Mu. Naushad Saravanan Rajendran Eric Lichtfouse Editors .
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 35Mu. NaushadSaravanan RajendranEric Lichtfouse EditorsGreenMethods forWastewaterTreatment
Environmental Chemistry for a SustainableWorldVolume 35Series EditorsEric Lichtfouse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France,CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, FranceJan Schwarzbauer, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyDidier Robert, CNRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences,Saint-Avold, Francedennysons@gmail.com
Other Publications by the EditorsBooksEnvironmental Organic Contaminants in Riverine and Groundwater stainable AgricultureVolume 1: http://www.springer.com/978-90-481-2665-1Volume 2: http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-0393-3Book seriesEnvironmental Chemistry for a Sustainable le Agriculture Environmental Chemistry Lettershttp://www.springer.com/10311More information about this series at l.com
Mu. Naushad Saravanan RajendranEric LichtfouseEditorsGreen Methods forWastewater Treatmentdennysons@gmail.com
EditorsMu. NaushadDepartment of Chemistry,College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi ArabiaSaravanan RajendranFaculty of Engineering,Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of TarapacáArica, ChileEric LichtfouseAix Marseille UniversityCNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France,CEREGEAix-en-Provence, FranceISSN 2213-7114ISSN 2213-7122 (electronic)Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable WorldISBN 978-3-030-16426-3ISBN 978-3-030-16427-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16427-0 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors orthe editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for anyerrors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaims in published maps and institutional affiliations.This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerlanddennysons@gmail.com
PrefaceWater is the most precious gifts of the nature to mankind; it is difficult even toimagine a form of life that might exist without water. However, due to the rapid paceof industrialization and tremendous increase in the population, the contamination ofwater resources has occurred globally. Recently, several health organisation reportsdescribed various water-related diseases can easily kill more than millions of peopleevery year including children.In this scenario, this book is described in the detailed account of different greenmethods for wastewater treatment. The applications of various types of materials likemesoporous materials, TiO2-based nanocomposites and magnetic nanoparticles forwastewater treatment are discussed in this book. The role of catalysts along withtheir chemical reactions, challenges, past developments and direction for furtherresearch of wastewater treatment methods has been also discussed in this book.Furthermore, various treatment methods like photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, electrochemical approach and adsorption were defined in more depth. Moreover, thebacterial infection and antibacterial solution have been also included in detail. Ibelieve this book will be helpful for chemical engineers, environmental scientists,analytical chemist, materials scientists and all researchers who are working in thefield of wastewater treatment.Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaArica, ChileAix-en-Provence, FranceMu. NaushadSaravanan RajendranEric Lichtfousevdennysons@gmail.com
AcknowledgementsFirst of all, we thank God for providing us good health and valuable opportunity toaccomplish this book successfully.In our journey towards this book, our heartfelt thanks to series editor and advisoryboard for accepting our book as a part of the series “Environmental Chemistry for aSustainable World” and for their support and encouragement. We extend our sincerethanks to all authors and reviewers for providing hard work and genuine support tocomplete this book. We have great pleasure in acknowledging various publishersand authors for permitting us the copyright to use their figures and tables. We wouldstill like to offer our deep apologies to any copyright holder if unknowingly theirright is being infringed.Dr. Mu. Naushad expresses his deep gratitude to the Chairman, Department ofChemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, and extends hisappreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for thesupport.R. Saravanan would like to express his sincere thanks to Prof. Francisco Gracia(DIQBT, University of Chile), Prof. Lorena Cornejo Ponce (EUDIM, Universidadde Tarapacá) and Prof. Rodrigo Palma (Director, SERC) for their constant encouragement and valuable support that helped him to complete the task. He furtherextends his thanks to the Government of Chile (CONICYT-FONDECYT-ProjectNo.: 11170414), SERC (CONICYT/FONDAP/15110019) and School of mechanical Engineering (EUDIM), Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile, for their financialsupport.Mu. NaushadSaravanan RajendranEric Lichtfouseviidennysons@gmail.com
