Federal Campuses Handbook For Net Zero Energy, Water, And .
Federal CampusesHandbook for Net ZeroEnergy, Water, andWastePrepared for the U.S. Department of EnergyFederal Energy Management ProgramBy the Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryKM Fowler, I Demirkanli, DJ Hostick, KL McMordie-Stoughton, AESolana, and RS SullivanAugust 2017
FEDERAL AGENCY HANDBOOK FOR NET ZERO ENERGY, WATER, AND WASTEContactsRenewable Energy Program ManagerRachel ShepherdU.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management ProgramEE-5F, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-0121Phone: (202) 586-9209E-mail: rachel.shepherd@ee.doe.govProgram ManagerNicolas BakerU.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management ProgramEE-5F, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-0121Phone: (202) 586-8215E-mail: nicolas.baker@ee.doe.govContactsi
AcknowledgementsThe project team would like to thank the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Federal EnergyManagement Program (FEMP) for its leadership in the development of this handbook. RachelShepherd and Nic Baker were critical to the success of this document through their technicalleadership and review of the product, and their ability to bring together a variety of stakeholdersto contribute to the product. Elena Meehan of SRA International, Inc. was a key member of theFEMP team ensuring that we addressed the comments from the reviewers. The Department ofDefense (DOD), General Services Administration (GSA), Building Technologies Office, and theNational Renewable Energy Laboratory provided reviews of the technical content that werevaluable in the framing of the document. Reviewers included: Tim Unruh (DOE), LieutenantColonel Travis Leighton (DOD), Kristine Kingery (DOD-Army), Paul Volkman (DOD-Army),Marc Kodack (DOD-Army), Wanda Johnsen (DOD-Army), Kevin Kampschroer (GSA), KingaPorst (GSA), Natalie Huber (GSA), and Lance Davis (GSA). At the Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory (PNNL), in addition to the authors that contributed to the technical content, DelphineAppriou developed the graphics and Supriya Goel provided the technical peer review. Theproject team greatly appreciates the contributions made by the organizations and individuals thatprovided input to this document.The PNNL information release number for this report is: PNNL-26636.Acknowledgementsii
Abbreviations and AcronymsADAnaerobic digestionASHRAEAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigeration and AirConditioning EngineersBMPbest management practiceBtuBritish thermal unitCFRCode of Federal RegulationsDHWdomestic hot waterDOEU.S. Department of EnergyEEREEnergy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEISAEnergy Independence and Security Act of 2007FEMPFederal Energy Management ProgramGSFgross square feetHVACheating, ventilation, and air conditioningLEDlight-emitting diodeLFGlandfill gasMMBtu/sfMillion British thermal units per square footMSWMunicipal Solid WasteO&Moperations and maintenancePNNLPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRECRenewable energy certificatesU.S.United StatesWTEwaste-to-energyAbbreviations and Acronymsiii
Contents1Introduction. 12Federal Campus Boundaries . 23Net Zero Applications for Federal Campuses . 54Net Zero Federal Campuses . 75Summary . 326Glossary . 327References . 38Contentsiv
1 IntroductionNet zero energy buildings have been a growing target in the federal and private sector. For thecommercial and residential building sectors the International Living Future Institute hasdeveloped a building certification system for net zero buildings called the Living BuildingChallenge. Over 300 buildings have been registered in 29 countries, and 43 case studies ofcertified buildings are available to the public.1 The World Green Building Council andArchitecture 2030 launched a project in 2016 focused on net zero carbon buildings with the goalof all buildings being net zero carbon by 2050.2 And non-profit organizations, such as the ZeroEnergy Project, are focused on increasing the number of residential properties that achieve netzero goals along with the and private sectors.3In 2015, the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)office defined a zero energy campus was defined as “an energy-efficient campus where, on asource energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-siterenewable exported energy.” The definition was developed through the survey of existingpublications, interviews with subject matter experts (SMEs), and a public comment period. Thedefinition report emphasized that zero energy buildings use all cost-effective energy efficiencymeasures and then include renewable energy systems that address the power needs, noting thatreduced energy consumption makes it less expensive to achieve the zero energy goal. The goal ofreducing energy consumption includes integrated design, energy efficiency measures, reducedplug load, and occupant behavior change programs. 4This handbook is focused on applying the EERE definition to federal sector campuses. ThePacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), commissioned by DOE’s Federal EnergyManagement Program (FEMP), prepared the handbook incorporating inputs from theDepartment of Defense, General Services Administration, and the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory.In the federal sector, the net zero efforts include net zero energy, water, and waste. The Federalcampuses being addressed in this handbook are owned by the federal government and theoccupants are federal employees, and thus do not have an equivalent to building owners orconsumers in the commercial and residential building sectors. Federal energy, water, and wastemanagement has a strong history of focusing on minimizing use first and then looking foralternatives to achieve the net zero target. Many energy, water, and waste regulatory1For information on the Living Future Institute net zero building certification system see: https://livingfuture.org/net-zero/2For more information on the World Green Building Council or more information on residential net zero energy activities see: ere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home, and y-net-zero-homes-14217941294A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings available online to common definition zero energy buildings 093015.pdf1
