Clinical Exome Sequencing - University Of Utah
Clinical Exome SequencingPinar Bayrak-Toydemir, M.D., Ph.D.Rong Mao, M.D.
Outline1- Exome Sequencing Methodology2- Guidelines / Recommendations3- Real Life Experience
“Every dollar we spent to map the human genome hasreturned 140 to our economy -- 1 of investment, 140 inreturn.”--President Obama April 2, 2013Remarks by the President on the BRAIN Initiative and American Innovation,
History1953 Discovery of DNA structure1977 Discovery of Sanger sequencing1985 Development of PCR1999 First human chromosome sequenced- ch 222004 Development of next generation sequencing (NGS)2008 First individual genome sequenced using NGS
Exome sequencingA powerful tool for gene discoveryOver 200 genes have been discovered in a couple of yearsNow a powerful diagnostic tool !
Next Generation Sequencing Cost DroppingCost per base is in free-fall !http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts/
Cost driven test ordering change FBN1Sanger sequencingAortapathy (Marfan andMarfan like syndromes)10 gene NGS panel
Total Number of Cases in ARUPNext Generation Sequencing Lab60504030Total number of cases20100Jan-Mar 2012Apr-Jun 2012Jul-Sep 2012Oct-Dec 2012Jan-Mar 2013
What is Exome sequencing ?The sequence of all exons of the genomeWhat is missing?Some protein coding genesSome exons of some genesNon-genic control elementsCopy number changesStructural changesmtDNASome microRNA genes
Why Exome Sequencing?Focuses on the part of the genome we understand best,the exons of the genesExons comprise 1% of the genome 85% of all known disease causing mutations are locatedon exonsExome sequencing costs 1/6 of the cost of whole genomesequencing
Diagnostic YieldBased on the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Programclinical sensitivity of exome sequencing is around 20%Possibly selection of “best” casesGahl et al., Vol14 (1) Jan 2012 Genetics in medicine
Diagnostic OdysseyMultiple congenital abnormalitiesIntellectual disabilityUnexplained developmental delay or declining
Preanalytic ConsiderationsPatient specific:- well defined findings- good evidence for a genetic basisFamily specific:- affected family members- inheritance pattern
Analytic ConsiderationsLimitations of exome testing- capturing efficiencyBioinformatic aspects- variant calling- filtering- analyzing genes only in Human GenomeMutation Database or OMIM- analyzing genes on mandatory reporting
Postanalytic ConsiderationsReporting- negative, positive, uncertain for primary patient findingEthical and counseling issuesPatient consentEducation of consumers (patients, clinicians, payers)
Clinical Exome Sequencing Agilent and Nimblegen liquid capturingIndexing of samples (barcoding)Illumina HiSeq 2000Alignment / Variant calling / Phenotype scoringCandidate mutation listInterpretation
CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGWork flow :Time Frame:DNA (Sheared DNA)Library prep2 dayswith automationEnrichment (RNA or DNA beads in solution)BarcodingCluster generationSequencingData Analysis1 day14 days for paired-end5-10 days
CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGWork flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)Library prepEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData Analysis
CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGWork flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)DNA fragmentsLibrary prepRepair and prepare endsLigate adaptersEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData AnalysisAdapters attach flow cells forcluster formation
CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGWork flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)λmax157 bpAfter Sonication150-200 bp desiredLibrary prepEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generation244 bpAfter adapterbindingSequencingData AnalysisPeak shift indicates successful library generation
CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGWork flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)Gene :Library prepEx 1Ex 2CoverageEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData AnalysisBiotinylated RNA library baits covers all exons annotated in theconsensus CDS database as well as flanking sequence for eachtargeted region and small non-coding RNAs
Work flow :CLINICAL EXOME SEQUENCINGDNA (Sheared DNA)Library prepEnrichmentA flow cell attachedBarcoding with adaptorsHybridization of enrichedDNA to flow cellBridgingCluster generationSequencingData Analysisx n cycles of amplificationAfter amplificationclustered fragments
Work flow :4 reversibleincorporate onedye terminators nt at a timecaptureimagecleave dyeterminatorDNA (Sheared DNA)100 cyclesLibrary prepEnrichment100bpBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData AnalysisTACG- - -
Work flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)Library prepEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData AnalysisTGCAImage of clusters during sequencing.
