Architecture Development For Sensor Integration In The .
Architecture Developmentfor Sensor Integration in theEPCglobal NetworkJin Mitsugi*, Tatsuya Inaba*, Béla Pátkai***, LilaTheodorou***, Jongwoo Sung**, Tomás SánchezLópez**, Daeyoung Kim**, Duncan McFarlane***,Hisakazu Hada*, Yuusuke Kawakita*, KosukeOsaka*, Osamu Nakamura**Keio University, Japan**ICU, Korea***University of Cambridge, UKReport Abstract: The integration of EPCglobal network andwireless sensor networking (WSN) technology explores a newtechnical horizon leveraging the simultaneous ID and sensordata manipulation. Although the importance of the twotechnologies, RFID and WSN, is widely recognized, theirintegration is still in its infancy. This white paper provides thefundamental classification of sensor integration to EPCglobalnetwork, review of applications and existing and backgroundtechnology to reveal the technical requirements. The ontologyand a reference model, layout of roles and interfaces, ofsensor-integrated EPCglobal network is derived.Published July 2007Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20071Software & NetworkAuto-ID Labs White Paper WP-SWNET-018
ContentsContents . 21.Introduction . 42.Terminology and Classification. 72.1.2.2.3.Terminology . 7Classification of RFID-sensor integration . 8Applications of the RFID- sensor integration . 103.1.Healthcare . 103.1.1.Treatment quality improvement . 103.1.2.Medication error reduction . 113.1.3.Accurate medical records . 113.1.4.Cost reduction . 113.2.Logistics . 123.2.1.Accurate location tracking . 123.2.2.Condition monitoring of products . 123.2.3.Automatic product tamper detection . 133.3.Integrated System Health Management in Aerospace . 133.3.1.Design. 143.3.2.Manufacturing and distribution . 143.3.3.Usage . 143.3.4.Service . 153.3.5.EOL . 154.Background on Involved Technology . 164.1.EPCglobal network . 164.2.RFID and sensor integration . 174.3.Wireless sensor networks . 184.4.Plug-and-play technology . 204.4.1.IEEE 1451 Family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards . 204.4.2.Alternative technology for plug-and-play functionality . 204.5.Sensor tags . 225.Requirements and Issues for the Sensor-integrated EPCglobal Network Architecture . 235.1.Requirements and issues for data delivery. 235.1.1.Sensor plug and play . 235.1.2.Public and private functional nodes . 245.1.3.Data filtering . 255.1.4.Enhanced air protocol . 255.1.5.Enhanced tag data standard . 25Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20072
5.2.Requirements for data management . 265.2.1.Semantic modelling . 265.2.2.Directory service . 266.Sensor-integrated EPCglobal Network Architecture and Reference Models . 286.1.Ontology of sensor-integrated EPCglobal network . 296.2.Reference models for sensor-integrated EPCglobal network . 306.2.1.Logical integration at application level . 306.2.2.Logical integration ALE level . 316.2.3.Hardware integration in a networked system . 326.2.4.Logical integration at EPCIS level through aggregated transport . 337.Summary . 358.Acknowledgments . 35References . 36Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20073
1. IntroductionIT has changed and enriched our lives in many ways. It enables us to communicate withpeople living on the other side of the globe via video chat system; it also make it easier,faster and more accurate to execute administrative tasks which used to take at least a fewdays in the absence of this technology. However, in order for us to enjoy these benefits, wefirst need to input information about the physical space into the information space by somemeans. In other words, none of those things, people and events that are isolated from theinformation space are able to make our life more convenient by means of IT. In order toremove this constraint and improve the quality of our life, many efforts to connect thepreviously mentioned physical space with the information space have been made andtechnologies have been proposed as a solution. The technologies that enable thisconnection are called ubiquitous computing technology. Two of the most important enablingtechnologies of ubiquitous computing are radio frequency identification (RFID) technologyand sensor technology, particularly Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN).The general application domains of RFID and WSN are different. Most WSN applicationshave been designed and realized to provide physical environment monitoring, while RFIDapplications have been applied historically for asset identification in the supply chain. Thesedifferent considerations bring out different research directions although both of them useinformation technology to interact with the physical space.For identification of an RFID-attached asset in the global scale supply chain, a well-designednetwork architecture that can handle global scale operations is essential. To realize the‘Internet of Things’, which links assets in the physical space to the information space, anInternet-based architecture was proposed and developed by EPCglobal and the Auto-ID labs(previously Auto-ID Center).Unlike RFID, WSN tends to be implemented as a separate network for dedicated services inthe local (edge) domain. Thus, most research efforts on WSNs fall into developing aneffective in-network data aggregation mechanism with limited resources, while connection toinfrastructure networks is hardly considered.Due to these different characteristics of RFID and WSN, they are considered to be differenttechnologies and have been developed separately. However, according to technologyresearch groups [1] and visionaries [2], RFID and WSN technologies will eventually beconverged in the future as shown in Figure 1.1.Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20074
