THE EFFECT OF WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY: A .
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)THE EFFECT OF WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY: ACASE STUDY OF EDO CITY TRANSPORT SERVICES BENIN CITY, EDO STATENIGERIAChika Ebenezer Duru (PhD) and Dominic Shimawua (PhD)Department of Entrepreneurial Studies, College of Management Sciences, Veritas UniversityAbuja, (Catholic University of Nigeria Abuja)Department of Public Administration, College of Management Sciences, Veritas UniversityAbuja (Catholic University of Nigeria Abuja)ABSTRACT: This research study investigated the effect of work environment on employeeproductivity using Edo City Transport Service whether inadequacy of the various conditionalfactors can affect productivity of employee. The objective of this study therefore gearedtowards ascertaining whether the nature of work environment lead to low productivity,absenteeism and lateness among employees. With the objective of the study in mind, thisresearch project work focused on examining the effect of work environment. To achieve thestudy objectives and for the purpose of this seminar paper, secondary data were collectedand analyzed as well. From the research findings, if good office environment is provided foremployees, it will go a long way to enhance their morale and performance. Also, if office isneat, noiseless, properly arranged well lighted and ventilated, employees will feel a sense ofbelonging and this will make them to work efficiently and effectively. Good physical workingenvironment inspires workers to spend more time in their various offices, employeesresponded emotionally better towards the provision of good office environment by notabsenting themselves unnecessarily from work, lateness to work and other negative attitudewill be drastically reduced. Good working environment increase individual output thereforeleading to growth of the organization. Based on the research study findings, the researcherrecommended the followings: The organization should map out programme for provision ofgood work environment to increase productivity and of promoting occupational safety andhealth of workers. The organization should ensure that the office of its workers is alwaysclean, tiding up and properly arranged for easy movement and comfortable to the workersand customers.KEYWORDS: Loading Bay, Environment, Morale, Job Security, Productivity, Prospective.INTRODUCTIONHuman effort in organization is indispensable. It constitutes a complex phenomenon tomanagers of such organization to comprehend. Accordingly, it is believed that every behavioris a goal directed. Thus, for an organization or individual to engage in any productiveventure, it must have underlying factors including the individual in that direction. Hence theeffect of work environment in achieving set target for the organization must be in adequatecondition. Therefore, the nature of office concerned with these things that influence workersproductivity, which constitute the “why” of people behaviors? Why do people do thingsdifferently? Why is X’s moral higher than Z’s? What are these increases in work23ISSN: ISSN 2053-4019(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-4027(Online)
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)productivity? These questions can be answered with the understanding of the nature of workenvironment and how these affect productivity.However, the organizational target can only be achieved if the environment is conducive.Work environment consists of the office buildings, its furniture and layout as well as thephysical conditions under which workers operate. it is also concerned with the externalfactors to the business which the office serves, the industry or other activities within whichthe business lies, the custom and laws of the community within which they operates. Theseenvironmental factors are always changing and the office must react to the changes, but howdoes the customs and laws reduce workers morale? This question can be answered afterinvestigation. Office and work environment are dynamic, but the most dynamic factors in theoffice is human factor.Workers today are more educated than before. They are more likely to raise questions abouttheir environment of work since management itself is dynamic pro. It has adhered andaddresses itself to the provision of good environment of work for workers productivity. Butwhat are those increases that enhance productivity? Therefore, answer will be made afterinvestigations. However, poor work environment and bad conditions have posed a greatdanger to workers health and therefore make them to work with less joy and enthusiasms andwork progress is hampered and disrupted.An understanding of the effect of work environment on the productivity of employees cannotbe over-emphasized or seen as overstatement in every organization. Experience has shownthat workers are directly influenced by the environment they find themselves or where theircompetence will achieve nothing in terms of productivity if the environment is not conducive.This is in respect of workers in public enterprises today specially those in Edo City TransportService and issue of unproductive nature of workers is compounded with the poor nature ofthe environment.Therefore, because of the adverse effect of work environment on morale of employees, theneed for provision of good physical work environment for workers was stated by Mill in1930 after the First World War. During this period, various management teams wereconcerned with the importance of maintaining loyalty and morale through the elimination ofirritants such as temperatures, noise and pollution from their environment. This was laterspread out to include a wider area of disturbing influences like feeling of insecurity inrelation to employment, unfairness on the part .of supervision and not being accepted byone’s fellow employees. There is a great need for standard of working condition receivedlegal backing by 1963 law and act of parliament which made it mandatory for all businessorganizations to provide the minimum standard of interest that will enhance the performanceof employees as an objective.Statement of the research problemEvery organization is set up for a purpose and such purpose which is generally referred to asthe objective and this cannot be achieved if the environment looks unhealthy. The absence ofimportant of work material as a result of non availability of some necessary office facilitieslike air condition, rugs or tiles, good ventilation in some of the department in the company isa common feature. Some offices or departments look depressing and unstimulating. Some ofthem have no louvers, light and some with uncompleted roofs.24ISSN: ISSN 2053-4019(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-4027(Online)