Work flow :Paired-End Reading (2X100 bp)DNA (Sheared DNA)Seq primerReads 100 bpSeq primerReads 100 bpLibrary prepFlipEnrichmentBarcodingReference sequenceCluster generationSequencingData AnalysisPaired end reads Increase read coverage per cluster More accurate reading and alignment Detect small and large insertions, deletions,inversions, and other rearrangements
Work flow : Sequencing Data, Exon Coverage of a GeneDNA (Sheared DNA)Library prepEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData Analysis
Work flow :DNA (Sheared DNA)Library prepEnrichmentBarcodingCluster generationSequencingData Analysis
GUIDELINES/REGULATIONSCLIA/CAP/ACMG
Guide validation of samples, analysis and reportingGenetics in Medicine, 2013
Direct laboratories to return with each genomicsequencing order results from 57 genes in whichmutations greatly increase risk of 24 serious, buttreatable diseases, even if clinicians do notsuspect patients have them.
What are incidental findings?Variants found by exome/genome sequencing , which areunrelated to the disease of interest- majority of them are benign- a small number of them (between 1-5) might be well-described,disease-associated mutations
Incidental FindingsThe ACMG Working Group recommended that the laboratoryactively search for the specified types of mutations in thespecified genes listed in these recommendations.Mandatory reporting known mutations for the disorders:- Hereditary cancers,- Marfan syndrome,- Long QT syndrome,- Brugada syndrome,- Certain cardiomypathies
Patient Autonomy?the ACMG Working Group did not favor offering thepatient a preference as to whether or not to receive theminimum list of incidental findings described in theserecommendations.This may be seen to violate existing ethical normsregarding the patient’s autonomy and “right not to know”genetic risk information.
Returning incidental findings in childrenRecommendations for seeking and reporting incidental findingsnot be limited by the age of the person being sequenced.The ethical concerns about providing children with genetic riskinformation about adult-onset diseases were outweighed by thepotential benefit to the future health of the child and the child’sparent of discovering an incidental finding where interventionmight be possible.
AmbryARUPBaylorEmoryGeneDxUCLAName of testClinical DiagnosticExomeTMExome SequencingWith SymptomGuided AnalysisWhole ExomeSequencingEmExome: ClinicalWhole ExomeSequencingXomeDxClinical ExomeSequencingBegan Turn around time(weeks)8–1612–16151512–1611–12Method (exomecapture)Agilent SureSelectAgilent SureSelect,NimbleGen SeqCapNimbleGen(customdesigned) VCRome2.1NimbleGen SeqCapAgilent SureSelectAgilent SureSelectCoverage: (meandepth of coverage)90–100X 100X 100X100X100-120X 100XCoverage (% targetbases covered at10)90%95% 95%96%90–95%95%Variantconfirmation Only primary Only primary Primary, somesecondary results Primary, allsecondary results Only primary Only primaryJamal SM, Yu J-H, Chong JX, Dent KM, Conta JH, Tabor HK, Bamshad MJ. 2013. Practices and policies of clinical exome sequencing providers: Analysis and implications. Am J Med Genet Part A 9999:1–16
Exome Interp Algorithm: weekly meetingVariants (SNV)s in 20-25,000 genes, 20K-30KSNVs 2,000BioinformaticistInherited 40-60De NovoPathogenic 40-60HGMD/OMIM 200-400Symptom guided analysisVariants interpretation: dbSNP, diseasedatabase, SIFT, Polyphen 2, ARUP frequency,publication, OMIM and HGMDSanger Confirm/ReportMedical Director/Genetic Counselor
Bioinformatics Pipeline: NGSVariant ViewerBrendan O’Fallon: Bioinformaticist at ARUP
Pop. frequency:e.g. Exclude all var with popfrequency greater than 0.01Exon effect: e.g. Excludevar intergenic, intragenic,UTRQuality & DepthDeleterious Score: SIFT,PolyPhen, Mutation TasterGenes & RegionsHGMD & OMIMCourtesy of Brendan O’Fallon
Pedigree analysis:Including affectedfam mem andparentsIGV viewerIncidentalfindings57 genesCourtesy of Brendan O’Fallon
ARUP frequency:42 total, 2: autovalidation, 7:noonan, 2: marfan, 31: HHTCourtesy of Brendan O’Fallon
Case 1: trio 9 mos. boy Postnatal growth failure, global DD, hypotonia Mildly distinctive craniofacial features, dysphagia,sleep disturbance No fam HxPhysical exam: global DDNeuro/muscularEEG, EchoBrain MRI, Upper GIMicroarrayMetabolic evaluationCF PanelNormal
