Optimizing Design Criteria For COMMERCIAL Recirculating .
4/8/2014Optimizing Design CriteriaforCOMMERCIALRecirculating Aquaculture SystemsBySteven Van GorderFRESH-CULTURE SYSTEMS, INCPROVIDING RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIESSINCE 1984FRESH-CULTURE SYSTEMS, Inc.1984 -2014FCS – the design, construction and sale of RAS systems for 30 years.1
4/8/2014CURRENT “DEVELOPMENT” PRIORITIESFOR RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS(RAS)1) “Sustainable” Recirc. AquaSystems (SRAS) Low-Head Systems Low-Energy Systems Zero effluent Low-Trophic Level Species Choices – Tilapia Alternative Feeds (less fish meal) Aquaponics2) BioFloc (shrimp and tilapia)3) Greenwater SystemsCOMMERCIAL AQUAPONIC PRODUCTION INRECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS(RAS)But it’s also important to differentiate between . Hobbyist Systems / Small-Scale RAS Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Systems “Entry-level” Commercial-Scale RAS for Tilapia vs High-Valued Species Vertical ydroponics Industrial-Scale Systems “intensive” vs “super-intensive” systems2
4/8/2014SMALL-SCALE AND HOBBYIST AQUACULTURERodale Aquaculture Project 1977-1983“Is it possible to garden the waterlike we garden the soil?”Organic Gardening and Farming Pioneer Bob Rodale , 1976Home Aquaculture: Low-Head Designs New Species Integrated ecologically-soundlow-cost methodsHome Aquaculture – Small-Scale and Hobbyist SystemsSome of the 1st RASaquaponic designs anywhereGravity SeparatorBackyard SystemsBasement SystemsAttached GreenhouseSystemsCommunityScaleGreenhouseSystems3
4/8/2014“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”Fertilization/PolycultureOrganically Fertilized Polyculturesof low trophic-level speciesEarly “greenwater” and“Biofloc” systems“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”Multi-Trophic PolyculturesCatfish / Buffalofish / CarpMacrobrachiumTilapiaRainbow troutRed Swamp Crawfish4
4/8/2014“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”Low-Energy Designs – Temperature AINABLE AQUACULTURE”Aquaponics/Community-Scale Designs5
4/8/2014“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”Low-Energy Designs – RBC’s & Aerators“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”Low-Energy Designs – RBC’s & Gravity Separatorspaddlewheel-driven rbc’s / 55 gallon drum clarifiers / efficient aeration6
4/8/2014“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”The Rodale Backyard Fish Farm“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURESmall-Scale Cage Culture Systems7
4/8/2014“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURESmall-Scale Flow-Through Systems8
4/8/2014Growing Interest in “Sustainable Aquaculture”1976-1983BioSphere Project - ArizonaNew Alchemy InstituteUniversity of ArizonaKevin FitzsimmonsRodale Aquaculture Conference“SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE”2014 - Small-Scale AquaponicsThere are dozons of examples of hobbyist and small-scale aquaponics designs.Unless you’re sellingthese systems, this isnot a form ofcommercial aquaponics9
4/8/2014DEFINING COMMERCIALRECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE10
4/8/2014DEFINING “COMMERCIAL-SCALE” RAS(Minimum Requirements) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems can include either: Dedicated Fish Production in closed systems, or Aquaponics, combining hydroponic vegetableproduction with finfish production. Aquaponics can be further sub-divided into 2 categories: Hydroponic vegetable production balanced exactly withthe fish biomass and the feed input levels. Independent fish production and hydroponics systems,using the RAS waste stream as the nutrient source for thevegetable production.DEFINING “COMMERCIAL-SCALE” RAS Commercial-scale “balanced” aquaponics By far the most common design alternative being consideredThe fish are often used only as a source of nutrientsAlmost exclusively “tilapia culture systems”Others are more qualified to discuss this topic11
