Uses Of Primary Data Typeset - Home NHNM
USES OF PRIMARYSPECIESOCCURRENCEDATAArthur D. Chapman1Abstract:This paper examines uses for primary speciesoccurrence data in research, education and inother areas of human endeavour, and providesexamples from the literature of many of theseuses. The paper examines not only data fromlabels, or from observational notes, but the datainherent in museum and herbarium collectionsthemselves, which are long-term storagereceptacles of information and data that are stilllargely untouched. Projects include the study ofthe species and their distributions through bothtime and space, their use for education, bothformal and public, for conservation and scientificresearch, use in medicine and forensic studies, innatural resource management and climate change,in art, history and recreation, and for social andpolitical use. Uses are many and varied and maywell form the basis of much of what we do aspeople every day.Australian Biodiversity Information ServicesPO Box 7491, Toowoomba South, Qld, Australiaemail: papers.digit@gbif.org1
2005, Global Biodiversity Information FacilityMaterial in this publication is free to use, with proper attribution. Recommended citation format:Chapman, A. D. 2005. Uses of Primary Species-Occurrence Data, version 1.0. Report for theGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen.This paper was commissioned from Arthur Chapman in 2004 by the GBIF DIGIT programme tohighlight the importance of data quality as it relates to primary species occurrence data. Ourunderstanding of these issues and the tools available for facilitating error checking and cleaning israpidly evolving. As a result we see this paper as an interim discussion of the topics as they stood in2004. Therefore, we expect there will be future versions of this document and would appreciate thedata provider and user communities’ input.Comments and suggestions can be submitted to:Larry SpeersSenior Programme OfficerDigitization of Natural History CollectionsGlobal Biodiversity Information FacilityUniversitetsparken 152100 Copenhagen ØDenmarkE-mail: lspeers@gbif.organdArthur ChapmanAustralian Biodiversity Information ServicesPO Box 7491, Toowoomba SouthQueensland 4352AustraliaE-mail: papers.gbif@achapman.orgJuly 2005Cover image Else Østergaard Andersen 2005Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soo ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hyl.
ContentsIntroduction . 1Data interchange and distributed data . 3Multiple uses . 4GBIF Demonstration Project 2003. 4Benefits of making species-occurrence data available . 4Taxonomy. 7Taxonomic Research . 7Name and Taxonomic Indices . 7Floras and Faunas . 8Taxonomy and Ecological Biogeography . 9Field Guides. 10Integrated electronic resources . 11Check lists and inventories . 12Image Databases . 12Phylogenies. 12Parataxonomy . 13Automated Identification Tools. 13Biogeographic Studies. 14Distribution Atlases . 14Species Distribution Modelling . 16Predicting new species distributions . 18Studying species decline. 18Species Diversity and Populations . 19Species Diversity, Richness and Density . 19Population Modelling — Population Viability Analysis. 21Species Inter-relations . 22Protecting Communities . 22Life Histories and Phenologies . 23Life History Studies. 23Phenology . 23Endangered, Migratory and Invasive Species . 24Endangered Species. 24Invasive species and translocation studies . 25Migratory Species. 28Impact of Climate Change. 31On Native Species . 31On Primary Production. 31Desertification . 32Ecology, Evolution and Genetics. 33Vegetation Classification. 33Mapping Vegetation . 33Habitat loss . 34Paper by Athur Chapmancommissioned by GBIFPage iRelease date:July 2005
Ecosystem function . 34Survey Design - Finding the Gaps. 35Evolution, Extinction and Genetics. 36Microbial diversity and speciation . 37Archaeological studies. 38Environmental Regionalisation. 39National Planning studies . 39Regional Planning Studies. 39Marine Regionalisations . 40Aquatic Regionalisations. 40Conservation Planning. 41Rapid Biodiversity Assessment . 41Identifying Biodiversity Priority Areas . 41Reserve Selection . 42Complementarity . 42Ex-situ Conservation . 43Sustainable Use . 44Seed Banks and Germplasm Banks. 44Natural Resource Management . 45Land Resources . 45Water Resources . 45Environment Protection. 45Environmental Monitoring . 46Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Mining . 47Agriculture. 47Forestry. 50Fishing . 51Nursery and Pet Industry . 53Mining . 54Health and Public Safety . 56Diseases and disease vectors . 56Bioterrorism. 57Biosafety. 57Environmental Contaminants . 57Antivenoms. 58Parasitology . 58Safer Herbal Products. 59Bioprospecting . 60Pharmaceuticals. 60Forensics. 61Border Control and Wildlife Trade. 64Border Controls and Customs . 64Quarantine . 65Wildlife Trade . 65Education and Public Outreach. 66School level education. 66Paper by Athur Chapmancommissioned by GBIFPage iiRelease date:July 2005
