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DOCUMENT RESUMEUD 028 251ED 338 724AUTHORTITLEINSTITUTIONSPONS AGENCYPUB DATECONTRACTNOTEPUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORSIDENTIFIERSPalincsar, Annemarie Sullivan; Klenk, Laura J.Learning Dialogues To Promote Text Comprehension.Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor.Department of Education, Washington, DC.; NationalInst. of Child Health and Human Development (NIH),Bethesda, MD.Mar 91OSE-G008400648; PHS-0595124p.; In: "Teaching Advanced Skills to EducationallyDisadvantaged Students" (see UD 023 249).Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142)MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.*Dialogs (Language); *Discussion (TeachingTechnique); Educationally Disadvantaged; ElementarySecondary Education; Group Discussion; InserviceTeacher Education; *Learning Processes; Reader TextRelationship; *Reading Comprehension; RemedialReadingHeterogeneous Classrooms; *Reciprocal Teaching; *TextProcessing (Reading)ABSTRACTReciprocal teaching is an instructional proceduredesigned to teach heterogeneous groups of learners, including theeducationally disadvantaged, how to approach text in a thoughtfulmanner. In reciprocal teaching, teachers and students take turnsleading discussions about shared text to achieve joint understandingthrough the application of the following four comprehension-fosteringand comprehension-monitoring strategies: (1) question generating; (2)summarizing; (3) clarifying; and (4) predicting. Students are taughtthese strategies in a context that features dynamic interactionbetween students and teachers as well as among students. Teacherexpertise is applied to diagnosis, instruction, modeling, andcoaching at the same time that students are recruited to assumeresponsibility for their own learning from text. Transcripts ofteachers' discussions with first-graders and seventh-graders arepresented to illustrate reciprocal teaching. Reciprocal teaching iswell-suited for use with children who have not yet mastered thedecoding skills that a text may require. Suggestions are givenconcerning the preparation of both staff and students forparticipating in reciprocal discussions. Research shows that thefollowing three factors are successful in providing sustainedinterest in reciprocal teaching: (1) instructional chaining andteacher-peer collaboration in inservice education; (2) alignment ofinstructional objectives with educational practices; and (3) an arrayof incentives. A 13-item list of references is included. The paper'sdiscussant is Yolanda N. Padron in a training section entitled "TheUse of Learning Dialogues in Teaching Reading Comprehension toAt-PLsk Students." **** **********************the best that can be madeReproductions supplied by EDRS arefrom the original document.****************** **********************

LEARNING DIALOGUES TO PROMOTE TEXT COMPREHENSIONAnnemarie Sullivan PalincsarLaura J. KlenkUniversity of MichigarThe research reported in this paper has been supported by PHS Grant 05951 from the NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development and OSE Grant G008400648 from theDepartment of Education. The first author gratefully acknowledges her long-standing collaborationwith Professor Ann Brown (University of California, Berkeley) in the research program regardingreciprocal teaching. We also wish to acknowledge the many fine teachers who have contributedenormously to the success of this research program.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research end ImpmvementEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)tOkThis document has been reproduced asreceived from tho person or organizationoriginating itr Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction QualityPoints of view or opinionsBEST COPY MAMEstated in this documerit do not necessarily represent officialOEPI position or policy2

