Integrated Strategies For Management Of Spotted Wing .
Integrated Strategies for Management of Spotted Wing Drosophilain Organic Small Fruit ProductionHeather Leach, Matthew J. Grieshop, and Rufus IsaacsDepartment of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityMay 2016IntroductionActualSizeSpotted wing Drosophila (SWD) is a new and importantpest of berries, cherries, and some thin-skinned grapevarieties. The berry crops at greatest risk are raspberries,blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries. For manyberry and small fruit growers, SWD has rapidly becometheir most critical insect pest. SWD is native to Asia andwas first detected in the Midwest in 2010. It is now welldistributed throughout the United States. Female SWDhave a saw-like egg laying device that can cut into ripeor ripening fruit and deposit an egg (Figure 1). Theresulting larvae degrade the fruit from the inside,increasing the risk of fungal pathogens and other pestdamage. Larvae go through three larval stages within thefruit. The larger larvae are visible to the naked eye,creating concern of noticeable fruit contamination.In Michigan’s southern peninsula, first SWD fly activityis typically in mid-June to early-July and the populationbuilds through the summer as temperatures continue torise. Highest densities of SWD occur in August andSeptember, so SWD is especially problematic for laterseason berry crops, including blackberries, fallraspberries, ever-bearing strawberries, and late-seasonblueberries. Adults live for two to three weeks andfemales can lay more than 300 eggs, so they have thecapacity for many generations per growing season.Typical IPM programs for pests including cherry fruitfly and blueberry maggot will not provide sufficientcontrol of SWD. Its host range, fast generation time, anddamage characteristics make it an extremely challengingpest to manage. Conventional management programsrely on the frequent use of pyrethroid, spinosyn,organophosphate, carbamate and neonicotinoidFig 1. Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD), male (top) andfemale (bottom) with an egg. Actual size of the fly is shownin the top right corner.insecticides. Of these chemical classes only thespinosyns are available to organic producers. This meansthat other control measures must be implemented tocontrol SWD in organic berries.Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for SWDconsist of three major components: 1) the use ofpreventative pest management tactics, 2) monitoring andsampling for populations, and 3) the judicious use ofNational Organic Program (NOP) insecticides or otherresponsive pest management tactics. Furthermore, theorganic pest management hierarchy as specified by theNOP (§205.206) states that growers should design IPMprograms that emphasize management practices (e.g.exclusion, sanitation, resistant varieties), followed by thePage 1
use of mechanical, biological or physical methods (e.g.put prevent entry of larger insects. A yellow sticky traphand removal, cultivation, release of predators/parasites,can be placed on the inside for capture and fasterprovision of predator/parasite habitat biological control),identification of SWD.and resorting to NOP compliant insecticide use onlyTraps must be baited to attract SWD. An effectivewhen absolutely necessary. In the case of SWD,homemade bait can be made by combining 1 tablespooninsecticides are likely to always be part of the pestactive dry yeast, 4 tablespoons sugar, and 1.5 cups ofmanagement program but organic growers shouldwater. The bait should be added to the trap with a 1”integrate preventative cultural, physical and biologicaldepth. Alternatively, you can use a commerciallytactics into their SWD management programs as muchavailable lure. The Scentry lure (Scentry Biologicals,as possible to help ensure effective control.Inc.) has catch rates comparable to the yeast-sugar baitMonitoring, Identification & Thresholdsbut in a non-liquid formulation, allowing for less messSWD can be monitored using a simple homemade trapand easier identification of SWD. Non-liquid luresor by buying traps (e.g. Great Lakes IPM). Traps shouldshould be used with a 1” deep drowning solution ofbe placed in your field before fruit begins to ripen towater and a drop of unscented soap. Check traps weeklyidentify if this pest is active. It is best to have multiplefor SWD, record the catches, and replace the liquid baittraps in each field, and at least one trap should be at theor drowning solution. Commercial lures vary inborder of your crop, nearest a wooded edge where SWDlongevity, but generally will last at least four weeks.activity may be earlier. Traps should be hung within theSpotted wing