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0.m (JX/DEVELOPMENTSIFIEDOFARMORED VEHICLESIGtVOLUME ITANKSH I(V lie—;Dasfcft!#SSti»AGF BOARD No. 21 SEPTEMBER 1947rvPLAUG t f i t fftI

LASSIFIEDADEVELOPMENTOFARMORED VEHICLESVOLUME ITANKSAGF BOARD No. 21 SEPTEMBER 1947UNCLASSIFIED

ERRATA SHEETINTRODUCTION. The f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h should be added:The technical data on the older model tanks have beentaken f r o m test data sheets of Aberdeen Proving Groundand on the recently standardized or developed modelsf r o m Office Chief of Ordnance Development M a n u a l . Noattempt has been made to give complete characteristicsor to quote additional sources where there is conflictingdata. M a j o r characteristics only have been listed in aneffort to show the trend of development. Supplements tothis volume w i l l be published f r o m time to time showingarmored vehicles, other than tanks, a n d the latest devel opments in the field of armored vehicles.Item No. 8, CHRISTIE, M l 9 1 9 , the f o l l o w i n g note should beadded under remarks:Remarks: . . . This tank is not a typical Christie sus pension. For a photograph of the more f a m i l i a r model seeItem No. 22.Item No. 34, LIGHT TANK, M 2 A 2 , should be changed to read:Remarks:M2A2E3 — Same as M2A2E2 but w i t h G M 671 dieselengine and trailing idler.Item No. 47, LIGHT TANK, M 3 , should read:Engine: . . .or Guiberson T-1020Item No. 53, MEDIUM TANK, M 3 A 1 , should read:Engine: . . .or Continental R-975-EC2Item No. 58, LIGHT TANK, M5, should read:Engine: . .Twin Cadillac V-8Item No. 63, MEDIUM TANK, M 3 A 4 , should read:Engine: 5 Chrysler 6-cylinder enginesItem No. 64, MEDIUM TANK, M 3 A 5 , should read:Engine: 2 General Motors 6-cylinder (diesel) Model 6046.Remarks: M3A5E2 instead of M 3 A 5 2 2 .

Item No. 66, MEDIUM TANK, M 4 A 1 , should read:Engine: . . .or ContinentalItem No. 67, MEDIUM TANK M 4 A 2 , should read:Engine: 2 General Motors 6-cylinder (diesel) Model 6046Item No. 69, MEDIUM TANK, M 4 A 4 , should read:Engine: 5 Chrysler 6-cylinder enginesItem No. 75, MEDIUM TANK, T20E3, should read:Engine: Ford 8-cylinder G A NItem No. 82, MEDIUM TANK, M26, should read:Suspension and Tracks: Torsion bar; torqmatic trans missionRemarks: . . . The Medium Tank, T26E2, anotherversion of this tank but having a 105-mm Howitzer, M 4in lieu of the 90-mm Gun, M3, has been standardized asthe Medium Tank M45.Item No. 85, MEDIUM TANK, M4A3E2, should read:Engine: Ford V-8 CAAItemNo. 89, FLAME THROWER MECHANIZED, M3-4-E12R3should read:Suspension and Tracks: Same as M 4 series tanksItem No. 94, HEAVY TANK, T30, should read:Armament:155-mm Howitzer, T7Weight: 70 tons, loaded

TABLE OF Gas-Electric(Holt)2Steam3Steam Tank, 12-13191814-15191816-174Ford,5Skeleton Tank6Mark7Six-Ton, M19171918-191918-198Christie, M1919191920-21910MarkThree-Ton1-56-71, Three-Mon— -VIIIChristie,M l 921191922-23192124-2526-2711Medium A, M1921192112Medium, M l 922192228-2913Medium, T1192530 3114Light Tank, T1192732-3315Light Tank, T1E1192834-3516One-Man Tank, Experimental192836-3717Light Tank, T1E2192938-3918Six-Ton, M1917A1192940-4119Light193042-4320Medium Tank, T2193044-45Tank,T1E321Combat193146-4722Christie, M l 931 (T3)193148-4923Combat Car, T21931 ,50-5124Combat193252-5325Christie Light Tank, M l 9 3 ight Tank, T2193462-6330Light Tank, T2E1193464-6531Medium193466-6732Combat Car, M l193568-6933Light Tank, M2A1193570-71Tank,T3E234Light Tank, M2A235Light Tank, T3(T2E2)193572-73193674-7536Medium Tank, 1E239Light Tank, M2A3:193780-81193882-8340Medium Tank, T5, Phase 1193884-8541Medium Tank, T5, Phase III193886-8742Combat43Car,444546Light Tank, T6Medium Tank, M2Light Tank, 19391939194092-9394-9596-97