requirements and mandates exist that drive the federal sector toward reducing consumption first,then encouraging alternative paths to reducing resource use, impact, and costs. This documentoffers strategies that are in support of, but are not intended to replace, substitute, or modify anystatutory or regulatory requirements and mandates. Following the culture of promoting reductionand efficiency first, the recommended strategies for net zero energy, water, and waste federalcampuses are outlined below. A net zero energy federal campus reduces overall energy use, maximizes efficiency,implements energy recovery and cogeneration opportunities, and then offsets theremaining demand with the production of renewable energy from on-site sources, suchthat the campus produces as much renewable energy as it uses over the course of a year. A net zero water federal campus minimizes total water consumption, maximizesalternative water sources, minimizes wastewater discharge, and returns water to theoriginal water source such that the annual water consumption is equivalent to thealternative water use plus the water returned to the original water source over the courseof a year. A net zero waste federal campus reduces, reuses, recycles/composts, and recovers solidwaste streams (with the exception of hazardous and medical waste), converting them toresource values, resulting in no waste disposal to landfills or incinerators.Federal agencies should look to pursue net zero where it helps achieve statutory or regulatoryrequirements and mandates. Net zero energy, water, or waste will not be feasible for all federalbuildings as it may not be life-cycle cost-effective. Federal agency activities that may not beapplicable for net zero include: An intelligence activity of the United States, and related personnel, resources, andbuildings; Law enforcement activities of the agency, and related personnel, resources, andbuildings; Law enforcement, protective, emergency response, or military tactical vehicle fleets ofthe agency; Particular agency activities and buildings where it is in the interest of national security;and Buildings outside of the United States unless the head of an agency determines otherwise.2 Federal Campus BoundariesNet zero efforts begin with identifying the federal campus boundary. A campus boundarydelineates the area that is functionally part of the campus. Simply stated, the boundary is at orwithin the legal property boundary, ideally including the point of utility interface. To define afederal campus boundary, the property must be owned or managed by the agency, include the2
buildings that are being targeted for net zero, and can include contiguous property that hostsspace, technologies, or systems that contribute to the campus’ ability to achieve net zero energy,water, or waste. A campus boundary allows for the buildings and net zero assets on a campus tobe aggregated to achieve net zero.The following figures represent net zero energy, water, and waste boundaries. Figure 1offers anet zero energy boundary condition. The net zero energy boundary could include energy use, onsite renewable energy production, energy storage, delivered energy, and exported energy. Therenewable energy certificates (RECs) for the on-site renewable energy must be retained. If theRECs for the on-site renewable energy are sold, they must be replaced.Figure 1. Conceptual depiction of site boundary for energy balance. 55Figure was adapted from A Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings available online to common definition zero energy buildings 093015.pdfDHW refers to domestic hot water3
Figure 2 offers a net zero water boundary condition. The net zero water boundary could includepotable and non-potable water use, on-site alternative water sources, freshwater supply,alternative water supply, and water returned to the original water source. If the campus is notwithin the watershed or aquifer of the original water source, then returning water to the originalwater source will be unlikely. In those cases, achieving net zero water would depend onalternative water use.Figure 2. Conceptual depiction of site boundary for water balance.4
Figure 3 offers a net zero waste boundary condition. The net zero waste boundary could includematerial use and waste generation, on-site reuse and compost centers, green procurement, andpartnerships with entities to recycle, compost, reuse, and generate energy through waste-toenergy (WTE) plants. Construction and demolition waste is not considered part of the net zerowaste boundary.Figure 3. Conceptual depiction of site boundary for waste balance.3 Net Zero Applications for Federal CampusesThis guidance document provides a net zero application for modernizing a federal campus toachieve net zero. Separate guidance documents address two other net zero applications:designing new net zero federal buildings and renovating existing net zero federal buildings. Eachapplication provides strategies for achieving net zero energy, water, and waste. The campusapplication addresses connection and coordination, design, construction, and operationsconsiderations. It is recommended that agencies consider the best application to implementingnet zero energy, water, or waste for their particular campus. In other words, agencies candetermine the boundary that aligns best with their net zero project. Figure 4 provides a visual ofthe different applications of net zero. If considering a net zero federal building, whether new or existing, the area called“building boundary” represents a net zero energy building example. Within the boundaryline is the building property and the land needed for the on-site renewable energygeneration. The area called “designated campus boundary” represents a net zero water campus.Within that boundary is the set of buildings and water related infrastructure needed for5
these buildings to be considered net zero water. There are six buildings inside of thatboundary. Depending on whether an agency chooses the number of buildings or squarefootage, the agency would count all six of those buildings or their total square footagetowards meeting the agency net zero target for existing buildings. The area called “property line/campus boundary” represents a traditional campusboundary definition as it is the actual boundary of the campus. This example is showingelements of a net zero waste campus. If this entire campus was designated as net zerowaste, all 17 buildings and their corresponding square footage would count toward theagency’s net zero target for existing buildings.Figure 4. Net Zero Boundary Examples6