LEARNING DIAL0GUES TO PROMOTE TEXT COMPREHENSIONConversations with teachers responsible for the literacy instruction of elementaryaged students at risk for academic difficulty reveal the extraordinary agenda confrontingthese teachers. As one teacher Indicated, with a mixture of apprehension andexuberance, "I want to engender an enthusiasm for reading and writing; I want to providethe kinds of experiences few of these children have had, that will enable them to havesomething to write about and provide the background knowledge that will be useful intheir reading. And, of course, my job is also to teach all the basics." The demands onthis teacher and all teachers working in classrooms of increasingly heterogeneouslearners are many.Tensions in Literacy InstructionThe conflicting demands placed upon teachers reflect a number of tensions thatcurrently attend literacy instruction. We briefly consider three of these tensions to setthe stage for describing reciprocal teachingan instructional procedure designed toteach heterogeneous groups of learners, through the grades, how to approach learningfrom text in a thoughtful manner. Following our description of reciprocal teaching, wewill summarize the research investigating its use with at-risk learners. Finally, weconsider some of the implications of our research for school change efforts in general.Basic Skills versus Critical LiteracyFueled by concerns that American students have failed to maintain the competitiveedge in a world economy, the argument is made that educators ought to return to basicskills instruction. For example, A Ali:lion at Risk (National Commission on Excellence inEducation, 1983) urged that teachers be held accountable for students' achievingminimal levels of competence. In juxtaposition to the "back to basics" movement is thecall for critical literacy, or literacy instruction that equips individuals with the tools toengage not only in the cognitive activities of thinking, reasoning, and problem solving butalso in the uniquely human activisties of reflection, creation, and enjoyment. Integral tothe dialogue regarding critical literacy is the tenet that every child has the right to theeducational opportunities to achieve this level of literacynot simply "bright children,""normally achieving children," or the children of majority-culture or middle-class families.Such a movement demands the use of what Hilliard (1988) has referred to as"maximum-competency criteria" (p. 199). The tension between these two movementsgives rise to the question 'What is the place of basic skills versus higher-order skills inliteracy instruction?"21293-157 0 - 91 - 23

The greatest problem arising when basic skills are contrasted with higher-order skillsin the reading domain is the faulty impression that not all students are entitled toinstruction in both sets of skills. In fact, traditionally the trend has been to target basicskills instruction for younger and disadvantaged students while reserving the "higherorder or reasoning skills for older and more successful students. It Is this very practicethat gave rise to this particular volume. However, if one maintains that the goal ofliteracy instruction is to prepare leamers who are independent and ready to engage inlife-long learning, then this "tension" between basic and higher-order skills makes littlesense. Children, regardless of their age or ach!evement level, should be taught effectivereasoning and the skills to learn from text. Let's consider what these skills might be.One hallmark of the critLIal reader is a repertoire of strategies for gaining knowledgefrom text. These are often called the "metacognitive skills of reading" (Brown, 1980).They are the strategies that enable readers to:Clarify the purposes of reading.Make use of relevant background knowledge.Focus attention on the major content of the text.Evaluate that content to determine whether it makes sense and is compatiblewith prior knowledge.Monitor to ensure that comprehension is occurring.Draw and test inferences.In this paper we discuss an instructional procedure designed to teach children to engagein the metacognitive skills of reading even before they have acquired the basic skill ofdecoding. We will make the point that the design of the context in which instructionoccurs is as important as identifying the skills to be taught.Natural Versus Taught LiteracyA second tension, between naturally acquired and taught literacy, raises the question'To what extent should literacy instruction be thought of as the transfer of knowledgefrom teacher to child?" The natural-literacy argument suggests that, given a literateenvironment, young children will make sense of written language in much the samenatural and effortless manner in which they learn spoken language (Phelps, 1988).Supporting the natural-literacy argument is the evidence that children exposed to writtenlanguage begin appropriating the literacy of their culture long before formai schooling. Inaddition, the natural-literacy tradition helps us to understand the diversity of practicesand attitudes toward literacy displayed by children from various ethnic andsocioeconomic backgrounds. However, the teacher is left dangling in the natural-literacyargument. Is it the teacher's responsibility just to provide a "literacy rich" environmentwhere she or ne merely facilitates the activity of fairly autonomous learners? Or shouldclassrooms be places where teachers, through conscious teaching of the means to22

