Enzymes - MR. KAPA'S DIGITAL CLASSROOM
Enzymes
TEKS and S.E.s B.9C identify and investigate the role of enzymes
Vocabulary Enzyme Catalyst Substrate Active site Substrate-enzyme complex Activation energy Inhibitor Catabolic Anabolic Reactant Product
Prerequisite Questions What type of biomolecule makes up an enzyme? What is a chemical reaction? What is the reactant in a chemical reaction? What is the product in a chemical reaction?
Essential Question How is an enzyme’s function connected to its structure?
WHAT is an enzyme? HOW do they work?THE BIG IDEA: An ENZYME is a PROTEIN that functions as a catalyst to SPEED UP aCHEMICAL REACTION in an organism; Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalyst speed up reactions. These reactions would take place anyway the enzymes just speed them up! Catalysts are NOT used up in the chemical reaction, rather it is recycled andused over and over again
4 CHARACTERISTICS of Enzymes –1. Enzymes do not make anything happen that couldn’t happen on itsown, just makes it happen faster.2. Enzymes are not used up in reactions. They can be used over andover again!3. Enzymes are highly specific: each enzyme catalyzes a specificchemical reaction, acting on a specific substrate4. Enzymes are only needed in small amounts.
How is an enzymes shape related to itsfunction?THE BIG IDEA: An enzyme’s STRUCTURE DETERMINES its FUNCTION!!!! The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate is called the active site. The activesite has a shape that precisely matches the shape of the molecule to be reacted,called the substrate. When the substrate and enzyme bind temporarily, an enzyme-substrate complex isformed.
“Lock and Key” Analogy Enzyme specificity is often described using the “lock-and-key”model of enzyme action: The shape of the enzyme’s active site (the “Key’s teeth”) determineswhich substrate (which “Lock”) will “fit” with the enzyme. If the substrate (“lock”) doesn’tmatch with the active site (“key”),the enzyme cannot catalyze thechemical reaction
You try:With a partner, see if you can describe what is happening at each step (letters) AND label the followingparts (numbers)Word Bank: Enzyme EnzymeSubstrateComplex2. Active Site Substrates bindto the activesiteA.1.3.C. Products arereleased Substrates areturned intoproductsB.
Remember these key ideas The SUBSTRATE is the REACTANT in the chemical reaction that is catalyzedby the enzyme, the substance that is CHANGED The ACTIVE SITE is the region on the enzyme where the substrate attaches;the shape of the active site determines which substrates the enzyme canbind. Imagine a KEY (the ACTIVE SITE) fitting a LOCK (the SUBSTRATE). The PRODUCT is what you end up with after the chemical reaction hasoccurred.
Enzyme ClassificationCatabolic ReactionBonds are being brokenAnabolic ReactionBonds are being created
HOW do enzymes CATALYZE chemical reactions? Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactionsby lowering the required activation energy (theamount of energy needed to start the reaction).
The activation energy needed for the reaction to occur is reduced. After the reaction is complete, the substrate has formed a new product orproducts and the enzyme is released to be reused.
What environmental FACTORS can affect anENZYME’S FUNCTION?1. Temperature: THE BIG IDEA: Enzymes function optimally at certain temperatures. BUT, if it gets TOO HOT, the enzymebecomes “DENATURED” as the heat“cooks” the protein. OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE for anenzyme is when enzyme“works best.”
2. pH (a measure of acidity)THE BIG IDEA: Enzymes function optimally at a certain pH. If the pH is too low (too acidic) or too high (too basic), theenzyme becomes “DENATURED” OPTIMAL pH for an enzyme is the pH atwhich is when it “works best
3. Concentration of substrate Reaction rate increases as the substrate concentration increases up to apoint The limiting factorin the reaction maybe the amount ofsubstrate or theamount of enzymeavailable
4. Inhibitor Moleculesa.Competitive inhibitors Attach to enzyme’s active site Shape is similar to substrate Compete with the substrate Often the end product of the reactionb. Non-competitive inhibitors Attach elsewhere on theenzyme (not the active site) Attachment changes the 3Dshape of enzyme Reaction still occurs, but isinhibited
Based on the graph below, come up with two observations thatare related to enzyme activity.
Concept Mastery Questions: Why are enzymes so specific to the reaction they mediate? What implications do inhibitors have on enzymatic activity? How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? What happens to a biochemical process if one of the enzymes are denatured?What would happen to the products (in boxes) if enzyme 2 is denatured?
4 CHARACTERISTICS of Enzymes – 1. Enzymes do not make anything happen that couldn’t happen on its own, just makes it happen faster. 2. Enzymes are not used up in reactions. They can be used over and over again! 3. Enzymes are highly specific: each enzyme catalyzes a specific chemical rea
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metabolism? We can group enzymes together according to the types of reactions they catalyse. –Hydrolase enzymes control hydrolysis reactions. –Oxidoreductase enzymes control redox reactions. –Transferase enzymes move whole chemical groups (eg. methyl, amino, carboxyl). –Isomerase enzymes change the shape of a molecule (creating an .
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Organisms use protein catalysts called enzymes to accelerate many metabolic reactions to useful rates. Enzymes are mainly made of proteins, although many enzymes also incorporate non-protein cofactors, such as vitamins or metals. Enzymes lower the Ea of a reaction because substrates bind to a specific
20 Production of industrial enzymes and some applications in fermented foods 622 A. Godfrey 20.1 Introduction 622 20.2 Brief history of industrial enzymes 622 20.3 Modem approach to enzyme production 625 20.4 Enzymes from animal materials 626 20.5 Enzymes from plant materials 629 20.6 Principal steps in extraction of animal and plant tissues 630
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