eroded soil are remediated through microbialinoculation. Fungal inoculants protect plants against transplant shock, promoteenvironmental resistance to heat and drought (Sukweenadhia et al. 2015) and vastlyimprove the quality of the soil (Table 9.1).olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za

286E.T. Alori et al.9.2.1Microbial Inoculants and Soil Fertility Improvement9.2.1.1Nitrogen (N)N remains the most limiting element for plant growth. The major sources of N foragricultural soil are mineral fertilizers and biological N fixation carried out bymicroorganisms. Nitrogen-fixation is the first step for cycling N to the biospherefrom the atmosphere, a key input of N for plant productivity (Bernhard 2010).Microbes especially bacteria are important in N cycling. Bacteria are known toexclusively fix atmospheric N either symbiotically or asymbiotically due to theirpossession of the key enzyme nitrogenase which specifically reduces atmospheric Nto ammonia (Wagner 2011).Symbiotic N fixation in soil is a process occurring in legume and non-legumeplants. The bacteria Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Allorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,Mesorhizobium and Azorhizobium, collectively referred to as rhizobia are responsible for the legume N fixation while Frankia and Actinobacteria are responsible fornon-legume N fixation in soil (Wagner 2011). It is evident that inoculation oflegumes with rhizobia has the ability to increase the soil N status. N fixed annuallyby legume-rhizobium association was reported to be about 40–48 million tonnescompared to 98 million t year 1 of N fertilizer (Jenkinson 2001). This ability to fixhigh amounts of N into the soil is a great potential of rhizobial inoculant to reducethe cost of industrial N fertilizers, thereby reducing the cost of inputs for farmers.Nitrogen fixation of an effectively nodulated legume is a vital and indispensableaspect of sustainable agriculture. The use of rhizobium inoculant to achieve efficient N fixation in soil requires the compatibility of the legume and rhizobium inoculant and their adaptability to the environment (Wagner 2011). The fewinconsistencies about the ability of the rhizobium inoculant to increase the soil Nare probably due to

Eric Lichtfouse CEREGE INRA Aix en Provence, France ISSN 2210-4410 ISSN 2210-4429 (electronic) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews ISBN 978-3-319-48005-3 ISBN 978-3-319-48006-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48006-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963152 .

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