'owunderstand text, enable learners to acquire literacy knowledge and tools? Indeed, Delpit(1988) has argued that the tenets of the natural-literacy tradition unwittingly denyAfrican-American students entry into the "culture of power" by cutting off access toteachers as sources of knowledge. In this paper we explore how it is possible for bothteachers and students to assume active roles in literacy instruction so that students profitfrom the relative expertise of the teacher and from one another.Reductionist Versus Holistic/Constructivist InstructionThis final tension speaks most directly to the procedural question "In what contextshould literacy instruction occurr From a reductionist perspective, the content to belearned is segmented into discrete parts, usually through an analysis of the componentsof a task. Each component or step is then taught to some level of mastery. Inreductionist teaching, little attention is paid to the social interactions among teachers andstudents, and children generally work alone. Illustrative of a reductionist approach toreading strategy instruction (e.g., summarization) wovld be a lesson in which studentsare asked to underline an explicit main-idea sentence in a short and simplistic piece oftext or to choose one of three titles for a short passage.Poplin (1.88), among others, has argued that a reductionist perspective has beenparticularly influential in the design of remedial education for children at risk. Onealarming outcome of a reductionist approach is the impoverished understanding to whichit can lead. We recently interviewed a number of disadvantaged and poorly achievingchildren in elementary school about what it takes to be a good reader. The children'sresponses focused on: "Get a book, open it up, try to sound out the words." "Get yourreading done." "Something you look at and say the words." Their responses madesense when we observed that the teacher's reading instruction focused exclusively ondecoding and seatwork.The alt .native holisticiconstructivist perspective urges that tasks be presented ingoal-embedded contexts; for example, in reading strategy instruction the goal would beto develop a strategic conception of reading rather than to master a series of steps of astrategy. Furthermore, the goal would be pursued through instruction conducted duringmeaningful reading. Finally, there would be many occasions for teacher-student andstudent-student interaction. The recipwcal teaching method described below wasdesigned to provide students practice in a coherent and meaningful way, using thenatural social context of discussion.Reciprocal TeachingReciprocal teaching is an instructional procedure in which teachers and studentstake turns leading discussions about shared text. The purpose of these discussions is toachieve joint understanding of the text through the flexible application of four23

comprehension strategies. Research investigating reciprocal teaching has beenconducted over the past eight years by large numbers of teachers working primarily withremedial, special education, and at-risk students in first grade through secondary school.Reciprocal teaching dialogues are "structured" with the use of four strategies:question generating, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting. The text is read insegments silently, orally by students, or orally by the teacher, depending on thedecoding ability of the students. Following each segment, the dialogue leader (adult orchild) begins the discussion by asking questions about the content of the text. Thegroup discusses these questions, raises additional questions, and, in the case ofdisagreement or misunderstanding, rereads the text. The discussion then moves on to asummary to identify the gist of what has been read and synthesize the reading anddiscussion. Once again, the dialogue leader offers the initial summary and there isdiscussion to achieve consensus. The third strategy, clarification, is usedopportunistically whenever there is a concept, word, or phrase that has beenmisunderstood or is unfamiliar to the group. Finally, the discussion leader generatesand solicits predictions regarding upcoming content in the text. The members areguided to make predictions based on their prior knowledge of the topic and clues thatare provided in the text itself (e.g., headings, embedded questions).The particular strategies practiced in reciprocal teaching were selected for a numberof reasons. First, they represent the kinds of strategic activity in which s ccessfulreaders routinely engage when learning from text (i.e., self-testing underst ding,paraphrasing while reading, anticipating and purpose setting, and taking aoprIatemeasures when there has been a breakdown in understanding). Second,tvey providethe occasion for making explicit and visible the mental processes useful for constructingmeaning from text. Finally, these strategies support a discussion within an interactiveand socially supportive context in which to learn about learning from text.The following transcript illustrates the role of the strategies in supporting thediscussion. Six first-graders were participating in this discussion, five of whom were atrisk for academic difficulty. This was the 27th day that they had been using reciprocalteaching, and they were reading a story entitled "Black Bear Baby." The majority of thechildren were not yet decoding at the level the text was written, so their teacher read thetext aloud to them.Since the children have already begun the story, their teacher begins by asking:Mrs. D.:Boys and girls, last week we started a story about Black Bear Baby.What would be a good idea to do before we start today?With this question, the teacher encourages the children to reflect on which strategywould be useful at this point in the reading. Several of the children suggest summarizingand several suggest predicting, since they are accustomed to predicting before theybegin reading. The group collaborates on a summary of what has occurred thus far, the24

