Ghana Blindness And Visual Impairment Study

2y ago
34 Views
2 Downloads
2.47 MB
74 Pages
Last View : 2m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Ciara Libby
Transcription

Ghana Blindness and Visual Impairment Study2015For further information, contact;Dr. Boateng WiafeOperation Eyesight Universal653/3 Akanetso NE, Asylum DownAccra, GhanaEmail: bwiafe@operationeyesight.comMobile: 233 245635394i

Table of ContentsTable of Contents .iiFIGURES . vTABLES .viiACRONYMS . viiiFOREWORD . ixEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . xBackground . xMethodology . xDemographic Profile of Respondents . xiPrevalence of Blindness and Visual Impairment . xiPrincipal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) . xiCauses of Severe Visual Impairment .xiiCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 11.2Background . 11.2Ghana National Eye Health Program (GNEHP) . 11.3Rationale for the Study. 21.4Main Study Objective. 31.4.11.5Primary Specific Objectives . 3Materials and Methods . 31.5.1Study Settings . 31.5.2Study Population . 41.6Sampling Methodology . 61.6.1Frame and Sampling Units. 61.6.2Stratification . 61.6.3Domains and Strata . 61.6.4Sample Size. 71.6.5Sample Coverage . 81.7Study Design . 81.8Study Implementation Strategy . 91.9Data Collection . 9ii

1.9.1 Survey Instruments . 111.9.2Eye Examination . 111.9.3Training and Quality Control . 111.10Data Management and Statistical Analysis . 121.11Ethical Considerations. 12CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS . 132.1Demographic Profile . 132.2Social Characteristics of Households . 15CHAPTER 3: CLINICAL EXAMINATION . 193.1Presenting Vision . 193.2.1Examined Population who were Blind (V/A Less than 3/60). 223.2.2Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) . 253.2.3Persons with Cataract Untreated . 283.3Examined Population who have Severe Visual Impairment . 313.3.1Severe Visual Impairment. 3133.2 Causes of Severe Visual Impairment. 333.3.3Examined Population who have Refractive Error as a Cause of Severe VisionImpairment. 353.3.4Examined Population who have Refractive Error and the Use of Eyeglasses . 37Conclusions and Recommendations . 39ESTIMATION OF SAMPLING ERROR . 40REFERENCE . 41ANNEX A: Study information and consent form. 42A.1Introduction . 42A2.The procedure of the study . 42A3.Participation is voluntary . 42A.4To withdraw yourself . 42A.5Risks in the study . 42A.6Benefits of the study. 43A.7Confidentiality. 43A.8Questions . 43A.9Consent Form for Detailed Eye Examination . 43ANNEX B: THE INVESTIGATING TEAM . 45Principal Investigator (PI) . 45iii

Co-investigators . 45Eye Care Team . 45Assistant Statisticians . 45Collaborating Institutions: . 45Technical Support: . 46Address for correspondence . 46Sponsoring agencies: . 46ANNEX C: QUESTIONNAIRES . 47iv

FIGURESFigure 1.1 Map of Ghana . 5Figure 1.2 Summary of the Workflow of the Survey . 10Figure 2.1 Population Examined. 13Figure 2.2 Examined Population by Sex. 14Figure 2.3 Distribution of the Examined Population by Zones . 14Figure 2.4: Distribution of the Examined, 2010 PHC and Sample Population by Type ofResidence . 15Figure 2.5: Distribution of Type of Toilet Facility in Households . 16Figure 2.6 Distribution of Type of Fuel for Cooking Used in Households . 16Figure 2.7: Distribution of Source of Drinking Water Used in Households . 17Figure 3.1 Distribution of Blindness (Less than 3/60) by Intervention Zones . 23Figure 3.2 Distribution of Blindness (Less than 3/60) by Type of Residence . 23Figure 3.4 Percentage Distribution of Blindness by Sex . 24Figure 3.5 Percentage Distribution of Blindness by Wealth Quintiles . 24Figure 3.6 Percentage Distribution of Blindness by Educational level (Population ThreeYears or Older) . 25Figure 3.7 Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) . 25Figure 3.8 Distribution of Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60 by Type ofResidence . 27Figure 3.9 Distribution of Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) by Sex . 27Figure 3.10 Distribution of Classification of the Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) . 28Figure 3.11 Distribution of Specific Age Groups by Cataract Causes as a Cause of Blindness(V/A less than 3/60) . 28Figure 3.13 Distribution of Cataract Untreated as a Cause of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60)by Sex. 29Figure 3.14 Distribution of Type of Residence by Cataract Untreated as a Cause of Blindness(V/A less than 3/60) . 29Figure 3.15 Percentage Distribution of Barriers to Cataract Operation. 30Figure 3.16 Barriers to Cataract Operation by Sex . 30Figure 3.17 Barriers to Cataract Operation by Type of Residence . 31Figure 3.18 Percentage Distribution of Persons with Severe Visual Impairment by Zones. 32Figure 3.19 Distribution of Severe Visual Impairment by Specific Age Groups . 32Figure 3.20 Percentage Distribution of Severe Visual Impairment by Sex . 33v