Drosophila lures are attractive to otherplant canopy in a shaded area and checked weekly. Ifinsects, including other fruit flies, so it is important tocreating homemade traps, we suggest using a 32 oz.know how to identify SWD. SWD are small ( 1/10 inchplastic cup with ten 3/16” to 3/8” holes melted or cutin length), so identification requires a 10x hand lens.within 2” of the top. The small holes allow SWD to enterThey are golden brown in color and have red eyes. MaleSWD can be identified from a single dark patch near thetip of each wing (Figure 1). Wing spots darken with age,so spots may not be apparent on young male SWD.Females lack wing spots, but can be identified by theiregg-laying device, which is dark in color with smalltooth-like serrations (Figure 1).Sampling for larvae in your fruit can help you monitorthe fruit marketability status and to know whether yourmanagement actions are working. To sample from aplanting, place at least 15 ripe fruit with a strong saltsolution (1 cup salt to 1 gallon water) in a plastic bag.The solution should be enough to cover all of the fruit inthe bag. Lightly squeeze each fruit. After 30 minutes,small white SWD larvae will emerge and rise to the topFig. 2 Yeast-sugar monitoring trap hung within araspberry canopy.of the liquid (Figure 3), and can be counted. WePage 2
recommend sampling from multiple areas of your cropwith emphasis on the edge and interior of your fields.Typically, the edge will have higher infestation than theinterior. Having samples from multiple locations willallow you to focus management on heavily infestedareas. You may not see adult SWD in traps before youfind larvae in your fruit. We recommend monitoringboth for larvae and adults throughout your crop seasonSampling Fruit for SWD Larvae1) Pick 15-25 ripe fruit2) Mix fruit with a strong salt solution (1 cup saltin 1 gallon water) in a resealable bag3) Lightly squeeze each fruit4) Wait 30 minutes5) Count the number of small white larvaefloating on the top6) Repeat from multiple locations in your field,especially near the field edgeso no unsuspected infestations develop.Other insects, in particular native and naturalized fruitflies, look similar to SWD. Thus proper identification isextremely important. You can get help with theidentification of adult or larval SWD from your cropconsultant or your local extension agent.growers begin insecticide applications as soon as one flyis detected in their field and the fruit are ripening or ripe.Implementing your cultural controls before this detectionwill help keep populations from growing quickly. It isalso important not to delay responding to infestationdetection as this pest can build quickly.Cultivar SelectionPlanting early-ripening varieties of blueberries,including Duke, Draper, and Bluecrop can help todecrease your chances of intense SWD infestation. Inraspberries, some growers have chosen to only produce asummer crop, avoiding the heavy fall infestationaltogether. June-bearing strawberries are typically atlow-risk of SWD infestation, but ever-bearingstrawberries have a higher risk in later parts of thesummer. SWD is less successful and takes longer layingFig. 3 A large late-instar SWD larvae on a blueberry.eggs in thicker-skinned fruit, so it can be beneficial toThe best way to monitor for SWD is to use traps for theselect fruit varieties with thicker skins. Grapes are not aadults and take fruit samples for larvae. However,preferred host for SWD and most grape producers havecertain types of damage on your fruit could also indicatenot had major issues with SWD. However, grapeSWD infestation. This includes soft spots or scarring onvarieties with thinner skin are more vulnerable to SWDthe skin, wrinkled skin, and collapsed areas on the fruit.infestation and the associated sour rot infections.Leaky berries is another symptom and in raspberryMany extension programs will provide weekly updatesplantings, red patches of juice left on the receptacle afteron SWD captures in your region. Staying connected withpicking a berry is another tell-tale sign of infestation.these updates, especially as your fruit begin to ripen, willIf any SWD are found in traps or Drosophila larvae arehelp you better prepare. If you are in Michigan, findfound in the fruit samples, control actions should bethese reports at:taken immediately. Many conventional berry and cherrywww.ipm.msu.edu/invasive species/spotted wing drosophilaPage 3