4/8/2014DEFINING “COMMERCIAL-SCALE” RAS Independent fish culture / hydroponic systems Commercial quantities of fish and/or vegetablesHydroponic nutrients derived from the fish waste stream. for whatever level of hydroponics is desiredMust maintain state-of-the-art water quality control systemsShould be able to support a variety of high-value fish speciesDEFINING “COMMERCIAL-SCALE” RAS(Minimum Requirements) Many believe that Recirculating AquacultureSystems, including Aquaponics, cannot becommercially viable unless pursued on an“industrial-scale”.This is debateable, but Successful “entry-level” systems will require: Imaginative business planningSpecialized, proven RAS technologiesNiche marketing strategiesExceptional quality cultured productsSignificant capital investment12
4/8/2014DEFINING “COMMERCIAL-SCALE” RAS(Minimal “Entry-Level” Requirements) A realistic and carefully articulated businessplan describing An owner-operated business - full-time commitment Threshold level profit potential - 30,000- 100,000 / year? Established markets for the anticipated product RAS with continuous year-round production Approaching weekly harvest capabilities (market-driven)Maintenance of multiple graded populations of fishStable and dependable productionTechnically viable/proven aquaculture designsA threshold harvest capacity of fish/vegetablesCOMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSBesides defining a particular minimum “scale”, whattechnical modifications define a commercial RAS?INCREASING INTENSIFICATIONDesign Categories (Unit Processes) Tank number, size & designBiofiltrationClarificationDissolved Oxygen Control –Aeration/Oxygenation/OzonationCarbon Dioxide ControlpH ControlFeeding strategiesProportional energy costs in all categories13
4/8/2014FCS – First Commercial-Scale Research Systems,Northampton - Kutztown, Pennsylvania1984-1986Immersion DemandAirRound TankFeederHeaterSupplyGravitySeparatorDiffused airaerationRBCFoamFractionatorFCS – First Commercial-Scale Research Systems,Northampton - Kutztown, Pennsylvania1984-1986Low-energy designs: Insulated/covered tanks. Off-peak electricalimmersion heaters Low-head biofilters,clarifiers, aeration14
4/8/2014Commercial-Scale DesignsLOW-HEAD SYSTEM16 Tank RASComplete De-centralization2.5 HP Air Blower Provides: rotational tank flow (peripheral airlift pumps)circulation of water between system components (airlift)aeration (diffused air)clarification (gravity separators)foam fractionation (diffused air)carbon dioxide sparging (diffused air)rotation of Rotating Biological Contactors (paddlewheel)Determining Production Capacity“Satellite Tank System Design”16 Tanks - Totally CentralizedPRODUCTION CAPACITYStaggered tank stocking with fingerlings6 month growout cycle2 harvests / tank / year0.3 lbs/gallon density600 lbs x 16 x 2 19,200 lbs15
4/8/2014Determining Production Capacity“Multiple-Tank / Density Manipulation Systems”16 Tanks - Totally De-centralized8 tanks x 8.7harvests/year600 lbs x 8 x 8.7 41,700 lbsPRODUCTION CAPACITYPatented density manipulation system designEvery 6 weels .8 tanks are harvested7 tanks are subdivided1 tanks is stocked with fingerlingsFirst Commercial-Scale DesignsLOW-HEAD SYSTEMSPRODUCTION CAPACITYTank size – 10’ diameter (2000 gallons) (15 production tanks)Feed capacity - 10 lbs/day/tankMax. density - 0.3 lb/gallonSystem capacity - 40,000 lbs/year (8 tanks harvested every 6 weeks)System limitations (to allowing increased feed levels) Providing stable levels of dissolved oxygen Controlling levels of unionized ammonia Controlling settleable solids levels Limited emergency options Off-flavor and aesthetic concernsTOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT2.5 HP - 0.4 kwh’s/lb of production16
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSINCREASING INTENSIFICATION Any RAS design is only as good as its leasteffective unit process (measured by feed level)! All water treatment unit processes must bedesigned for the anticipated maximum daily feedinput, not the average. All integrated RAS unit processes should beco-engineered.COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSTank Design - Materials The materials used for tank construction must bedurable, smooth, inert, and non-toxic. If the material can be penetrated, at some point itwill be, and the culturist should consider theconsequences in terms of lost stocks and profits.Tank Construction Options FiberglassConcrete (treated)Plywood/linerSteel with epoxy paintCorrugated steel/liner17