Figure 3.21 Distribution of Severe Visual Impairment by Type of Residence . 33Figure 3.22 Distribution of the Principal Causes of Severe Visual Impairment . 34Figure 3.25 Classification of Causes of Severe Visual Impairment . 35Figure 3.26 Percentage Distribution of Refractive Error as Causes of Severe VisualImpairment by Age Group . 36Figure 3.28 Percentage Distribution of Refractive Error as Causes of Severe VisualImpairment by Type of Residence . 36Figure 3.29 Percentage Distribution of Refractive Error as Causes of Severe VisualImpairment by Sex . 37Figure 3.30 Distribution of Person with Refractive Error who were Using Distant Eyeglasses. 37vi

TABLESTable 1.1: Summary of Sample Size by Number of Households and Enumeration Areas . 7Table 1.2 Sample Coverage of Households . 8Table 1.3 Sample Coverage of Eligible Individuals . 8Table 1.4 Summary of Job Description for Each Study Personnel. 10Table 2.1 Percentage Distribution of Population Examined by Zones . 13Table 2.2 Examined Population of Zones by Sex . 14Table 3.1: Distribution of Age by Presentation Vision With and Without Pinhole . 19Table 3.2 Distribution of Sex by Presentation Vision with Pinhole . 20Table 3.3: Distribution of Type of Residence by Presentation Vision with and withoutPinhole . 20Table 3.4 Distribution of Intervention Zone by Presentation Vision with Pinhole . 21Table 3.5: Distribution of Wealth Quintiles by Presentation Vision with Pinhole . 21Table 3.7 Distribution of Specific Age Group by Presentation Vision with Pinhole . 21Table 3.8 Distribution of Presentation Vision with Pinhole by Presentation Vision WithoutPinhole . 22Table 3.9 Distribution of Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) Among SpecificAge Groups . 26Table 3.10 Distribution of Principal Causes of Blindness (V/A less than 3/60) by InterventionZones . 26Table 3.11 Distribution of Principal Causes of Severe Visual Impairment by Age . 34Table 3.12 Distribution of Principal Causes of Severe Visual Impairment by Zones . 35vii

HOEUAvailable Corrected Visual AcuityAge-related Macular DegenerationBest Corrected Visual AcuityChristoffel Blinden MissionCommunity Health OfficerCommunity-Based Health Planning and ServicesCensus and Survey Processing systemEnumeration AreaEconomic Community of West African StatesEducation Management Information SystemEastern Regional Eye Care ProgramGhana Blindness and Visual Impairment StudyGhana College of Physicians and SurgeonsGhana Health Service Ethical Review CommitteeGhana National Eye Health ProgramGhana Statistical ServicesHousehold Air PollutionInternational Agency for the Prevention of BlindnessInternational Classification of DiseaseIntra-Ocular PressureJoint Monitoring ProgramLogarithm of Minimum of ResolutionMinistry of HealthOperation Eyesight UniversalONTSOphthalmic Nursing Training HOOphthalmic EpidemiologyPrimary Eye CarePopulation and Housing CensusProbability Proportional to SizePresenting Visual AcuitySnellen’s Acuity ChartStandard Operating ProceduresSwiss Red CrossTrachomatous TrichiasisUnited Nations Children’s FundVisual AcuityVertical Cup Disc RatioVisual ImpairmentWorld Health AssemblyWorld Health Organizationviii