University level education. 66Training of Parataxonomists. 67Public awareness . 67Museum displays . 68Image Databases . 68Public Participation Programs . 68Tree of Life. 69Ecotourism . 70Valuing Ecotourism. 70Training Guides and Operators . 70Guide Books . 70Gardens, Zoos, Aquariums, Museums and Wildlife Parks . 71Art and History. 72History of Science—Tracking Explorers and Collectors . 72Art and Science. 72Indigenous Art . 73Stamps . 73Society and Politics. 74Social Uses of Biodiversity . 74Anthropology and Language . 74Ethnobiology . 75Data Repatriation. 75Biodiversity collecting. 76Recreational Activities . 77Recreational fishing. 77Hunting . 77Photography and Film-making . 77Gardening . 78Bushwalking, Hiking and Trekking . 78Bird Observing . 78Human Infrastructure Planning . 79Risk Assessment . 79Landscaping. 79Wild Animals and Infrastructure . 80Building timbers . 80Aquatic and Marine Biodiversity. 81Conclusion. 82Acknowledgements. 83References . 84Index . 100Paper by Athur Chapmancommissioned by GBIFPage iiiRelease date:July 2005
IntroductionPlant and animal specimen data held in museums and herbaria, survey data and speciesobservational data provide a vast information resource, providing not only present day informationon the locations of these entities, but also historic information going back several hundred years(Chapman and Busby 1994). It is estimated that there are approximately 2.5-3 billion collectionsworldwide in museums, herbaria and other collection institutions (Duckworth et al. 1993, OECD1999). In addition there are untold numbers of observational data records. Projects to digitise thisinformation are underway in many institutions, with others at either the discussion or planningstage.A key purpose of digital information in the biological sciences is to provide users of informationwith a cost-effective method of querying and analysing that information. The biological world isinfinitely complex and must be generalised, approximated and abstracted in order to be representedand understood (Goodchild et al. 1991). Ways of presenting biodiversity information to users isthrough the use of geographic information systems, environmental modelling tools, decisionsupport systems, books, cds, images and on-line databases, specimens and their parts, DNA reports,etc. Within these tools, however, it is essential that variation be sampled and measured, and errorand uncertainty be described and visualised. It is in this area that we still have a long way to go(Goodchild et al. 1991).The uses of primary species-occurrence data are wide and varied and encompase virtually everyaspect of human endeavour – food, shelter and recreation; art and history, society, science andpolitics. The examples shown in this paper emphasizes the importance of having museum specimendata digitized and made available to the wider user community. In this way, the collections will bemade even more valuable than they already are, and provide new opportunities for funding andcollaboration through their increased relevance and value to a much larger audience. Withdwindling resources being made available for the biological sciences, funding bodies are beginningto ask the relevance of many natural history collections, and it is becoming increasingly moredifficult to obtain funds for collection maintenance. By making information available to the broaderscientific community for use in conservation and the many other areas of study covered in thispaper, institutions will have a much more robust
Digitization of Natural History Collections Global Biodiversity Information Facility Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark E-mail: lspeers@gbif.org and Arthur Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services PO Box 7491, Toowoomba South Queensland 4352 Australia E-mail: papers.gbif@achapman.org July 2005
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