Battery Electric XC40 Recharge And The XC40 ICE
1Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICECarbon footprint reportBattery electricXC40 Rechargeand the XC40 ICE
ContentsExecutive summary3Authors and contacts7Terms and definitions81. General description of life cycle assessment (LCA)1.1 Principles of LCA1.2 LCA standards1010112. Methodology2.1 The products2.2 Way of working overview2.3 Methodology to define vehicle material composition2.4 Goal and scope definition2.4.1 System boundaries2.4.2 Function, functional unit and reference flows2.4.3 Allocations2.4.4 System expansion2.4.5 Assumptions and Limitations121213141515161616163. Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)3.1 Material production and refining3.1.1 Aluminium production and refining3.1.2 Steel production and refining3.1.3 Electronics production and refining3.1.4 Plastics production and refining3.1.5 Minor material categories, production and refining3.1.6 Electricity use in materials production and refining3.2 Battery modules3.3 Volvo Cars Manufacturing and logistics3.3.1 Logistics3.3.2 Volvo Cars factories3.4 Use phase3.5 End-of-life of the vehicle17171818181919191920202020214. Results for XC40 ICE, XC40 Recharge4.1 XC40 Recharge compared to XC40 ICE (petrol)23235. Discussion276. Conclusions29Appendix1 Chosen datasets2 complete list of Volvo Cars Material Library material categories3 Summary of data-choices and assumptions for component manufacturing4 End-of-life assumptions and methodA4.1 TransportA4.2 DisassemblyA4.3 Pre-treatmentA4.4 ShreddingA4.5 Material recyclingA4.6 Final disposal – incineration and landfillA4.7 Data collection3038404242424242424242
3Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICEExecutive summaryIn October 2019, Volvo Cars launched one of the most ambitious climate action plansin the automotive industry. It aims to reduce the lifecycle Carbon Footprint per averagevehicle by 40 per cent between 2018 and 2025, as a first step towards becoming aclimate neutral company by 2040. The plan represents concrete actions in line with theParis Agreement1 of 2015, which seeks to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degreesCelsius above pre-industrial levels. Volvo Cars also committed to communicatingimprovements from concrete short-term actions in a trustworthy way, including thedisclosure of the Carbon Footprint of all new models, starting with the XC40 Recharge– a battery electric vehicle (BEV).This report covers the Carbon Footprints of the fullyelectric XC40 Recharge and an XC40 with an internalcombustion engine (ICE) for comparison. The CarbonFootprints presented in this report includes emissionsfrom upstream supplier activities, manufacturing andlogistics, the use phase of the vehicle and the end-oflife phase. The functional unit chosen is “The use of aspecific Volvo vehicle driving 200,000 km”.The work was carried out during 2020 in collaborationwith Polestar.123The Carbon Footprints presented in this report arebased on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), performedaccording to the ISO LCA standards2.In addition, the “Product Life Cycle Accounting andReporting Standard”3 published by the GreenhouseGas Protocol has been used as guidance inmethodological choices. Given the great number ofvariables and possible methodological choices in LCAstudies, these standards generally provide few strictrequirements to be followed. Instead they paris-agreement/what-is-the-paris-agreementISO 14044:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines” and ISO 14040:2006“Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and rting-Standard 041613.pdf
4Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICEprovide guidelines for the practitioner. For this reason,care should be taken when comparing these resultswith results from other vehicle manufacturers’ CarbonFootprints. In general, assumptions have been made ina conservative way, in order to not underestimate theimpact from unknown data.The LCA and the underlying methodology will beused as the metric for assessing the Carbon Footprintof Volvo Cars’ vehicles. The assessment will beperformed regularly and serve as a framework formeasuring greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction relatedactivities4. The methodology will be continuouslydeveloped and used to compile future CarbonFootprints for Volvo Cars vehicles.According to the methodology described in thisreport the Carbon Footprint of a XC40 ICE is 58tonnes CO2e, whereas the footprint for the XC40Recharge is between 27–54 tonnes CO2e. Thereason for the variation in the XC40 Recharge result is6058because different electricity mixes with varying carbonintensity in the use phase have been analysed. The sizeof the variation illustrates the impact of the choice ofelectricity mix on the result. Figure i shows a detailedbreakdown of the Carbon Footprint for the XC40Recharge and XC40 ICE, with different electricitymixes in the use phase used for the XC40 Recharge.As the production of the XC40 Recharge’s Li-ionbattery has a relatively large Carbon Footprint andsignificant impact on the total Carbon Footprint of avehicle, a separate Carbon Footprint study has beenperformed in collaboration with Volvo Cars’ batterymodule suppliers. The Carbon Footprint from the restof the BEV battery pack is included in the category“Materials production and refining”.The two main differences in the Carbon Footprintbetween the XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICEappear in the categories “materials production andrefining” (including the Li-ion battery modules) and5445402720End of LifeUse phaseVolvo Cars manufacturingLi-ion battery modulesMaterials production and refining0XC40ICE geWindFigure i. Carbon Footprint for XC40 ICE and XC40 Recharge, with different electricity-mixes in the use phase used forthe XC40 Recharge. Results are shown in tonne CO2-equivalents per functional unit (200 000 km lifetime range).4GHG emissions, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are measured in tonnes CO2e, where e stands for equivalents.
5Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICE“use phase”. The emissions from Materials productionand refining of the ICE are roughly 40 per cent lessthan for the BEV.Under “Materials production and refining” the fivemain contributors for the XC40 ICE are aluminum(34 per cent), steel and iron (34 per cent), electronics(13 per cent), polymers (11 per cent) and fluids andundefined (4 per cent) – see Figure 7 in the mainreport for more details. For the XC40 Recharge themain contributors to the Carbon Footprint of thematerial production (including Li-ion battery modules)are aluminum (30 per cent), Li-ion battery modules(28 per cent), steel and iron (18 per cent), electronics(9 per cent) and polymers (7 per cent) – see Figure 8in the main report for more details.It should be noted that the Carbon Footprintmeasurement was performed to represent a globallysourced version of the models. Other methodologicalchoices that have a large impact on the result arechoice of allocation method regarding scrap, andchoice of datasets for steel and aluminium production.Total use phase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsfrom the XC40 Recharge vary greatly depending onthe carbon intensity of the electricity used. It shouldbe noted that a BEV sold on a market with carbonintensive electricity production can be chargedwith electricity from renewable energy. This woulddecrease the Carbon Footprint substantially.Furthermore, the results assume a constant carbonintensity throughout the vehicle lifetime.Figure ii below shows the total GHG emissions,depending on kilometres driven, from the XC40Recharge (with different electricity mixes in the usephase in the diagram), and the XC40 ICE (ICE in thediagram). Where the lines cross, the Carbon Footprintof the BEV becomes less than that of the ICE.906030GlobalWindEU280ICE50100150200250Use phase (1000 km)Figure ii. Total cumulated amount of GHG emissions, depending on total kilometres driven, from XC40 ICE (ICE in thediagram, dashed line) and XC40 Recharge (with different electricity mixes in the use phase). Where the lines cross, break-evenbetween the two vehicles occurs. The functional unit for the LCA is “The use of a specific Volvo vehicle driving 200 000 km”.All life cycle phases except use phase are summarized and set as the starting point for each line at zero distance.
6Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICETable i below shows the number of kilometres neededto be driven in order to reach break-even for the XC40Recharge with different electricity mixes in the usephase compared to the XC40 ICE.This report contains a general description of theLCA methodology (Chapter 1), a description of themethodological choices (Chapter 2) as well as somespecific input data (Chapter 3) and results concerningthe Carbon Footprint connected to the XC40 ICEand XC40 Recharge (Chapter 4). It also contains adiscussion and interpretation of results (Chapter 5)and the main conclusions (Chapter 6).Break-even (km)XC40 Recharge, Global Electricity Mix/XC40 ICE146 000XC40 Recharge, EU28 Electricity Mix/XC40 ICE84 000XC40 Recharge, Wind Electricity/XC40 ICE47 000Table i. Number of kilometres driven at break-even between XC40 ICE (petrol) and XC40Recharge with different electricity mixes in the use phaseKey Findings The XC40 Recharge has a lower total Carbon Footprint than the XC40 ICE for all theanalysed electricity mixes. The Carbon Footprint of a XC40 ICE is 58 tonnes CO2e, while the footprint for the XC40Recharge is 27–54 tonnes CO2e. The reason for the variation in the XC40 Recharge result isdue to different electricity mixes with varying carbon intensity in the use phase. When considering GHG emissions from the materials production and refining phase,producing an XC40 Recharge and its battery pack results in roughly 70 per cent morecarbon emissions than producing an XC40 ICE. The production of the XC40 Recharge Li-ion battery has a relatively large Carbon Footprintand constitutes 10–30 per cent of the total Carbon Footprint, depending on theelectricitymix in the use phase. Choice of methodology, for example inclusion of carbon emissions for scrap, has asignificant impact on the total Carbon Footprint. Care should be taken when comparingresults from this report with results from other vehicle manufacturers’ Carbon Footprints.
7Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICEAuthorsAndrea Egeskog,Sustainability Center, Volvo CarsKarl-Henrik Hagdahl,Sustainability Center at Volvo CarsChristoffer Krewer,Sustainability Center at Volvo CarsIngrid Råde,Sustainability Center at Volvo CarsLisa Bolin,Sustainability at PolestarIVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteContactsAndrea Egeskog,Sustainability Center, Volvo Carsandrea.egeskog@volvocars.com
8Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICETerms and definitionsBEVBattery electric vehicle. A BEV is a type of electricvehicle that exclusively uses chemical energy stored inrechargeable battery packs, with no secondary sourceof propulsion.CharacterizationA calculation procedure in LCA where all emissionscontributing to a certain impact category, e.g.greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to globalwarming, are characterized into a single ‘currency’.For global warming, the carbon footprint is oftenexpressed as mass unit of CO2e, where e is short forequivalents.impact assessment data, respectively. 6End of lifeEnd of life means the end of a product’s life cycle.Traditionally it includes waste collection and wastetreatment, e.g. reuse, recycling, incineration, land-fill etc.Functional unitQuantified performance of a product system foruse as a reference unit.GaBiGaBi is a LCA modelling software, provided bySphera, and has been used for the modelling inthis study.7Cradle-to-gateA cradle-to-gate assessment includes parts of theproduct’s life cycle, i.e. from the cradle to the factorygate. It includes primary production of materials andthe production of the studied product, but it excludesthe use and end-of-life stages of the product. Asupplier can provide a component, part or subassembly cradle-to-gate LCA to an OEM, for the OEMto include in the LCA of the OEM’s product.GHGGreen house gases. Green house gases are gases thatcontributes to global warming, e.g. carbon dioxide(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide/laughing gas(N2O), but also freons/CFCs. Green house gases areoften quantifed as mass unit of CO2e, where e isshort for equivalents. See characterization for furtherdescription.Cradle-to-graveA cradle-to-grave assessment, compared to a cradleto-gate assessment, also includes the use and endof-life stages of the product, i.e. it covers the full lifecycle of the product.ICEInternal combustion engine. Sometimes used as acategory when referring to a vehicle running with anICE. An ICE vehicle uses exclusively chemical energystored in a fuel, with no secondary source of propulsion.Dataset (LCI or LCIA dataset)A dataset containing life cycle information of aspecified product or other reference (e.g., site,process), covering descriptive metadata andquantitative life cycle inventory and/or life cycleImpact categoryClass representing environmental aspects of concernto which life cycle inventory analysis results may beassigned.67“The Shonan guidelines”, ples.pdfGaBi, Sphera, http://www.gabi-software.com/sweden/index/
9Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICELife cycleConsecutive and interlinked stages of a productsystem, from raw material acquisition or generationfrom natural resources to final disposal.Life Cycle Assessment LCACompilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs andthe potential environmental impacts of a productsystem throughout its life cycle.LCA modelling softwareLCA modelling software, e.g. GaBi, is used toperform LCA. It is used for modelling, managinginternal databases, contains databases from databaseproviders, calculate LCA results etc.Life Cycle Inventory analysis LCIPhase of life cycle assessment involving thecompilation and quantification of inputs and outputsfor a product throughout its life cycle.Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIAPhase of life cycle assessment aiming to understandand evaluate the magnitude and significance of thepotential environmental impacts for a product systemthroughout the life cycle of the product.Life cycle interpretationPhase of life cycle assessment in which the findingsof either the inventory analysis or the impactassessment, or both, are evaluated in relation tothe defined goal and scope in order to reachconclusions and recommendations.ProcessSet of interrelated or interacting activities thattransforms inputs into outputs. Processes can bedivided into categories, depending on the output ofthe process, e.g. material, energy, transport or otherservice.Raw materialPrimary or secondary material that is used to producea product.Simple cut-offThe simple cut-off is a method for modelingrecycling. It implies that each product is assigned theenvironmental burdens of the processes in the lifecycle of that product. It means that using recycledmaterial comes with the burdens from the collectionand recycling of the material, which often are lessthan for production of primary material. At the sametime no credits are given for recycling or creatingrecycled material. It is also called the recycled contentapproach and the 100/0 method.System boundarySet of criteria specifying which unit processes are partof a product system.WasteSubstances or objects which the holder intends or isrequired to dispose of.