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSTank Design - Configuration The tank hydraulics must be completely self-cleaningThe tank is the 1st element of the clarification systemAll waste solids must exit the tank clarifier within minutesCo-engineered for a hydraulic retention time 1 hourRound tankRectangular tankCross-flow tankCOMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSTank Design – Number and SizeThe tank number and size will be determined by thefish management strategy . This strategy must consider the requirement for semicontinuous stocking and harvesting capabilities. Requires designs for both nursery and grow-out systems (andin some cases larval and fry culture systems). The tank size and number, coupled with the anticipated densityat harvest, will dictate the production capacity of the facility. The fish species sometimes prefers a particular tank design.18
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSTank Options - CentralizationThe number of tanks maintained by each Water Treatment Systemdetermines the level of “CENTRALIZATION”.This is THE MOST important factor influencing boththe “bio-security” of the system, and it’s cost!COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSTank Design - CentralizationManagement Strategies and OptionsFewer / Larger Water Treatment Systems Reduced costs Multiple satellite tanks sharing water Efficient managementof multiple cohorts More potential for catastrophic loses,least costMore / Smaller Independent Water Treatment Systems Increasedcosts Greater biosecurity Reduced potential for catastrophicloses, greater costDensity Manipulation Independent RAS modules increasedproduction, bio-security19
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSAeration System DesignMaintenance of adequate levels of dissolved oxygen isthe first “limiting factor” to commercial production.Low-Head Methods for ReplenishingDissolved Oxygen Levels:Diffused airSurface aeratorSurface agitatorCOMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSAerationOxygenationMost significant impediment – Energy / TechnologyRequires “Pure Oxygen Technologies”Access to LOX or Oxygen Generation capabilities20
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSOxygenation System Design Low-Head Oxygenator (LHO) for ReplenishingDissolved Oxygen Levels:Provides supersaturatedlevels of dissolved oxygen atlow head, but at reducedefficiencies (70-75%).COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSAeration System Design Moderate-Head Methods for ReplenishingDissolved Oxygen Levels:Requires a pump to supplythe correct flow rate at 12 psiof pressure, dissolving theoxygen at 100% efficiency.Pure oxygen / oxygen saturator21
4/8/2014Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE-HEAD SYSTEMSUSE OF PURE OXYGENOptions1. Diffusers Too inefficient except for emergency use2. Low-Head Oxygenator Low-energy but still somewhat inefficient3. Oxygen Saturators Very efficient but at some energy costOzone option available with oxygen saturator technologies . improved water quality eliminates off-flavors sterilization options simplified tank and plumbing maintenanceCommercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE-HEAD SYSTEMSUSE OF PURE OXYGENw/ Oxygen Saturators1.2.3.4.1.2.3.4.PositivesAdditional production capacity / fish densityAdditional emergency options –RAPID RESPONSESimplified stock management/harvestsOzone optionNegativesRequires pumps @ moderate pressure (12 psi)Requires additional CO2 sparging technologiesMore sophisticated controlsRequires rapid emergency response (incr. densities)22
4/8/2014First Commercial-Scale DesignsLOW-HEAD SYSTEMS – WITH OXYGEN SATURATORS0.3 HP x 0.75 0.225 kw x 24 hrs 5.4 kwh/dayAt 0.08/kwh 0.43/tank/dayto culture an additional 2.7 lbs of fish/day ( 0.16/lb)Addition of 1/3 HP Pump (sidestream) w/ Oxygen Saturator40,000 55,000 lbs/year RASFCS COMMERCIAL-SCALE FACILITIES1984-198823
4/8/2014First Commercial-Scale DesignsLOW-HEAD SYSTEMS (with Oxygen)PRODUCTION CAPACITYTank sizeFeed capacity Max. density System capacity -10’ diameter (1800 gallons)12 lbs/day/tank0.5 lb/gallon55,000 lbs/year (using densitymanipulation technology)System limitations (to adding additional feed) Controlling settleable solids levels Controlling levels of unionized ammonia Controlling levels of carbon dioxideTOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT7 HP (0.8 kwh’s / lb production)SPRAY-TOWER/PACKED COLUMN.CONTROLS CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELSWith the use ofpure oxygen,it is essential toinclude designs forthe sparging ofcarbon dioxidefrom the water.24