Pruning, Harvest Frequency, andSanitationSWD’s small size means that it is very susceptible tocould decrease the onset and severity of the SWDpopulation to your crop.Exclusion Nettingdesiccation (drying out), so they prefer more humidExcluding SWD flies from your crop can provide goodareas like inside the crop canopy. You can use this tocontrol of SWD, and may be especially relevant foryour advantage by keeping plants well pruned. This hashigh-value crops like berries and small fruit. Highthe double benefit of reduced canopy humidity as well astunnels or bird netting structures can both be modifiedimproving spray coverage, both of which can reducefor use of insect exclusion nets, but it should be at leastSWD survival. Keeping mulch away from the base of80 gram netting to keep flies out (Figure 4). Netting inthe plant will also reduce humidity, thereby decreasingour trials was purchased from Berry Protection Solutionsthe prevalence of diseases, especially from fungalin Stephentown, NY and manufactured by Tek-Knitpathogens.Industries. We found a significant reduction and delay inHarvest frequency also plays a major role in theSWD eggs, larvae, and adults in high tunnels covereddevelopment of SWD infestation. We suggest that fruitwith 80 gram netting. However, unless the netting isbe harvested daily or every other day. Harvest intervalscompletely sealed, you can expect colonization withinof three or more days significantly increase theprevalence of SWD larvae found in raspberries. Inaddition, SWD larvae become more detectable byconsumers and processors as they grow. Over-ripe anddamaged fruit can act as a reservoir for SWD and otherpests, increasing their populations and making themeven harder to control. Frequent removal of ripe fruit iscritical for SWD control. Some U-pick operations havecustomers collect damaged fruit as they pick, others sendcrews through after the customers leave to removeremaining over-ripe berries. Don’t leave waste piles offruit in the open. They should be bagged, burned, orfrozen.SWD has a broad host range and will infest other noncrop plants, especially those that produce small fruitsincluding wild raspberry, honeysuckle, and autumnolive. If these wild plants surround your field edge, theycould act as a refuge for SWD. Early producing plants,such as honeysuckle, give SWD a place to develop andincrease populations before crops ripen. If these plantsare present on the edge of your crop, removing theseFig. 4 Exclusion netting fitted to a high tunnel raspberrysystem, with doors to allow for sprayer access.the protected structure and infestation of the fruit.Access doors can be designed to best fit the needs of thefarm practices. To allow for a tractor-mounted sprayer,barn style wooden doors can be constructed and fittedwith netting. If only a backpack sprayer is required, adoor sealed by a magnetic strip, zipper, or a vestibulecan be constructed. Netting the perimeter of a series ofhigh tunnels may also provide adequate control. Nettingthe perimeter of five tunnels (one acre) with netting isPage 4
of killing devices to impact SWD populations. Thisapproach could be carried out by using a large number ofmonitoring traps and is best suited to small ( 1/4 acre)plantings.Biological ControlThere are some native parasitoid wasp species and somepredators that have been reported to attack SWD in theU.S., and research of this is ongoing. Currently, we haveFig. 5 The estimated cost to cover the perimeter of 1 acreof high tunnels (five 400ft tunnels) in 80 gram netting.estimated to cost 6,100 (Figure 5). The lifespan of thenetting is predicted to be seven years and so this cost canbe amortized over these years. We also expect that withpractice, labor costs would decrease. Carefulvery limited knowledge of predators or parasitoid waspsthat attack SWD in the Midwest. Native predation ofSWD is likely to only occur at high population levels ofSWD and crop injury would still be apparent. Researchis underway on the potential to introduce parasitoidwasps from Asia, SWD’s native range, for control.maintenance of netting is critical and small holes fromChemical Controlequipment, storms, etc. will need to be patched – tapingThere are few NOP compliant insecticides that provideboth sides or using thick thread to sew the hole togethereffective SWD control. Entrust (spinosad) has beenare viable repair methods. For summer-bloomingfound to be the most effective of these, but it must alsoraspberries, bumble bees or other pollinators should bebe rotated with another insecticide after two applicationsstocked to ensure pollination. In other crops likefor resistance management. Pyganic can be rotated withblueberry with spring bloom, netting can be applied afterEntrust , but has demonstrated limited efficacy and shortpollination is complete. In these trials, netting had noresidual for SWD. Grandevo is another organiceffect on temperature or fruit quality (size, sugar content,rotation partner that can be used with Entrust , and