10 Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICE1.General descriptionof Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)1.1 Principles of LCAThe Life Cycle Assessment methodology (LCA) is usedto determine which impacts a product or a service hason the environment, and The European Commissionhas concluded that Life Cycle Assessments providethe best framework for assessing the potentialenvironmental impacts of products currentlyavailable.8 The methodology was developed becausethere was a need to consider the whole life cycle ofa product when examining environmental impacts,instead of just looking into one process at a time. Aperil with focussing on only one process at a timeis that a decrease in environmental impact in onearea can lead to increased environmental impactin another. To prevent this phenomenon, knownas sub-optimization, an LCA aims to include allprocesses from cradle to grave. However, an LCA isalways a study of the environmental impacts from theprocesses inside the system boundary, defined in the8Communication on Integrated Product Policy (COM (2003)302)goal and scope of the LCA. Therefore, it is importantto remember that all environmental impacts, from aproduct or service, can never be considered.In Figure 1 the different stages of LCA areshown. First, the goal and scope of the LCAshould be defined. The system boundaries mustbe clearly stated, since it has a direct impact onthe result of the LCA. When the goal and scopeare defined the inventory analysis can start. Thisis where data regarding all processes inside thesystem boundaries are gathered; these data can bepresented in a report and are then called LCI (LifeCycle Inventory). In addition, in an LCA the datafrom the inventory analysis are further processedin the impact assessment phase, where differentemissions (e.g. CO2, SO2, NOx etc.) are sorted intodifferent categories depending on what environmentalimpact they contribute to. These categories canbe for example, global warming, acidification and
11Volvo Cars – Carbon footprint report – Battery electric XC40 Recharge and the XC40 ICEInventoryAnalysisGoal gure 1. Illustration of the general phases of a life-cycle assessment, as described by ISO 14040eutrophication. Through the impact assessment theThe methodology follows the standards set by ISOtotal environmental impact of the studied system14044:2006 “Environmental management — Lifecan be quantified. LCA is an iterative process wherecycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines”e.g. interpretation of the results might lead to aand ISO 14040:2006 “Environmental management –need to revisit goal and scope definition, inventoryLife cycle assessment – Principles and framework”2.analysis or impact assessment, in order to create aThese standards differ from other standards that arefinal assessment that in the best way addresses thecommonly used by the vehicle industry, e.g. for testingquestion that one wants to answer.or certification of the products, since they contain veryA fourth step may also be included in LCA, calledfew strict requirements. Instead they mostly provideweighting. In this step, resultsguidelines for LCA including:These standards differ fromare further aggregated. Thedefinition of the goal andother standards commonly useddifferent environmental impactsscope of the LCA, the lifeare weighed against each othercycle inventory analysis (LCI)by the vehicle industry, e.g. forbased on e.g. political goals,phase, the life cycle impacttesting or certification of theeconomical goals or the criticalassessment (LCIA) phase,products, since they containload of different substancesthe life cycle interpretationveryfewstrictrequirementsin the environment. The LCAphase, reporting and criticalmethodology undertaken for thisreview of the LCA, limitationsstudy does not include weighting as only one impactof the LCA, relati
The production of the XC40 Recharge Li-ion battery has a relatively large Carbon Footprint and constitutes 10–30 per cent of the total Carbon Footprint, depending on the electricitymix in the use phase. Choice of methodology, for example inclusion of carbon emissions for scrap, has a significant impact on the total Carbon Footprint.
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the SW US. The impact of LU change was much greater than climate variability in Niger (Africa), where replacement of savanna by crops increased recharge by about an order of magnitude even during severe droughts. Sensitivity of recharge to LU/LC changes suggests that recharge may be controlled through management of LU. In irrigated areas,
Sep 15, 2020 · collaboration between Polestar and Volvo Cars, and as a comparison a carbon footprint has also been determined for the Volvo Cars XC40 petrol internal combustion engine vehicle (XC40 ICE). The carbon footprint includes emissions from upstream supplier activities, manufacturing and logis
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