TABLE OF CONTENTS — ht Tank, M348Medium49Medium Tank, M350Light Tank, M3A15152Light Tank, M3E1Light Tank, M3E21941108-10953Medium Tank, 41114-11556Heavy Tank, T1E2 (M6)1941116-117575859Light Tank, M3A3Light Tank, M5Light Tank, M5A1Light Tank, M3E4Light Tank, T9Light Tank, T9E1 (M22)Medium Tank, M3A4Medium Tank, M3A5Medium Tank, T6 (M4)Medium Tank, M4A1Medium Tank, M4A2Medium Tank, M4A3Medium Tank, M4A4Heavy Tank, T1E1 (M6A2)Light Tank, T24 (M24)Light Tank, T24E1Medium Tank, M4A6Medium Tank, M4 (105 How)Medium Tank, T20E3Medium Tank, T22E1Medium Tank, T23Medium Tank, T23E3Medium Tank, T25Medium Tank, T25E1Medium Tank, T26E1Medium Tank, M26 (T26E3)Assault Tank, 189190-191Heavy Tank, 95Tank Tank,M2A1Tank,." Q " Model Flame Thrower TankMedium Tank, M4A3E2Medium Tank, M4A3E8Medium Tank, M4A3 (76-mm)Flame Thrower Combat Vehicle, M5-4Flame Thrower, Mechanized, M3-4-E12R3Medium Tank, T26E4Medium Tank, T26E5Superheavy Tank, T28Heavy Tank, 1106-107104-105

INTRODUCTIONThe development of tanks in the United States has been a nintermittent process. During times of peace, interest lags a n dthere is a l w a y s a lack of adequate funds for research. In timesof w a r it becomes necessary to a d a p t a n d m o d i f y a l r e a d y de signed or built vehicles and components in order to producequickly and in quantity.A l t h o u g h a Frenchman is generally credited w i t h the inven tion of the first tank a n d an American produced the caterpillartraction device which was f u n d a m e n t a l to its operation, to theBritish must go the credit for developing tanks to the extent thatthey could be used on the battlefield. Due to numerous mainte nance difficulties the use of tanks in quantity by the British atCambria in 1918 was not a complete success. They w e r e able,however, by capitalizing on the element of surprise, to penetratethe enemy lines a distance unheard of up to that time. This f e a tserved to a w a k e n the allied nations to the many possibilities ofsuch vehicles. Subsequent use of the tanks saved m a n y lives thatw o u l d otherwise have been lost and helped to b r i n g the w a r toan early end.Almost as f a r back in history as w e can trace, m a n hassought for the perfect combination of the three variables: fire power, mobility, a n d protection. From the ancient w a r chariotsto the present-day tanks these three characteristics have existedin almost endless combinations a n d variations. If one or t w o ofthe elements are overemphasized it must be at the expense ofthe third; for example, in heavy tanks increased f i r e p o w e r a n dprotection bring about decreased mobility. In vehicles of greatermobility, there is less armor or protection a n d often less effectivef i r e p o w e r . The perfect relationship of one to the other is stillbeing sought.American tanks of W o r l d W a r I ranged in w e i g h t f r o m threeto f i f t y tons, w i t h armament v a r y i n g f r o m a single caliber .30machine gun to a 75-mm mountain howitzer. Most of the w e a p ons had limited traverse a n d elevation. A r m o r was less than 1"in thickness and easily pierced by small-arms fire. These tanks,in general, were slow moving, a v e r a g i n g only about f i v e miles1