Smart SensorNetworkActive RFIDSemi Passive RFIDTag ssive RFIDFunctional complexityAd-hocAdAd- ingSensorsSensorsManagement,Smart ocCommunication,PowerManagementSensory Cglobal Network(Internet of Things)EPCglobal Network(Internet of Things)EPCglobal Network(Internet of Things)IdentificationIdentificationArchitecture EvolutionEPCglobal Network(Internet of Things)RFID Evolution- Lab ICUc Auto- IDFigure 1.1: Evolution of RFIDHowever, the current Internet-based architecture of RFID might not be the best solution tosupport more complex tags such as active tags and smart sensor networks. The de-factoglobal standard, EPCglobal network, fundamentally supports identification of an asset withidentity tags.On the other hand, current WSNs are far from actualizing a global network vision. Althoughthe WSN is considered as the future technology of RFID tag evolution, one WSN cannot talkto another WSN. Current WSNs are pre-configured to serve a single purpose service in alocal network domain, which makes it almost impossible to share information among multipleWSNs.The objective of this white paper is to develop the architecture for sensor integratedEPCglobal network. The term ‘architecture’, in this paper represents a set of roles andinterfaces in and among networking entities such as interrogators, sensors, tags, applicationsand information services. Research efforts have been particularly focused on theclassification of the sensor integration models and new roles as well as new protocols thatare not relevant in the existing EPCglobal network. The goal of the proposed architecture isto provide a communication tool with concepts clearly understandable by a wide audience. ItReport number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20075
should be noted that the implementation of the architecture is outside the scope of this whitepaper. The foundations of this architecture development are contributed from researchactivities done individually inside Auto-ID Labs ([3]-[9]).The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 defines the terminology in the paper andprovides the fundamental classification of sensor integration. Section 3 analyzes the benefitsand requirements of the sensor-integrated EPCglobal network with representative industries:healthcare, logistics and integrated system health management in aerospace. Section 4introduces background and involved technology. Since our objective is to provide a set ofroles and interface in an abstract manner, we have tried to extract all the virtue of existingproposals. In Section 5, the requirements and issues in sensor integration are derived in viewof data delivery and data management. In Section 6, the architecture of sensor integratedEPCglobal network is presented in two abstraction levels, one is the ontology and the otheris the reference models tailored to EPCglobal network.Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20076
2. Terminology and Classification2.1. TerminologyAgent: A general concept describing an entity (physical, living or software) with significantindependence, capacity for decision making and actionsApplication: A set of procedures to produce output data from input data. The procedure isusually carried out by computersArchitecture: A set of roles and interfaces in and among networking entities such asinterrogators, sensors, tags, applications and information servicesData record: A database record or memory field storing dataDatabase (repository): A composition of ‘data’ recordsEntity: A logical unit representing a group of rolesEvent: The occurrence of a change of significance in the physical state or information contentof an agentFunctional node: General description of RFID tag, sensor node, actuator and interrogatorInformation service: A software which is designated to serve another applicationInterface: Standardized procedure to exchange information among entitiesInterrogator: General expression for RFID reader/writer and sensor base station. Interrogatorhas communication capability with network entityMessage: The exchange of information between agentsNetworked RFID: RFID system in which interrogators, applications and information servicesare communicatingProtocol: Precise description of a vocabulary and interaction method of agents over airinterface or wired connectionQuery: A question posed in a formal language and relating to a relevant dataset in thesystemRead event: A logical unit of interrogator read comprises Time stamp, Interrogator ID,Tag/Sensor ID and additional data (sensor data)Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20077