4/8/2014COMMERCIAL-SCALE ADAPTATIONSClarifier DesignDesign Requisite: The clarifier must remove suspendedand settleable solids of the finest particle size possible.Particle Size Removal Capacity Settling tanks (determined by “residence time” but 100 µ) Gravity settler Centrifugal separator Radial flow settlerProtein skimmer (foam fractionator) (1-30µ )Microscreen drum filter (determined by screen sieve)Bead filter (20-30µ )SOLIDS CONTROL – CLARIFIER DESIGNCONE BOTTOMGRAVITY SEPARATORGravity separators provided limited buteffective solids control to 120 µ.Combined with foam fractionation forremoval of fine particulates.BEAD CLARIFIERBead clarifiers effectively remove fineparticulates to 30 µ. However, theycannot sustain high flow rate/lowhead design requirements.Are excellent for larval and fryculture systems.25
4/8/2014SOLIDS CONTROL – CLARIFIER DESIGNCONE BOTTOMGRAVITY SEPARATORMICROSCREENDRUM CLARIFIERBEAD CLARIFIERImproved efficiency from120 µ 30 µ removal capabilityMost significant impediment - Biofiltration in RecirculatingAquaculture Systems (RAS)Bacterial Nitrification of acterNitriteNitrosospira (NO2 ) NitrospiraO2Nitrate(NO3 )O2Nitrifying bacteria, concentrated on the biofilter media surfaces,convert ammonia to nitrite and then to relatively harmlessnitrate, proportionally to feed input levels.26
4/8/2014Moving Bed BioReactors(MBBR’s)Effective tBioreactorsCenter for MarineBiotechnologyAES Low-SpaceBioreactorCommercial Aquaculture Systemsusing Rotating Biological Contactors From 1985-1995, several aquaculture facilities were designed and operatedusing dozens of small (0.6 m diameter) floating/ air-driven RBC’s, for thecommercial production of finfish in closed systems.27
4/8/2014 Larger biofilters (1.22 m diameter) were designed and builtto accommodate larger-scale fish production facilities. Constructed with neutral buoyancy, allowing frictionlessrotation of the non-weight bearing central shaft within theguiding channels of the fiberglass staging unit. Rotation is affected by the injection of air below, and/orwater onto a centrally placed paddlewheel. Using spokes and rigorous attachment methods, the mediais secured to the rotating shaft, and since no gear motor isrequired, is rotated at full 50% submergence.Several 10,000 ft2 (930 m2) RBC’sare rotated during acclimationprocedures using only a smalllinear air compressor.28
4/8/2014Commercial Aquaculture Systemsusing Rotating Biological Contactors For over 15 years, the larger RBC’s have been incorporated inclosed recirculating production facilities for the commercialproduction of striped bass, hybrid striped bass, yellow perch,steelhead trout, coho salmon and tilapia.Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE - HEAD SYSTEMSCOST / EFFICIENCY ADAPTATIONS Increased “Centralization” (4 tank systems)Microscreen Drum Clarifiers (servicing 4 tanks)Expanded biofiltration designs - 4’ diameter RBCCentral pump for all component requirements Combined recycle / circular flow in tanks Oxygenation (at 12 psi) Rotation of RBC’s Flow to CO2 spargers29
4/8/2014Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE -HEAD SYSTEMS4-tank “quads”Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE - HEAD SYSTEMSSPECIFICATIONS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION LEVELS(Increased “Centralization”)PRODUCTION CAPACITYRequires increased biofiltrationTank sizeFeed capacity Max. density System capacity -10’ diameter (2000 gallons)15 lbs/day/tank0.5 lb/gallon65,000 lbs/year(using density manipulation strategy)30
4/8/2014Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE - HEAD SYSTEMSSPECIFICATIONS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION LEVELS(Increased Tank Size)PRODUCTION CAPACITYRequires increased biofiltration and pumping capacityTank sizeFeed capacity Max. density System capacity -12’ diameter (3000 gallons)15 lbs/day/tank0.5 lb/gallon80,000 lbs/year(using density manipulation strategy)EVOLUTION – Most Significant Limiting ParameterSCALEINDUSTRIAL-SCALE RAS DESIGNS31
4/8/2014INDUSTRIAL-SCALE RAS DESIGNS4-tanknursery systems2-tankgrow-out systems(20 – 25 diameter)Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE - HEAD SYSTEMSSPECIFICATIONS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION LEVELS(Increased Tank Size)PRODUCTION CAPACITYRequires increased biofiltration and pumping capacityTank sizeFeed capacity Max. density System capacity -20’ diameter (10,000 gallons)65 lbs/day/tank0.5 lb/gallon330,000 lbs/year(using density manipulation strategy)32