Case 1: bioinformaticsBioinformatics Data Analysis: Overall: 44,760 Initial filtering criteria: Remove var homo in parents: 19,688 Remove var freq 5%: 4,755 Remove synonymous and deep intronic var Initial filtering yielded 781 missense mutations 105 exonic insertions / deletions 30 potential splice site variants 18 stop gains / losses Total: 934
Case 1: variants reviewBioinformatics Data Analysis: Inheritance: autosomal recessive, X-linked,de novo Clinical Information: patient symptomsincluded hypotonia and fail to thrive HGMD genes, Variant Ranking (BrendanO’Fallon) Yield: 381 Two medical directors review the variants
Case 1: candidate gene/mutation MOGS gene: two missense variants V62M andV567I/Sanger confirmed, parents: Hetc. 1699G A, p.V567Ic. 184G A, p.V62MCourtesy to Brendan O’Fallon
Case 1: MOGS Autosomal Recessive Mutation causing Congenital glycosylation disorder typeIIb phenotype: affect neonatal, severe hypotonia,dysmorphic features Biochemical assay: elevated oligosaccharides (urine) Consultation with Dr. Longo : not likely Typical features of CDG: FTT (Has), strabismus (not listed),abnormal cerebellum (not listed), inverted nipples (notlisted), abnormal fat pads in the buttocks (not listed) butabnormal in the fingers.
Case 1: MOGS Variant c.184G A (p.V62M): in dbSNP 2.9% freq Emory University Genetics Mutation database: ass.php classification: Benign Variant c.1699G A (p.V567I): 0.9% freq, not inliterature SIFT: deleterious, Polyphen2: damage Classification: Variant of unknown significant (VUS)
Case 1: MLL2 De novo variant: c. 6664C T, p. Q2222X ( 22X coverage) Kabuki syndrome distinctive facial features “peculiar face” Skeletal anomalies: brachydactyly,spinal deformity Mild-moderate mental retardation Postnatal growth deficiency Sanger sequencing: failed confirmation
Case 1: report No pathogenic mutation detected by symptomguided analysis One VUS found in MOGS , V567I Follow up: Oligosaccharides and transferrin normal Lesson learned: clinical phenotype plays importantrole for data analysis
Case 2: Proband onlyClinical Information: 3 year-old female with intractable epilepsy,hypotonia, and developmental regression. aCGH performed at the University of Floridadetected UPD9. One mutation detected in Tpp1gene. Physician interested in evaluating “neuro”genes on Chromosomes 9 and X. Parental samples were not submitted.
Case 2: BioinformaticsBioinformatics Data Analysis: Initial filtering yielded 1093 missense mutations 93 exonic Insertions / deletions 916 potential splice site variants 26 stop gains / losses Total: 2128 No relatives available for filtering Clinical Information: Patient symptoms includedepilepsy, intractable seizures, hypotonia anddevelopmental delay HGMD genes, Variant Ranking (Brendan O’Fallon):Yield: 291
Case2: Alexander Disease? Varian in GFAP:GeneVariantGFAPc. 469G A, p.Asp157Asn (D157N),MissenseInheritance PhenotypeAutosomalDominantAlexander Disease Alexander disease: AD, early onset seizures,psychomotor impairment, developmental delay,macrocephaly Dx: Brain MRI Contact MD, normal MRI Variant also in 0.5% population
Case2: Report 2 mutations and 1 VUS notypeGRIA3c.381 382insGp.GLy127 fsHomoX-linkedPathogenic X-linkeddevelopmentaldelayTPP1c.196C Tp.Q66XHeteroRecessivePathogenic Neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis type2GABRG2c.1204G Ap.A402THeteroDominantVariant lepsy and febrileseizures
Case2: Follow up Parental specimens received: GRIA3c.381 382insG (p.GLy127 fs): Homomother and hemi-father : not causative forpatient pheno TPP1 c.196C T (p.Q66X): Het-father GABR2 c.1204G A (p. A402T): Het-father, ADnot causative Lesson learned: proband only will be difficultfor data analysis/interpretation and lower thepositive yield
Case 3: trio 11 yrs. male Globe DD, short stature, feeding problem require G-tube,hypotonia, hypoplastic genitalia, pectus carinatum,behavioral problems, broad deviated thumbs and greattoes, dysmorphic facial features including a flat face,posteriorly rotated ears Fam history, NOCMA SNPFISH for DiGeorge, Prader-Willi, subtelomericrearrangements, 16p for Rubinstein-TaybiNormalMetabolic screening wit UOA/AA, urine MPSsKaryotype , 46, XYEEG and Brain MRI
Case 3: Bioinformatics/Variant reviewBioinformatics Data Analysis: Same initial filtering criteria used Inheritance: autosomal recessive, X-linked, de novo Clinical Information: patient symptoms includedGlobe DD, short stature, feeding problem,hypotonia, hypoplastic genitalia, behavioralproblems, broad deviated thumbs and great toes,flat face, posteriorly rotated ears HGMD genes, Variant Ranking (Brendan O’Fallon)