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)The state of affairs do not compete favorably with other office outside, some office with dirtyand scattered environment, most of the departments have small floor space with materialstables, chairs, papers, files and other things scattered here and there. Some office werefurnished without due regard to the relationship between colour selection and workersmorale. Some of these facilities has colour which makes the office to be dark; in some of thedepartment’s world service are wrongly arranged.It is known from workers view point that the work of accounting typing etc needs goodquality of light because of visual discrimination involved. As a result of non availability ofgood work environment, the performance of employees is in a declining state. Mostdepartmental manager in the company pay no attention in accomplishing the departmental setobjectives, as to be recognized and promoted at the expense of workers or employees welfare.These acts of negligence by the mangers have gone a long way to reduce workersperformance or morale. The state of affairs in the company has resulted to negative attitudeby the employees which is inimical to the progress and accomplishment of the company’s setobjective. With an attempt to answer the questions in the research work.Objective of the studyThe aim of this study is to investigate and identify the effect of work environment in EdoCity Transport Service whether inadequacy of the various conditional factors can affectproductivity of employee. It is also geared toward ascertaining whether the nature of workenvironment lead to low productivity, absenteeism and lateness among employees.The specific objectives of the study are:(i)To study how work environment affects employee performance.(ii)To study how work environment affects the morale and interpersonal relationshipamong the employees.(iii)To study how work environment affects profitability and the work itself.(iv)To study how work environment affects customer relationship.Significance of the studyMany people in an organization try to attain a higher level safety or job security in their placeof work. And this study when completed should be of immense help to different organizationand individuals. It will help to highlight the effect of work environment on the productivity ofemployees in Edo City Transport Service, so that the management will look into the problemswith a view to make an improvement on its environment. It will enable the management tocreate minimum standard of good working environment for workers to achieve optimumproductivity.The study is intended to enlighten management that to create monetary incentive alonecannot motivate employees to better productivity without the provision of good environmentunder which they operate. Moreover, it will assist to uphold or testify the idea that goodenvironment is very important and indispensable to growing needs of workers. It will also bebeneficial to prospective students who will need some information contained in this work toguide their own research work which is related to the present study.25ISSN: ISSN 2053-4019(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-4027(Online)
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)Limitation of the studyA general setback to most research works are: office facilities, human resources and jobsecurity are the major constraints expected to limit the extend of a study of this type, sinceobservation interviews and questionnaire shall t constitute the basic data gathering. Themethods shall have projected effects on perfectness of this research; notwithstanding, theresearcher shall do a detail work on the subject which would ensure attainment of theobjective upon which this research work was originally provided.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis section shall examine at length the meaning of the effect of work environment and someselected theories of work environment. Also brief attention will be given to the application ofthe various existing theories in respect of the Nigeria work environment. Over the years,theories have made series of attempts to unravel the mystery surrounding why people tend todisplay certain behaviour in a given condition, they believe that every behaviour manifestedin the work place or otherwise is a goal directed. Work environment entails its buildings, itsfurniture, and layout as well as the physical condition under which employee operates. Thisbrings us to the definition of environment.Work environment has both positive and negative impact on the psychological well-being ofthe workers. The work environment can be thought of simply as the environment in whichpeople work. As such, it is a very broad category that encompasses the physical setting (e.g.heat, equipment) characteristics of the job itself (e.g. work load, task complexity). Workenvironment is location where a task is completed. When pertaining to a place ofemployment, the work environment involves the physical geographical location as well as theimmediate surroundings of the workplace; such as a construction site or office building.Work environment typically involves other factors relating to the place of employment, suchas the quality of the air, noise level, and benefits of employment such as free child care oradequate parking.However, not all aspect of the environment are equally important or indeed relevant whenconsidering the psychological environment and how this environment affect workers wellbeing. Aside the job scope itself, one factor that significantly influences how employees feelabout work is the environment. By work environment it means everything that forms part ofemployee’s involvement with the work itself, such as the relationship with co-workers andsupervisors, organizational culture, opportunity for personal development etc.Kochan (1980) considers environment in the following context, economic context, and socialand technology context. It could be looked at as the surrounding of all situation, people eventetc that influence life. Thus, people who are working in a good environment exert greatereffort to perform than those who work in an unhealthy environment. However, this definitionabove as related to the following theorist tells us more about work environment.Types of work environmentWork environment are grouped into two; the internal environment and the externalenvironment.26ISSN: ISSN 2053-4019(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-4027(Online)