children adding the bits they romember while the teacher weaves the bits into a coherentwhole. The group is then ready to begin reading. The teacher asks Margo to be the"teacher," the discussion leader.Mrs. D.:[reading]: While the mother bear ate, the cubs romped and tumbledand somersaulted, but most of all they liked to wrestle. Baby bearhid behind a tree, then jumped out, pouncing on his sister. The bearcubs rolled over and over growling fiercely. Baby bear was biggerthan his sister and he L)egan to play too rough. His sister jumpedonto a tree trunk and climbed quickly upward.Kendra:[clarifying] What's rough?Mara:Like you say rough texture.Mrs. D.:Well, that's one kind of rough.Robert:The other one is like they beat you up.Mrs. D.:That's another kind of rough. Let me read the sentence and seewhich one you think it is. If it's the way you feel, the texture, or thebeating up part.In this portion, the teacher, rather than define the word rough, invites the children toreturn with her to the text and use the context of the sentence to clarify the meaning ofrough. She rereads the appropriate sentence.Mara:It's the kind he [referring to Robert] means.Mrs. D.:The punching and hitting, playing too hard. Okay!Mrs. D. then continues reading. The story goes on to describe how with all theroughhousing, baby bear manages to fall off the tree in which he is chasing his sisterand splashes into the cold water below. The paragraph concludes with a description ofthe mother rescuing and drying off her cub.Mrs. D.:Now, I gave you a lot of information, so you might want to ask morethan one question.Margo:What did he lay in? [in reference to the skunk cabbage leaves inwhich the cub rests after his spill]Mara:It's true you could get an answer but is that gonna get an answerfrom more than one people? Probably it's just gonna get an answerfrom one and there's better questions you could ask.Mara's comment refers to the discussions that Mrs. D. has been having with thestudents about thinking not only of questions that ask for details but also questions thathave many answers and get the group thinking and talking.

Mrs. D.:Let's go ahead, though, and answer Margo's question.Margo:Mara?Mara:The cabbage leaves.Kinata:Uh-uh, it wasn't no cabbage leaves.Kinata is confused here because the text referred to them as "skunk cabbage leaves."Mrs. D.:Remember what they called it: skunk cabbage. Margo, do youunderstand what Mara was saying? Can you think of a questionthat could get a whole bunch of answers?Mara:Like if you would like to see If everybody's knows what's happeningin the story. . . you could ask . . . what's happening in the storyhere?Mrs. D.:Let me help a little bit. What are the cubs doing while the mother isaway? [Here the teacher models an appropriate question.] Thatmight get a whole bunch of answers.The children reconstruct the number of things that have occurred since the mother bearleft, including baby bear's mishap.Robert:He went bang. He was not real hurt 'cause water isn't hard becausewater. . you can land on it and splash around.Mara:You know it kind of told you what time of year it was because it toldyou it went "splash," because if it was this time of year [February], Idon't think he'd splash in the water, I think he'd crack.Margo:[summarizing] This part of the story told us about baby bear andsister bear wrestling.Mrs. D.:Tell us a bit more; there's an important thing you left out.The children then add other events that transpired in this part of the story, including thefall and baby bear's rescue.Mrs. D.:Okay, now that's a good summaryand good questions from all ofyou. You had good ideas. I also like the way we have beenclarifying those words. Okay, Travis, you're our next teacher. Havewe any predictions we can make at this point?The children discuss some possible events in the story, such as other trouble that babybear might get into, other ways in which the mother cares for her cubs, and how thecubs grow up.26

In addition to illustrating the role of the strategies in reciprocal teaching dialogues,this transcript reveals how the teacher supports the children's engagement in thedialogues. In reciprocal teaching instruction, the teacher assumes many roles:Modeling competent use of the strategies for the purpose of constructingmeaning and monitoring comprehension.Engaging in on-line diagnosis of the students' emerging competence with thecomprehension activity.Supporting students' efforts to understand the text.Pushing for deeper understanding.Consciously releasing control of the dialogue to the students as theydemonstrate the ability to assume responsibility for their own learning.The m

in the reading domain is the faulty impression that not all students are entitled to instruction in both sets of skills. In fact, traditionally the trend has been to target basic skills instruction for younger and disadvantaged students while reserving the "higher-order or reasoning skills for older and more successful students. It Is this very .

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