Case 3: Candidate Gene/mutation ARID1B gene: de novo variant, c.4204G T, p.E1402Xc.4204G T, p.E1402X
Case 3: ARID1B ARID1B: At-rich interaction domain-containingprotein 1BSanten et al, 2012, NatureGenetics:“de novo truncated mutationsin ARID1B gene in threeindividuals with Coffin-Sirissyndrome”
Case 3: Coffin-Siris Globe developmental delay Short stature Feeding difficulties Hypotonia Moderate to severe learning difficulties Broad thumbs and toes Posterior rotated ears Mostly AR, can also be sporadic or AD
Case 3: Report One pathogenic mutation that is predictedto be causative to the patient's symptomswas detectedGeneVar.ZygosityInheritanceARID1Bc.4204G Tp.E1402XHeteroDe novoVar.CategoryPhenotypePathogenic Coffin Sirissyndrome
Conclusion Clinical exome sequencing has a great potential fordiagnosing diseases of unknown etiology; possibleleading to improve treatment and patient care. Quality control measures, data analysis and reportingof incidental findings will continue to evolve andimprove. Exome interpretation is optimally performed byincluding bioinformaticians, geneticists and clinicians
AcknowledgementARUP R&D Whitney Donahue Shale Dames Brendan O’FallonUniversity of Utah Nicola Longo Alan RopeARUP Institute for Clinical &Experimental PathologyARUP Genomics Lab Ana Hooker Jennifer Stocks Tyler Wayman Marc Singleton Lisa Robles Josh RaneyARUP Genetics Counselors Chris Miller Patti KrautscheidARUP Laboratories
Ambry ARUP Baylor Emory GeneDx UCLA Name of test Clinical Diagnostic ExomeTM Exome Sequencing With Symptom-Guided Analysis Whole Exome Sequencing EmExome: Clinical Whole Exome Sequencing XomeDx Clinical Exome Sequencing Began offering 09/2011 04/2012 10/2011 06/2012 01/2012 01/2012 Turn around time (weeks) 8–16 12–16 15 15 12–16 11–12 .
Purpose: Reports of the use of whole-exome sequencing in clini-cal practice are limited. We report our experience with whole-exome sequencing in 115 patients in a single center and evaluate its feasibil-ity and clinical usefulness in clinical care. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was utilized based on the judg-ment of three clinical geneticists.
different platforms and procedures used by different clinical laboratories offering exome sequencing as a clinical service is unknown. Clinical utility The clinical utility of exome sequencing lies in the influence of the results on medical decision making and patient outcomes. There are several ways in which clinical utility can be demonstrated.
different clinical laboratories offering exome sequencing as a clinical service is unknown, and detailed guidance from regulatory and professional organizations is still under development. Finally, exome sequencing has some similar limitations as Sanger sequencing; e.g., it will not
Next Generation Sequencing - Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) The exome accounts for only 1.5% of the human genome, and yet includes 85% of all disease-causing mutations (10). Whole exome sequencing (WES) examines all protein-coding regions in the human genome. In this method, DNA fragments are hybridized in solution to sequence-specific capture
While clinical exome sequencing is being offered by a number of laboratories, WES specifically for cancer is currently offered by two Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratories in the US. The Baylor College of Medicine Medical Genetics Laboratories offers the Cancer Exome Sequencing test,8 and Personal Genome
The clinical utility of exome sequencing lies in the influence of the results on medical decision making and patient outcomes. There are several ways in which clinical utility can be demonstrated. Whole exome sequencing may detect additional mutations that are missed by other testing methods, thus leading to a definitive diagnosis.
Genetic Testing – Whole Genome-Exome Sequencing Policy Number: PA-204 Last Review Date: 11/14/2019 Effective Date: 01/01/2020 Policy Evolent Health considers Whole Genome-Exome Sequencing (WGS/WES) Genetic Testing medically necessary for the following indications provided that the results could have a direct influence on clinical management:
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