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)Characteristics of a positive work environmentA positive work environment makes employees feel good about coming to work and thisprovides the motivation to sustain them throughout the day. When looking for a new job, thenassessing the work environment is a crucial step one should not skip. After all, is the placeyou might be working at in future and would not want to be dragging oneself to work everysingle morning.Due to the job variety available in the marketplace, this research work is probably a littlegeneric and may not apply to all types of jobs. However, as we shall see below, thesequalities are much valued by employees and employers in most jobs. They are prettyuniversal in that sense, except in a few exceptional cases.Transparent and Open Communication: In essence, a transparent and open form ofcommunication addresses the employee’s need to feel that what they have to say has value. Itis what makes employees feel that they belong in the organization. Work then becomesmeaningful because the employees know that what they contribute affects the organisationthat they are affiliated with. It is essential therefore for staff to discuss the organisation’sphilosophy, mission and values, from time to time during retreats, meetings etc to ensureeveryone knows what they are working for other than their paychecks. Having opendiscussion gets people involved and allows them to share their views and perspectives onhow to achieve company goals. After which the management side will give their ownperspective on how to fulfill the organisation mission.Give and take is such two way open communication will eventually break down the hurdlespresent in hierarchical or bureaucratic organisations. At the end of it all, it promotes trust inday to day interaction between co-workers, as well as between subordinates and supervisors.Everyone becomes more united with the organisation’s mission in their mind; there is mutualrespect among all employees, regardless of their official statuses. This is when employee willnot be afraid to suggest ideas to improve the work processes, thus benefitting everyone in theorganization in return.Work life Balance: there has to be some sort of balance between work and personal life. Ingeneral, having that sense of balance will improve job satisfaction among employee becausethey will feel that they are not overlooking the other areas of their lives that are, if not moreimportant to them than work. When employee fulfill their various needs and goals in life,such as those of family, friends, spiritual pursuits, self growth etc they can then feel moreconfident about themselves and perform their best at work. Apart from that employees thatare exposed to more experience in life outside of work can use what they have gained andapply that to their work.In other words, work-life balance can promote creativity and out of the box thinking, therebyincrease productivity in employee. Good employees are often defined as those who put inloads of effort and sacrificed their personal time in order to perform well in their work.Managers have a responsibility to show that this is not right, by rewarding employees whomaintain good work life balance habit (e.g. leave work on time) and can still perform well.27ISSN: ISSN 2053-4019(Print), ISSN: ISSN 2053-4027(Online)
European Journal of Business and Innovation ResearchVol.5, No.5, pp.23-39, October 2017Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)In this case, the organisation may adopt a firm stance on work-life balance by educatingemployees on the benefits of having such balance in their lives or even include it under theirmission statement.Training and Development Focused: In times when change is more rampant than everbefore, it is necessary for organizations to keep abreast with the changes and train theiremployees accordingly. For instance, technology is evolving so rapidly that whatorganisations commonly used ten years ago could be made obsolete today. Here, training andretraining of employee will help them to be on top of their jobs and constant updating thereby increasing the employee productivity.Adapting to change is never more crucial in this era because those who do not got replaced.This has to do with both the individual and the organisation itself. A training anddevelopment focused organisation has a clear roadmap for training their employees to sustainand enhance the productivity of the organisation as a whole. Essentially speaking, there aretwo kinds of skills that can be developed: hard skill and soft skills.Hard skills: impact work productivity directly e.g. knowledge of a new databasemanagement system.Soft Skills: interpersonal skills which could affect the morale of the organisation.A positive work environment would have routine trainings to improve efficiency and instillpositive attitudes among employees.Recognition for Hard Work:- Rewards are necessary to encourage certain behaviours inpersons. This is known as positive reinforcement under operant conditioning in the field ofpsychology. It is used in organisational behaviour management as well: by rewardingemployees who put in effort for their work, this will promote similar behaviour in the future.Shower praises: A reward here doesn’t have to be monetary in nature; sometimes even asimple verbal recognition by the supervisor is all that is necessary to spur the employees’motivation.When hard work is appropriately rewarded and duly recognized by the management,employees will naturally feel valued by the organisation for what they put in. such mentalityis healthy for the organisation because employee will be willing to go the extra mile withoutworrying about not getting anything in return.Hostile work environmentHostile work environment exists when one’s behaviour within a work place creates anenvironment that is difficult for another person to encounter. Common complaints of hostilework environment are sexual harassment which includes fondling suggestive remarks.Sexually suggestive photos displayed in the workplace, use of sexual language etc. to beunlawful,
The specific objectives of the study are: (i) To study how work environment affects employee performance. (ii) To study how work environment affects the morale and interpersonal relationship among the employees. (iii) To study how work environment affects profitability and the work itself.
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