per hour, a n d had a very limited cruising range. The t w o toseven-cylinder power plants used in these tanks were commercialtypes modified for military use. The suspensions of the earlymodels were rough riding and extremely noisy. A number of thevehicles used a combination of wheel a n d track systems to pro long the life of the tracks. To summarize, development for theperiod was based on the " t r i a l - a n d - e r r o r " method. The A r m y asa whole was not entirely convinced of the usefulness of tanksa n d saw in them only accompanying units for the Infantry orCavalry. Their tactical role was not visualized very clearly;hence, the diversity of opinion as to size and type of tank to use.In the postwar era of 1918 to the early thirties considerableinterest was evinced in the future of tanks by inventors aswell as military men. Tanks were not built in quantity, but m a n ypilot models and variations thereof were designed and built.Far-fetched plans of f l y i n g tanks, f l a m e - t h r o w i n g tanks, andeven s w i m m i n g tanks were designed, laughed at, and almostforgotten. But many of these seemingly foolish ideas have ma terialized during W o r l d W a r II.A m o n g the improvements accomplished in the twenties wasthe invention of the sprung track which enabled tanks to travelup to 50 or 60 miles per hour. The moving of the f i n a l drivesprockets f r o m the rear to the front of the suspension was thesecond important step and allowed the tracks to partially cleanthemselves before reaching the drive sprockets.The Christie suspension which appeared for the first time in1919 merits special consideration. For the first time a relativelystable gun platform was provided along w i t h a smoother ridingvehicle. A variety of tanks, including three amphibious modelsand one unit intended for airborne operations, were built usingthis basic system. However, American tank specialists were nottoo f a v o r a b l y impressed w i t h Mr. Christie's invention, and noneof the tanks based on this system were produced in quantity. TheBritish, on the contrary, f i n a l l y purchased the right to producethis suspension and based their medium cruiser tank on its use.US tanks eventually dropped the Christie suspension entirely inf a v o r of the volute spring type (either vertical or horizontal).In order to define the general lines along which tank develop ment proceeded d u r i n g the early thirties, the US official w e i g h t2

classifications are of interest. The definitions of light, medium,a n d heavy tanks w e r e as follows:"1. A light tank is a t w o - m a n tank that can be transportedby tank carrier.2. A medium tank is one w e i g h i n g not more than 25 tonsbut too heavy or too large to be transported by tank carrier.3. A heavy tank is one of over 25 tons in w e i g h t . "By w a y of contrast let us glance at recent Ordnance action(since the close of W o r l d W a r II) w h i c h reclassifies light, medium,heavy, a n d superheavy tanks, in the light of recent trends, asfollows:" 1 . Light tanks — up to 25 tons, inclusive.2. M e d i u m tanks — 26 to 55 tons, inclusive.3. Heavy tanks — 56 to 85 tons, inclusive.4. Superheavy tanks — 86 tons and over."In connection w i t h the w e i g h t of the vehicle, a comparison ofthe horsepower per ton of w e i g h t ratio of the tanks of eachperiod is significant. W o r l d W a r I had a ratio of about 4 or 5horsepower per ton of w e i g h t . The M e d i u m Tank, M 4 A 3 , pro duced in 1942, had a ratio of 14.5 horsepower per ton. The heav ier M 2 6 , produced later, has 10.8 horsepower per ton.Effective f i r e p o w e r for tanks f r o m those of W o r l d W a r I to thepresent has depended upon a number of factors: the cannonitself, its mounting, type of a m m u n i t i o n used, and fire controlequipment available. The size of weapons has v a r i e d consider a b l y in both wars. A l t h o u g h a single caliber .30 machine gunwas the sole source of f i r e p o w e r in a number of early tanks, sev eral of the heavier vehicles mounted the 75-mm mountain how itzer. Twenty years later, it was f o u n d that the 75-mm gun w a sthe m i n i m u m suitable cannon for use in the light tank alone, a n dthe size of the major a r m a m e n t in the heavier vehicles is still in creasing. Currently a new heavy tank is being developed tomount a 120-mm gun, a size not dreamed of in early tank pro duction. However, heavier weapons and more p o w e r f u l explo sives have brought w i t h them a new set of problems such as g u ntube erosion, limited space for carrying of a m m u n i t i o n , a n d theneed for better recoil mechanisms. Almost every new tank built3