RFID tag: A microelectronic device including a memory and antenna for wireless datacommunications. Each RFID tag is assigned a unique ID. RFID tags are classified intopassive RFID tag, semi-passive RFID tag and active RFID tagRole: A particular functionSensor: A device to measure physical amount quantitativelySensor base station (BS): A device which provides aggregated communication between a setof sensors and applications. A sensor BS may be referred to as a sensor sink. A sensor BS isa type of interrogator.Sensor node: A device which provides communication function to sensor(s). Thecommunications are either toward sensor base station or among sensor nodes. A sensornode may have sensor in itSensor tag: Tags, which have sensing capability. Examples are Class II–IV tags in EPC. TheID does not confined to be EPCTranslation: Numerical translation from the raw sensor data to the physical value (cf. 8bitdata to temperature)Unique identification number (Unique ID): A positive integer representing an entity exclusivelyin a particular numbering system (for example, EPCglobal, DoD and ATA have their ownnumbering systems)2.2. Classification of RFID-sensor integrationThere are typically five modes to correlate identification data in EPCglobal network andsensor data locations (Figure 2.1). All modes are common in view of sensor data andidentification data are fed into the designate application or information service.1.SEPCREPC Network3.passive tag(air interface)SSS2.SSRSEPC NetworkActive Tag(active air interface)4.Rpassive tag(air interface)EPCEPC NetworkSensor network(ad-hoc communication)5.SEPCRGen2 TagEPC NetworkEPCS sensor dataSpassive tag(air interface)sensor tag(sensor node)RREPC NetworkSReaderFigure 2.1: Modes of identification and sensor data integrationReport number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20078
When we study how the sensor data is incorporated with ID data, the five modes can beclassified into hardware and logical integration. For now, let us assume that RFID involvesEPCglobal network but not confined to. In case of hardware integration, sensor data isassociated with the identity of the sensed object at the hardware level, whereas in case oflogical integration, sensor data is associated with the identity of the sensed object at theupper layers of the RFID/sensor data integration architecture (2.2).RFID–SensorIntegrationHardware Integration‘On-tag’ integrationSensor data is readthrough the air interfaceLogical IntegrationSensor data is logicallyassociated with the identityof the sensed object in theapplicationFigure 2.2: Basic classification of RFID-sensor integrationThe five modes depicted in Figure 2.1 can be further categorized into logical and hardwareclassification forming a matrix of sensor integrated EPCglobal network.Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 20079
3. Applications of the RFID- sensor integrationIn this section, representative applications of the sensor in the EPCglobal network areintroduced with the focus on identifying the requirements for the network architecture.3.1. HealthcareIntegration of sensors and RFID in healthcare will improve quality and efficiency of thetreatment in various ways. We assume that RFID-sensor integrated system will be used notonly inside medical institutions, such as general hospital, rehabilitation facility and nursinghome, but also outside these facilities while patients and equipments for treatment are on themove. There are several potential applications in healthcare.3.1.1. Treatment quality improvementPatients’ conditions are carefully monitored inside an operating room or a sickroom but notso much while they are in, for instance, hallways or bathrooms. The same can be true whenthey are outside medical institutions. However, it is possible that patients’ condition getsworse while they are in unmonitored areas, and this is critical. With the availability of sensorsand RFID integrated systems, it is possible to monitor patients’ conditions in such scenariosand to notify doctors when their conditions deteriorate suddenly. To realize this kind ofubiquitous healthcare, patients’ location needs to be known, which can be done by taggingthem, and their health conditions need to be monitored with vital sensors. Since the type ofsensor depends on the patient, we need to provide a flexible mechanism to handle sensor ina plug-and-play manner. Application systems that monitor patients inside a medicalinstitution collect both identification and sensory data about the patients and integrate them.If logical integration is used, location information of the patient and the sensor devices is thekey for the integration. Application systems that monitor patients outside medical institutionsalso need to collect those data; therefore, there needs a mechanism to link captured data(both identification and sensory) with the application systems. In other words, applicationsystems need to discover the available ID and sensor system (interrogator and sensors)while the ID and sensory system need to resolve the destinations of captured data. We alsoneed to accommodate new applications by providing a way to discover appropriate sensorsand RFID readers, which were already installed.Report number 2007 CopyrightPublished July, 200710
3.1.2. Medication error reductionAn important challenge in healthcare is to reduce medication errors. Causes of medicationerrors include doctors' or nurses' treatment mistakes, their order mistakes, their checkmistakes, and so on. In some case, an order change is made by the doctor but not informedto nurses appropriately, and the treatment based on the old order causes a medication error.In any case, if a sy
Classification of RFID-sensor integration . There are typically five modes to correlate identification data in EPCglobal network and sensor data locations (Figure 2.1). All modes are common in view of sensor data and identification data are fed into the designate application or information service. sensor tag. Reader. EPC. Gen2 Tag. sensor data .
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