FOREWORDBlindness and visual impairment are important public health issues globally. They have farreaching socio-economic consequences for individuals, families and communities. Thecauses of avoidable blindness are often associated with poverty and lack of access to qualityeye health services. Ghana’s Eye Health Program is committed to working towards thereduction of avoidable blindness and visual impairment in the country.Reliable data for effective and appropriate interventions on eye health delivery is vital;however, the country has been limited for many years by limited specific and available data.The Ghana Blindness and Visual Impairment Study (GBVIS) was undertaken to estimate thecauses, magnitude and distribution of avoidable blindness and visual impairment amongdifferent age groups, sexes and zones of residence in Ghana. The results of the study arenationally representative and provide quality data for effective planning, allocating resourcesand collaborating with other partners on eye health interventions.The findings will further serve as a basis for designing future interventions, setting upmonitoring indicators to track performance as well as consolidating the joint efforts of policymakers, partners and eye health professionals working towards the attainment of integrated,accessible, sustainable, equitable and quality eye health to all people living in Ghana. Suchinterventions, when successfully implemented, could be replicated and validated as anevidence-based model and could be considered for use in other parts of Africa and otherdeveloping countries.Dr. Anthony Nsiah-AsareDirector General, Ghana Health Serviceix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBackgroundSignificant progress has been made in avoiding blindness and visual impairment, particularlyfrom infectious diseases. However, visual impairment remains a major global health issuewith about 285 million visually impaired (39 million blind and 246 million having lowvision) (WHO Fact Sheet No. 282). Though visual impairment is a debilitating condition,there are limited country-specific estimates. In Africa, few studies on blindness and visualimpairment have been conducted, with only one from Ghana. However, these studies werenot detailed and nationally representative. The very expensive and time-consuming nature ofnational blindness and low vision surveys probably explains their rarity in many Africancountries.The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) states that there are five levels of visualfunction: normal vision ( 6/12), mild visual impairment ( 6/12

Moderate visual impairment and severe visual impairment is grouped under the term low vision. Specific data for effective interventions in eye care services is limited. This study aimed to provide a robust nationally representative data on blindness and visual impairment. The key objectives were to: 1. Estimate the prevalence of moderate visual .

Related Documents:

81. Ghana Library oard 82. Ghana National Fire Service 83. Ghana National Gas ompany 84. Ghana National Petroleum orporation 85. Ghana National Sec. Sch. 86. Ghana News Agency 87. Ghana Police Service 88. Ghana Ports And Harbours Authority 89. Ghana Post ompany 90. Ghana Post ompany Limited 91. Ghana Prisons Service 92.

wat e r for texas 2012 at at lan. 205. chapter 8: impacts of plans. bacteria impairment bacteria impairment for oysters dissolved oxygen impairment toxicity impairment ph impairment biological integrity impairment dissolved solids impairment metals impairment organics impairment nitrate and nitrite impairment. figure 8.1.

Ghana Library Board Ghana Maritime Authority Ghana Metrological Agency Ghana National Gas Company Limited Ghana National Petroleum Corporation Ghana News Agency Ghana Railway Development Authority Ghana Reinsurance Company Ltd Ghana Revenue Authority Ghana Shippers Authority Online Procurement Planning Submissions As At 14th July, 2021

prevalence of visual impairment and blindness in Upper Egypt revealed a rate of 23.9% of best eye presenting visual impairment,6.4% with severe visual impairment and 9.3% of blindness (20). The prevalence of traumatic dental injury of permanent anterior teeth in visually impaired children is ranging worldwide from 4.1% to 58.6% (21).

Ghana Library Board 53. Ghana National Fire Service 54. Ghana National Gas Company 55. Ghana News Agency 56. Ghana Police Service 57. Ghana Post Company 58. Ghana Prisons Service . Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly 125. Shama Sec. Sch 126. SIC Life Company Limited 127. Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) 128. Sogakope .

with visual impairment in online learning environments with regards to media used in their courses with the intent of providing suggestions for accessible media design. Media will include text, visuals (pictures, diagrams, charts, and graphs), audio, and multimedia . Impairment:

On his Blindness John Milton (1608-1674) On his blindness The poet is blind. This is a very religious poem. On his blindness - John Milton 1. When I consider how my light is spent, 2. Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, 3. And that one Talent which is dear to hide, 4. Lodged with me useless, though my Soul more bentFile Size: 462KB

ASTM C167 (g/cc) Maximum Use Temperature ( C) Spaceloft Subsea : 5 or 10 ; 14.5 : 0.16 : 200 : Spaceloft Grey ; 5 or 10 : 16.5 : 0.16 : 200 : Cryogel x201 : 5 or 10 ; 17.0 : 0.16 : 200 : Pyrogel XTE ; 5 or 10 : 21 : 0.20 : 650 *Thermal conductivity at 37.5 C (100 F), 13.8 kPa (2 psi) compressive load, & atmospheric pressure. Examining several of Aspen Aerogels’ commercially .