has v a r i e d f r o m its predecessor in combination of weapons, use,a n d type of mounting. The use of a rotating turret to o b t a i n max i m u m traverse of the principal w e a p o n was a comparativelyearly innovation and continues to be used on the later tanks, al though the shape of the turret has changed greatly to conformw i t h space requirements and the new low silhouette.Sighting equipment has advanced f r o m crude slits in thearmor plate of early tanks through many models of telescopes,periscopes, a n d range finders in an attempt to secure the equip ment best suited for each vehicle. The application of the gyro scopic principle, although misunderstood a n d disliked by many,assisted materially in helping to provide accurate fire f r o m amoving tank by causing the gun, when the sights are trained on atarget, to remain in line regardless of the tank's position. Themobile type of w a r f a r e employed in many campaigns made theperfection of such a device most urgent. M a n y new systems a n ddevices first experimented w i t h or used o n a small scale d u r i n gthe last f e w years are now being studied for all possible appli cations to w a r f a r e «of the future.Until 1930 all tanks were assigned to the Infantry. From 1930to 1940 similar vehicles, under the title of combat cars, were as signed to the Cavalry. Finally in 1940 the separate A r m o r e dCommand was formed. The change in thought on the tacticaluses of tanks was reflected to a great extent in the superiorvehicles developed f r o m this time on.For one thing, those in authority were f i n a l l y convinced of thenecessity of increasing tank f i r e p o w e r comparable to that en countered in enemy tanks. Between the t w o wars Germany andRussia had been experimenting quite extensively w i t h heavierarmored vehicles w i t h greatly increased firepower. The Germans,at the same time, had conceived the blitzkrieg idea and the use ofarmored vehicles "en masse." It took the United States severalyears to catch up in thought and production, but w i t h an " a l l - o u t "effort by industry and intensified research by the military, thequantity and in some respects, the quality of our f i g h t i n g tanksnot only reached but surpassed those of our enemies. The newLight Tank, M24, and the T26 medium tank series were receivedw i t h enthusiasm by the using arms and added greatly to ourmechanized superiority in the last stages of the w a r .4

In this postwar era our efforts are continuing. The trend to w a r d heavier tanks w i t h even greater f i r e p o w e r is seen in theT26E4, T28, T29, a n d T34 which are n o w in the process of devel opment a n d service test. M i l i t a r y characteristics have beend r a w n up for an i m p r o v e d light tank a d a p t a b l e for airborne usea n d w i t h more effective a r m a m e n t a n d greater mobility.One f o r w a r d step in tank development has been the w o r k ofthe equipment boards w h i c h have met f r o m time to time to de clare obsolete undesirable items, retain others w i t h certain mod ifications, a n d set up desired characteristics of vehicles for thefuture. The Palmer Board (October 1942), the Robinett Board(October 1944), the Cook Board (January 1945), a n d the Stillw e l l Board (May 1946) have had as members a n d witnessesnumerous outstanding leaders of W o r l d W a r II whose combatexperiences have provided an excellent background for futurestudy in tank development.W i t h competent leaders, adequate funds, a n d a continuedintensive research a n d development p r o g r a m , the United Statescan quickly produce the tanks required to meet any futureemergency involving g r o u n d combat.The above information a n d discussion is included in thisbook to give a general background of the development of tanksin the United States f r o m W o r l d W a r I to the present. Subsequentpages contain detailed data a n d photographs of the i n d i v i d u a ltanks.5

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Item No. 1VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:GAS-ELECTRIC (HOLT)1918Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 75-mm (2.95") mountaint w o cal .30 MGshowitzer,A r m o r : 0.25" to 0.63"M a x i m u m Speed: 6 MPHWeight: 25 tonsEngine: Holt 4-cylinder gasoline w i t h water coolingsystem. 90-HPSuspension and Tracks: Coil springs, steel tracks, in tegral grousersRemarks: This was the first tank built in the UnitedStates. Driver sits above the howitzer in f o r w a r dpart of vehicle, engine in the rear.7

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Item No. 2VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:LAYINGDate Produced:STEAM TANK,TRACK 1918Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One f l a m e t h r o w e r , four cal .30 MGsArmor:.5"M a x i m u m Speed: 4 MPHWeight: 50 tonsEngine:Two-w-cylinder steam engines, one foreach track a n d one kerosene b u r n i n g boiler foreach engineSuspension and Tracks: Steel tracksRemarks: This was second tank built in US. Built forpurpose of neutralizing pillboxes. In f i n a l f o r mf l a m e thrower used 35-HP gasoline engine bymeans of which oil was put under a pressure of1600 lbs per square inch, a n d directed throughsmall hole in the tank. A t a range of 90 feet thethin strip of f l a m e became a ball of f l a m e 20 feetor more in diameter.Flame throwers used d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I were,for the most part, the portable type.In the early part of 1944 a study was made ofthe application of the " Q " model f l a m e throwerto the Light Tank, M 5 A 1 , in lieu of the 37-mmgun. In Feb 1945 a similar installation was madein the M 4 A 1 medium tank replacing the 75-mmgun w i t h the E12-7R1 f l a m e thrower gun.9