4/8/2014Commercial-Scale DesignsMODERATE - HEAD SYSTEMSSPECIFICATIONS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION LEVELS(Increased Tank Size)PRODUCTION CAPACITYRequires increased biofiltration and pumping capacityTank sizeFeed capacity Max. density System capacity -25’ diameter (15,000 gallons)100 lbs/day/tank0.5 lb/gallon500,000 lbs/year(using density manipulation strategy)Fresh-Culture Recirculating Aquaculture System250 ton target capacity33
4/8/2014AdditionalDesignConsiderationsWater Temperature Control Options Room temperature control Electrical immersion heaters Counter flow immersion coils34
4/8/2014Computer Monitoring and Control OptionsFeed Management Options Manual feeding Demand feeding Automatic feedingwith or w/o central distribution systems Timed / computer controlled Vibratory Auger Belt35
4/8/2014Fish Species OptionsYellow perchStriped bassHybrid striped bassYellow perchRed drumBarramundiCobiaSea bassSea breamRainbow troutCoho salmonCobiaSeabassRainbow troutCoho salmonHybrid striped bassAesthetic ConsiderationsPractical and Public Relations Influences Tank DesignBuilding architectureProduct packagingOzone Improves aesthetics Aids biofiltration Improved fish health& management Eliminates off-flavors36
4/8/2014Stocking and Stock Manipulation Delivery of fingerlings- on-site hatchery? Maintaining multiple cohorts Grading of fish populations “Warehousing” of fingerlings Density manipulationsVertical Integration – Hatchery SystemsIncreased scale allows for the consideration of a variety of optionsnot possible at “entry-level”, or on a severely limited budget.Live-food systemsfor larval cultureLarval and fry culture systems37
4/8/2014Harvesting Options Manual harvesting techniques,using crowders, seines, nets,scales, totes, ice, CO2, etc. Automated fish pumps, counters,gradersProcessing and Marketing ConsiderationsProcessing equipment optionsLive salesto Asian marketWhole on-iceProcessed and packaged38
4/8/2014Waste Treatment ConsiderationsReed Beds / Greenhouse Aquaponics Aerobic stabilization,and reed bed,waste management systemsGreenhouse aquaponicssystems Integration of RAS waste treatment facilitywith hydroponic greenhouse facilityGreenhouseComponents:Microscreens Dewater Aerobic stabilization Reed bedsFilters UV Mixing Reservoir Hydroponic beds39
4/8/2014Phased “Entry” OptionsEntry-level growoutNursery330,000 lb/yr productionLarger-scale growout systems1 million lb/yr productionCONSIDERATIONS FORRAS DESIGN EV\OLUTION1) Higher density levels2) Higher overall production levels3) High-valued species options4) Expanded processing and marketing options5) Emergency response options (oxygen)6) Elimination of off-flavors (ozone)7) Computer and telemetry control options8) Higher % recirculation – water conservation9) Waste treatment options – reed beds/aquaponic
Aquaponics can be further sub-divided into 2 categories: Dedicated Fish Production in closed systems, or Aquaponics, combining hydroponic vegetable production with finfish production. Hydroponic vegetable production balanced exactly with the fish biomass and the feed input levels. Independent fish production and hydroponics systems,
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
och krav. Maskinerna skriver ut upp till fyra tum breda etiketter med direkt termoteknik och termotransferteknik och är lämpliga för en lång rad användningsområden på vertikala marknader. TD-seriens professionella etikettskrivare för . skrivbordet. Brothers nya avancerade 4-tums etikettskrivare för skrivbordet är effektiva och enkla att
Den kanadensiska språkvetaren Jim Cummins har visat i sin forskning från år 1979 att det kan ta 1 till 3 år för att lära sig ett vardagsspråk och mellan 5 till 7 år för att behärska ett akademiskt språk.4 Han införde två begrepp för att beskriva elevernas språkliga kompetens: BI
**Godkänd av MAN för upp till 120 000 km och Mercedes Benz, Volvo och Renault för upp till 100 000 km i enlighet med deras specifikationer. Faktiskt oljebyte beror på motortyp, körförhållanden, servicehistorik, OBD och bränslekvalitet. Se alltid tillverkarens instruktionsbok. Art.Nr. 159CAC Art.Nr. 159CAA Art.Nr. 159CAB Art.Nr. 217B1B