Contents1234Visible-Light-Responsive Nanostructured Materialsfor Photocatalytic Degradation of Persistent OrganicPollutants in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hugues Kamdem Paumo, Raghunath Das, Madhumita Bhaumik,and Arjun Maity1Surface Modification of Highly Magnetic Nanoparticlesfor Water Treatment to Remove Radioactive Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . .Arun Thirumurugan, Ali Akbari-Fakhrabadi, and R. Justin Joseyphus31FeS2 Pyrite Nanostructures: An Efficient Performerin Photocatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gurpreet Kaur, Manjot Kaur, Anup Thakur, and Akshay Kumar55Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Photocatalysisin Combating Bacterial Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Prajita Paul, Yashmin Pattnaik, Pritam Kumar Panda, Ealisha Jha,Suresh K. Verma, and Mrutyunjay Suar735Progression in Fenton Process for the Wastewater Treatment . . . . .S. Kaviya876Electrochemical Aspects for Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . 121A. Dennyson Savariraj, R. V. Mangalaraja, K. Prabakar,and C. Viswanathan7TiO2-Based Nanocomposites for Photodegradationof Organic Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Eswaran Prabakaran, Shepherd Sambaza, and Kriveshini Pillay8Light-Activated Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Studies . . . . . . . . . 185Krishnapriya Madhu Varier, Wuling Liu, Yaacov Ben-David,Yanmei Li, Arulvasu Chinnasamy, and Babu Gajendranixdennysons@gmail.com
xContents9Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217T. Vasantha and N. V. V. Jyothi10Mesoporous Materials for Degradation of Textile Dyes . . . . . . . . . . 255Diana V. Wellia, Yuly Kusumawati, Lina J. Diguna, Nurul Pratiwi,Reza A. Putri, and Muhamad I. AmalIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289dennysons@gmail.com
About the EditorsMu. Naushad is presently working as an Associate Professor in the Department ofChemistry, College of Science, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry fromAligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He hasa vast research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of Analytical Chemistry,Materials Chemistry and Environmental Science. He holds several US patents, over275 publications in the international journals of repute, 20 book chapters and severalbooks published by renowned international publishers. He has 7200 citations with aGoogle Scholar h-index of 52. He has successfully run several research projectsfunded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (NPST) andKing Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Kingdom of SaudiArabia. He is the Editor/Editorial Member of several reputed journals like ScientificReports (Nature), Process Safety and Environmental Protection (Elsevier), Journal ofWater Process Engineering (Elsevier) and International Journal of EnvironmentalResearch and Public Health (MDPI). He is also the Associate Editor for EnvironmentalChemistry Letters (Springer) and Desalination and Water Treatment (Taylor andFrancis). He has been awarded the Scientist of the Year Award 2015 from the NationalEnvironmental Science Academy, New Delhi, India, Scientific Research QualityAward 2019, King Saud University and Almarai Award 2017, Saudi Arabia.Saravanan Rajendran has received his Ph.D. in Physics-Material Science in 2013from the Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Chennai, India. Hewas awarded the University Research Fellowship (URF) during the year 2009–2011by the University of Madras. After working as an Assistant Professor inDhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai, India, during the year 2013–2014, he was awarded SERC and CONICYT-FONDECYT Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, in the year 2014–2017. He has worked(2017–2018) in the research group of Professor John Irvine, School of Chemistry,University of St Andrews, UK, as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow withinxidennysons@gmail.com
xiiAbout the Editorsthe framework of an EPSRC-Global Challenges Research Fund for the removal ofblue-green algae and their toxins. Currently, he is working as a Research Scientist inthe School of Mechanical Engineering (EUDIM), University of Tarapacá, Arica,Chile, as well as a Research Associate in SERC, University of Chile, Santiago,Chile. He is Associate Editor for International Journal of Environmental Science andTechnology (Springer). His research interests focuses in the area of nanostructuredfunctional materials, photophysics, surface chemistry and nanocatalysts for renewable energy and waste water purification. He has published several internationalpeer-reviewed journals, five book chapters and three books published by renownedinternational publishers.Eric Lichtfouse (Ph.D.), born in 1960, is an Environmental Chemist working at theUniversity of Aix-Marseille, France. He has invented carbon-13 dating, a methodallowing to measure the relative age and turnover of molecular organic compoundsoccurring in different temporal pools of any complex media. He is teaching scientificwriting and communication and has published the book Scientific Writing for ImpactFactor Journals, which includes a new tool – the micro-article – to identify thenovelty of research results. He is Founder and Chief Editor of scientific journals andseries in environmental chemistry and agriculture. He got the Analytical ChemistryPrize by the French Chemical Society, the Grand Prize of the Universities of Nancyand Metz and a Journal Citation Award by the Essential Indicators.dennysons@gmail.com
About the AuthorsAli Akbari-Fakhrabadi Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileMuhamad I. Amal Research Center Metallurgy and Materials, Indonesian Instituteof Sciences, Tangerang Selatan, IndonesiaYaacov Ben-David Department of Biology and Chemistry, The Key Laboratory ofChemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy ofSciences, Guizhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, GuizhouMedical University, Guiyang, ChinaMadhumita Bhaumik Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South AfricaArulvasu Chinnasamy Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai,IndiaRaghunath Das Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg,Johannesburg, South AfricaLina J. Diguna Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Prasetiya MulyaUniversity, Tangerang, IndonesiaBabu Gajendran Department of Biology and Chemistry, The Key Laboratory ofChemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy ofSciences, Guizhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, GuizhouMedical University, Guiyang, ChinaEalisha Jha Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, NL, Canadaxiiidennysons@gmail.com