Item No. 3VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:WHEELEDDate Produced:STEAM TANK, THREE 1918Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 75-mm (2.95") mountaina n d t w o cal .30 MGshowitzerA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.63"M a x i m u m Speed: 5 MPHWeight: 17 tons approxEngine: Doble 2-cylinderSuspension a n d Tracks: Rigid suspension on 2 drivewheels 8' in diameter a n d one drum-like trailerwheel in rearRemarks: Third tank built in US. Powered by Dobletype boilers condensing in Holt type radiator,located in center of tank. Howitzer a n d gunnerin front lower part w i t h driver above.11

Item No. 4VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:FORD, THREE-TON1918Total Production:15A r m a m e n t : One cal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.25" to 0 . 5 "M a x i m u m Speed: 8 MPHWeight: 3.1 tonsEngine: Two Model T Ford 4-cylinder engines w i t hforced w a t e r coolingSuspension a n d Tracks:integral grousersLeaf springs, steeltracks,Remarks: This tank easily maneuvered. Could cross5' trenches; streams 2 1 " in depth; slope 25 de grees, vertical w a l l 20". Intended to utilize stand ard Ford Model T parts which were a v a i l a b l e inquantity. One engine for each track. Its defectswere limited traverse of machine gun a n d in adequate f i r e p o w e r .13

Item No. 5VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: SKELETON TANKDate Produced:1918Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One cal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.5"M a x i m u m Speed: 5 MPHWeight: 8 tonsEngine: Beaver (2) 4-cylinder eachSuspension and Tracks:grousersRigid; steel tracks, integralRemarks: Built for crossing w i d e trenches.15

Item No. 6VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:MARK I, THREE-MAN1918Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 37-mm gun, one cal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.39" to 0.5"M a x i m u m Speed: 9 MPHWeight: 7.5 tonsEngine: Hudson 7-cylinder 60-HP engine w i t h forcedw a t e r coolingSuspension and Tracks: Leaf springs, pivoted bogiesof three rollers each, pressed plate tracks w i t hgrousersRemarks: Center of g r a v i t y too far to rear to negoti ate obstacles satisfactorily. Track adjustmentmethod unsatisfactory because idlers could notbe moved independently.17

Item No. 7VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: SIX-TON, M 1 9 1 7Date Produced:Total Production:Armament:1918-1919952One 37-mm gun or one cal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.6"M a x i m u m Speed: 5.5 MPHWeight: 7.25 tons stowedEngine:Buda 4-cylinderSuspension and Tracks: Coil andplates w i t h single grouserleaf, tracksflatRemarks: This tank a copy of French Renault. Canadagiven a number of these tanks for training pur poses in 1940. Has tail piece 2' 7 " long whichadds to ability to negotiate obstacles. Defects —too slow, extremely noisy.19

Item No. 8VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:CHRISTIE, M 1 9 1 91919Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 6-pounder in main turret a n d onecal .30 M G in upper turretA r m o r : 0.25" to 1.0"M a x i m u m Speed: 13 MPH on tracksWeight:13.5 tonsEngine: Christie 6-cylinder verticalSuspension and Tracks: Coil spring suspension, steeltracksRemarks: Removable tracks carried above wheelsw h e n not in use, 15 minutes required for eitherchange-over.The Christie suspension employs long coil springsand large bogie wheels in lieu of upper tracksupport rollers. The springs take up valuablespace w i t h i n the vehicle but the suspension hasgenerally improved riding characteristics.21

Item No. 9VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: MARK VIIIDate Produced: 1919 (Partly m f g d by Great Britian,partly by US)Total Production:100A r m a m e n t : Two 6-pounder guns a n d f i v e cal .30 MGsA r m o r : 0.236" to 0.63"M a x i m u m Speed: 6.5 MPHWeight: 43.5 tons stowedEngine: Liberty 12-cylinder V-type w i t h forced w a t e rcoolingSuspension a n d Tracks:integral grousersRigid, pressed steel tracks,Remarks: Had r e m a r k a b l e crushing and tractive abil ity. Considered excellent vehicle for its d a y a n dwas standard heavy tank until about 1931.Defects — too slow, thin armor, mechanicallyunreliable.23