thisor weight). In warmer climates, exclusion netting has thehas provided good control in some regions of the US butpossibility of increasing the temperature and degradingless activity in other regions.fruit quality. Exclusion netting may also provide controlEntrust SC Label Restrictions by Cropagainst other insects, birds, and some rodent rriesStoneFruitApplicationRate4-6 floz/acre4-6 fl oz/acre4-6 fl oz/acre4-8 floz/acrePHI3 days1 days1 days7 daysattract and kill devices for SWD but several are beingRetreatmentInterval6 days5 days5 days7 daysdeveloped by university entomologists. ResearchMax Amount29 fl ozper year29 fl oz peryear29 fl oz peryear29 fl ozper yearMax No.Applications6 per year6 per year5 per year3 peryearAttract-and-KillAttract-and-kill approaches use attractants to bring thetarget insect to a location where they are killed. Killingcan be achieved through trapping or through delivery ofa contact insecticide. At present there are no labeledsuggests that attract and kill may improve control ofSWD but is likely to require a large number (500 /acre)Page 5
The limited availability of effective organic SWDSummaryinsecticides and label restrictions on Entrust makeWe emphasize that controlling SWD requires a rigorous,spray coverage and timing of applications critical topersistent, and diverse management plan. Using as manyachieving control. Sprayers should be calibrated at leastpossible control techniques on your farm will help toonce per year and appropriate spray volumes used toreduce SWD infestation. For effective management,achieve excellent coverage. Initial research suggests thatfollow these key points:SWD are active during cooler parts of the day, in themorning and at dusk. Targeting sprays during thesetimes may increase efficacy. When bees are present inyour crop, avoid insecticide applications. If control isneeded, use insecticides less toxic to bees and do notespecially when fruit is ripening.2) Monitor SWD infestation by testing ripe fruitsamples in a salt solution before and during harvest.3) Take management actions when SWD are detectedspray when they are active.and fruit are ripening or ripe. This includesPost-Harvest CoolingIf fruit are suspected of having some infestation bySWD after being harvested, they should be cooled assoon as possible to stop further development of theinsect. Cooling to 35 F will stop the development of theeggs and larvae inside the fruit, which can prevent themfrom becoming larger and noticeable. Cooling the fruitfor three days has been shown to kill SWD larvae. Ifyour fruit is sold directly to consumers, you shouldadvise them to keep it in the refrigerator. Freezing thefruit will kill eggs and larvae of SWD.1) Monitor fields with traps and check them weekly,increasing your harvest frequency, keeping yourfields well-pruned and clean, removing anddestroying leftover fruit, and using recommendedNOP compliant insecticides.4) Track the effectiveness of your managementprograms with continual monitoring throughout theseason.5) Stay informed with your regional SWD counts andnew management techniques using the resourcesbelow.References and ResourcesFor more information, check the Michigan State University SWD page online at www.ipm.msu.edu/SWD.htmFor identification help, contact your local extension agent or find identification keys at www.ipm.msu.edu/SWD.htmFor research news, go to www.spottedwing.orgThis fact sheet was produced with support from USDA-SCRI TunnelBerries project supported by the National Institute of Food andAgriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 2014-51181-22380, the USDA-NIFA Organic AgricultureResearch and Extension Initiative Grant Agreement No. 2015-51300-24154, and the North Central Region Sustainable AgricultureResearch and Education program Award 2014-38640-22156.MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages allpeople to reach their full potential. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender,gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. Issued in furtherance of MSUExtension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Ray Hammerschmidt, Interim Director, MSU Extension,East Lansing, MI 48824. This information is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSUExtension or bias against those not mentioned.Page 6
May 2016 Integrated Strategies for Management of Spotted Wing Drosophila in Organic Small Fruit Production Heather Leach, Matthew J. Grieshop, and Rufus Isaacs Department of Entomology, Michigan State University Introduction Spotted wing Drosophila (SWD) is a new and important pest of berries, cherries, and some thin-skinned grape varieties.
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