4 Net Zero CampusesCampuses allow for coordination of multiple systems across a larger geographical space whichmay make reaching net zero for a set of buildings more cost-effective. If a campus is determinedto achieve net zero, all of the buildings within the designated campus boundary can be countedas meeting net zero.This section is organized by net zero area in the following order; energy, water, and waste. Eachnet zero area includes connect and coordinate, design, construction, and operationconsiderations.ENERGYA net zero energy campus minimizes totalENERGY Net Zero Connect andenergy use first through conservation andCoordinate Elements for Campusesefficiency and then uses renewable energy toEA.CC.1 Consolidate functions to reducepower the campus.building footprintConnect and CoordinateWith a net zero energy campus there is the potentialbenefit of land availability for renewable energygeneration. One of the challenges is to coordinate acrossthe building inventory to meet the net zero objectives, asdescribed by the following elements.EA.CC.1Consolidate functions to reduce the buildingfootprintEA.CC.2 Review/Develop campus masterplans and related plansEA.CC.3 Consider use of central heatingor cooling plants and cogenerationEA.CC.4 Implement campus-wide energymanagement control systemsEA.CC.5Coordinate with utility providersA net zero energy campus can reduce energy use by consolidating functions and reducing thebuilding footprint. Although this strategy might increase the energy use per square foot of thebuildings, it can reduce total campus energy use by closing buildings with inefficient heating,cooling, and lighting systems and/or poor insulation. Consolidating building functions requiresthe building operators to coordinate with mission leaders to understand the occupant workspaceneeds and match those needs with available space in more energy efficient buildings.EA.CC.2Review/Develop campus master plans and related plansA net zero energy campus should have a campus master plan that prioritizes projects forimplementation and specifies equipment that should be installed in new construction andrenovations. A net zero campus master plan should document the net zero energy targets andensure those targets are systematically implemented. The plan should include energy resiliencysolutions, with critical loads and/or buildings identified and coordinated with net zero efforts,design standards for new construction and major renovations, a prioritized list of energyconservation, efficiency, and renewable energy projects with an implementation timeline, abuilding demolition list to reduce the campus footprint, maps identifying areas for renewableenergy generation, and a list of utility infrastructure improvements. The net zero energy campusmaster plan should consider the expected future load given planned consolidation and demolitionefforts and new construction.7
EA.CC.3Consider use of central heating or cooling plants and cogenerationCentral heating and cooling plants can offer energy cost and efficiency savings if designed andimplemented properly. District heating and cooling can also be supplied with ground source heatpumps. Evaluate the potential to generate electricity in combination with central plants.EA.CC.4Implement campus-wide energy management control systemsBuilding control systems implemented at individual buildings and renewable energy systemsshould each be connected to a campus-level energy management control system. This allows allenergy data to be viewed in one place, and energy systems can be controlled centrally if needed,such as during emergencies.EA.CC.5Coordinate with utility providersMeet with the electric and thermal energy utility providers to discuss net zero energy goals andpotential partnerships, regulations, and potential conflicts of interest. Meeting with utilities earlycan help identify issues and avoid roadblocks later. Renewable energy system interconnectionstandards, available incentives, and financing options are some of the topics that will need to bediscussed.DesignA net zero energy campus focuses on reducing energyENERGY Net Zero Design Elements forload first, then supplying renewable energy to match theCampusesannual calculated energy use of the campus. Campusdesign elements that aim at a net zero energy campus are EA.D.1 Design buildings to meet or exceedcampus master plan expectationsprovided below.EA.D.1Design buildings to meet or exceed campusmaster plan expectationsEA.D.2 Measure campus annual energy useEA.D.3 Design renewable energy system(s)to meet calculated campus annual energyuseNew construction and existing building renovations thatimpact the net zero energy target should be designed tomeet or exceed the campus master plan expectations. Integrated design strategies should be usedto identify efficiency opportunities. Strategies that take advantage of building proximities, suchas waste heat in one building being recovered for a neighboring building, should be considered.For net zero energy design, equipment selection should not be based on economic viability alonebut should include policy and mission-related considerations, such as energy resiliency. Acampus that has a lower demand for energy will be more secure and resilient duringemergencies, and will have lower environmental impact on the region, including air quality. Anintegrated design process should be used to identify efficiency opportunities. Integrated designincludes active participation throughout the life-cycle of the design and construction phases by adiverse set of stakeholders such as architects, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, futurebuilding operators, and future occupants.If new buildings are added to the campus, the new net zero energy building design should aim atmaximizing energy efficiency by including a comprehensive suite of energy efficient elements8
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Net zero energy buildings have been a growing target in the federal and private sector. For the . green procurement, and partnerships with entities to recycle, compost, reuse, and generate energy through waste-to-energy (WTE) plants. Construction and demolition waste is not considered part of the net zero
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