Item No. 10VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: CHRISTIE, M1921Date Produced:1921Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 6-pounder in front a n d one cal .30M G on each sideA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.75"M a x i m u m Speed:7 MPH (tracks), 14 MPH (wheels)Weight: 14 tonsEngine: on and Tracks: Wheels w i t h double rubbertires; front wheels sprung w i t h coil springs, cen ter wheels on pivoted bogiesRemarks: Removable tracks, sliding gear transmissionw i t h 4 speeds f o r w a r d , 4 reverse.Defects — poor maneuverability, crowded crewcompartment.25

Item No. 11VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:MEDIUM A, M19211921Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 6-pounder a n d one cal .30 M G inmain turret; one cal .30 M G in upper turretA r m o r : 0.375" to 1.0"M a x i m u m Speed: 10.1 MPHWeight: 23 tonsEngine: Murray-Tregurtha 6-cylinder.by 8-cylinder PackardLater replacedSuspension and Tracks: Helical spring, all steel (cast)tracks, hollow (oil reservoirs) grousersRemarks: Planetary and sliding transmission, 4 speedsf o r w a r d , 2 speeds reverse. Upper turret re volved on lower.27

Item No. 12VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: MEDIUM, M l 9 2 2Date Produced:1922Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 6-pounder and one cal .30 M G Inmain turret; one cal .30 M G in upper turretA r m o r : 0.375" to 1.0"M a x i m u m Speed: 15.7 MPHWeight: 25 tonsEngine: Murray-Tregurtha1250 RPM6-cylinder195BHP@Suspension and Tracks: Cable; w o o d shoes in bracketspivoted at centerRemarks: Chain type suspension used; later replacedby cable. Defects — tracks and suspension un satisfactory.29

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Item No. 13VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:MEDIUM TANK, T11925Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 6-pounder and one cal .30 M G inmain turret, one cal .30 M G in upper turretA r m o r : 0 . 3 7 5 " to 1.0"M a x i m u m Speed:11.3 MPHWeight: 22 tonsEngine: Special Packard 8-cylinderSuspension a n d Tracks: Helical suspension, all steelf o r g e d tracks, integral grousersRemarks: Low horsepower per ton.31

Item No. 14VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:LIGHT TANK, T11927Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 37-mm gun and one cal .30 M G inone mountA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.375"M a x i m u m Speed: 20 MPHWeight: 7.5 tonsEngine: Cunningham 8-cylinder V-typeSuspension a n d Tracks: Suspension consisted of roll ers, bogies, and equalizing links, no springsRemarks: A l t h o u g h this series of tanks showed con siderable improvement over earlier models, therough r i d i n g qualities outbalanced other advan tages.Defects — f r o n t body projected beyond tracks,poor ventilation.33

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Item No. 15VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:LIGHT TANK, T1E1 ( M l )1928Total Production: 4A r m a m e n t : Same as T1A r m o r : Same as T1M a x i m u m Speed: 18 MPHWeight: 7.5 tonsEngine: Cunningham 8-cylinder V-typeSuspension a n d Tracks: Link suspension, conventionalself-cleaning tracksRemarks: Projection of body front eliminated on thismodified tank, fuel tanks placed above tracks.Defects — skeleton type tracks picked up looseobjects, causing tank to stall.35

Item No. 16VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: ONE-MAN TANK, EXPERI MENTAL (TRACK DEV. CHASSIS, T l )Date Produced:1928Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One cal .30 M GArmor:0.125"M a x i m u m Speed: 19.5 MPHWeight:1.5 tonsEngine: Ford 4-cylinder Model A 42-HP forced watercoolingSuspension and Tracks: Coil spring w i t h wheels slight ly sprung; wheels of a l u m i n u m , solid rubber tires,4 1 / 2 " f l e x i b l e steel band tracksRemarks: This tank was a project on the experimentaldevelopment of tracks.Rear wheels sprungslightly, unsprung front wheels drive, wheels ofa l u m i n u m , solid rubber tires.37

Item No. 17VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:LIGHT TANK, T1E21929Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 37-mm semiautomatic gun a n d onecal .30 M G in same mountA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.625"M a x i m u m Speed: 16 MPHWeight: 8.9 tonsEngine: Used same engine (Cunningham 8-cylinder)as T1 but increased horsepowerSuspension a n d Tracks: Link suspension, conventionalself-cleaning tracksRemarks: Similar to T1 but w i t h increased a r m o r a n dhorsepower.39