xivAbout the AuthorsR. Justin Joseyphus Magnetic Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, IndiaN. V. V. Jyothi Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati,Andhra Pradesh, IndiaGurpreet Kaur Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,IndiaManjot Kaur Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,IndiaS. Kaviya Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc),Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaAkshay Kumar Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,IndiaYuly Kusumawati Chemistry Department, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, IndonesiaWuling Liu Department of Biology and Chemistry, The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guizhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, GuizhouMedical University, Guiyang, ChinaYanmei Li Department of Biology and Chemistry, The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guizhou, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, GuizhouMedical University, Guiyang, ChinaArjun Maity Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg,Johannesburg, South AfricaDST/CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, Pretoria, South AfricaR. V. Mangalaraja Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion,Concepcion, ChileTechnological Development Unit (UDT), University of Concepcion, Coronel, ChilePritam Kumar Panda Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germanydennysons@gmail.com
About the AuthorsxvYashmin Pattnaik School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University,Bhubaneswar, IndiaPrajita Paul School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IndiaHugues Kamdem Paumo Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South AfricaKriveshini Pillay Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg,Johannesburg, South AfricaEswaran Prabakaran Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South AfricaK. Prabakar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan NationalUniversity, Busan, South KoreaNurul Pratiwi Chemistry Department, Andalas University, Padang, IndonesiaReza A. Putri Chemistry Department, Andalas University, Padang, IndonesiaShepherd Sambaza Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South AfricaA. Dennyson Savariraj Advanced Ceramics and Nanotechnology Laboratory,Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University ofConcepcion, Concepcion, ChileMrutyunjay Suar School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IndiaAnup Thakur Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Punjabi University,Patiala, Punjab, IndiaArun Thirumurugan Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of MechanicalEngineering, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileKrishnapriya Madhu Varier Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALMPGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, IndiaT. Vasantha Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati,Andhra Pradesh, IndiaSuresh K. Verma School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University,Bhubaneswar, IndiaInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenC. Viswanathan Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, IndiaDiana V. Wellia Chemistry Department, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesiadennysons@gmail.com
Chapter 1Visible-Light-Responsive NanostructuredMaterials for Photocatalytic Degradationof Persistent Organic Pollutants in WaterHugues Kamdem Paumo, Raghunath Das, Madhumita Bhaumik,and Arjun MaityContents1.11.21.31.41.51.6Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Classifications of POPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Toxicity of POPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Traditional Water Treatment Processes for the Removal of POPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fundamental of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Overview of Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6.1 TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Visible-Light-Assisted Degradation of POPs . . . .1.6.2 Alternative Photocatalysts for Visible-Light-Assisted Degradation of POPs . . . . .1.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346791112172122Abstract Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenylsand polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consist of a group of synthetic compoundsthat are characterized by their resistance to degradation, important long-rangetransportation, and harmful effects to the ecosystems and human well-being. Certainly, we cannot think about progress in human civilization without industrialization. However, the rapid evolution in chemical, agrochemical, and petrochemicalindustries and the population exponential growth in the last century have given riseto an important number of toxic, bioaccumulative, and persistent organic chemicalsin the environment. Effective removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) fromH. K. Paumo · R. Das · M. BhaumikDepartment of Applied Chemistry, University of
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Volume 35 Series Editors Eric Lichtfouse, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
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