Item No. 18VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: SIX-TON, M1917A1Date Produced: Pilot 1929; modified 1930-31Total Production: 7Armament:One 37-mm gun or one cal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.6"M a x i m u m Speed: 10.3 MPHWeight: A p p r o x 6.7 tons without equipmentEngine: Franklin 6-cylinder verticalSuspension a n d Tracks:steel tracksCoil andleafsuspension;Remarks: This " A l " model differed f r o m M l 917 in thechangeover f r o m the Buda engine to a Franklin6-cylinder, air-cooled engine. M o d i f i e d idlersused to reduce noise of track bushings strikingidlers a n d driver sprockets.41

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Item No. 19VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE:Date Produced:LIGHT TANK, T1E31930Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 37-mm semiautomatic gun a n d onecal .30 M GA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.625"M a x i m u m Speed: 21.9 MPHWeight: 8.5 tonsEngine: Cunningham 8-cylinder V-8Suspension and Tracks: 1 / 4 spring, 3 / 4 spring hy draulic; conventional self-cleaning tracksRemarks: In general, characteristics same as T l .Suspension w i t h vertical coil springs w i t h i n hy draulic shock absorbers, improved r i d i n g quali ties. Considerable dead space f o r w a r d for bothdriver a n d gunner. Engine in front.43

Item No. 20VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: MEDIUM TANK, T2Date Produced:1930Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One 47-mm (1.85") gun & one cal .50 M Gin one mount in turret, one 37-mm gun and onecal .30 M G in one mount in hullA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.875"M a x i m u m Speed: 25 MPH, governed 20 MPHWeight:15 tonsEngine: M o d i f i e d Liberty 12-cylinder V-typeSuspension and Tracks:open trackVertical springsuspension,Remarks: Steering brakes operated through vacuumbooster. A Sperry electric-driven gyroscopic di rection indicator installed in this tank. Defects —gunners interfered w i t h each other. Guns in hullhave limited traverse.45

46

Item No. 21VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: COMBAT CAR, T1Date Produced: 1931Total Production:?A r m a m e n t : One cal .50 MG, one cal .30 MG, 360 traverseArmor:1 / 2 " to 5 / 8 "M a x i m u m Speed: 46.8 wheels; 27.3 tracksWeight: 22,220 lbs loadedEngine:Liberty 12-cylinderSuspension a n d Tracks: Individually sprung helicalspring suspension, f l a t tracks, selective slidinggear transmissionRemarks: Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5 delivered to Fort Knox in1932. These differ f r o m M e d i u m Tank, T3, inthat 37-mm g u n has been replaced by cal .50machine gun.47

Item No. 22VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: CHRISTIE, M l 9 3 1VERTIBLE MEDIUM TANK, T3)(CON Date Produced: 1931Total Production: 7A r m a m e n t : One 37-mm gun and one cal .30 M G inone mountA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.625"M a x i m u m Speed: 40 MPH, 70 MPHWeight: 10 1/2 tonsEngine: Ordnance Liberty 12-cylinder V-12Suspension and Tracks: Individually sprungspring suspension, f l a t trackhelicalRemarks: Removable tracks, require 30 minutes forchange. Six models have chain drive f r o m sprock et to rear road wheel. Four large w e i g h t - b e a r i n gwheels on each side are distinctive feature ofthese tanks. Two chassis of this type bought byRussia. In February 1931 one of these tanksmade cross-country run of 141 miles at averagespeed of 21.1 MPH w i t h no mechanical difficul ties. Due to time necessary for change-over f r o mwheels to tracks, change must be made beforecoming into hostile fire area.49

50

Item No. 23VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE: COMBAT CAR, T2 (FOR MERLY CONVERTIBLE ARMORED CAR, T5)Date Produced:1931Total Production: 1A r m a m e n t : One cal .50 M G a n d one cal .30 M G inturret mount; one cal .30 M G in f r o n t of crewcompartmentA r m o r : 0.25" to 0.50"M a x i m u m Speed:tracks30 MPH on wheels, 20 MPH o

The technical data on the older model tanks have been . 48 Medium Tank M2A1 1940 100-101 49 Medium Tank, M. 3 . 1940 102-103 50 Light Tank, M3A1 1941 104-105 51 Light Tank, M3E1 1941 106-107 52 Light Tank, M3E2 1941 108-109 . machine gun

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