Brain And Consciousness Proceedings Of The First Annual .
Brain and ConsciousnessProceedings of the First Annual ECPD International Symposium onScientific Bases of Consciousness22-23 September 1997Belgrade, YugoslaviaEdited byLjubisav RakićGeorge KostopoulosDejan RakovićDjuro KorugaPublisherEuropean Centre for Peace and Development (ECPD) of the United Nations University for PeaceBelgrade, Terazije 41Phone: (381 11) 3246-041Fax: (381 11) 623-169For ECPD: Negoslav Ostojić, Executive Director All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, ncluding photocopying, recording, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.CIP - Kаталогизација у публикацијиНародна библиотека Србије, Београд165.62(082)ANNUAL ECPD International Simposium onScientific Bases of Consciousness (1st; 1997; Belgrade)Brain and Consciousness: Proceedings of theFirst Annual ECPD International Simposium onScientific Bases of Consciousness,22-23 September 1997 Belgrade, Yugoslavia /edited by Ljubisav Rakić [et al.]. - Belgrade:European Centre for Peace and Development (ECPD)of the United Nations University for Peace,1997 (Belgrade: Čigoja štampa). -I,347 str. : graf. prikazi; 29 cmTiraž 300. - Abstracts. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad.ISBN 86-7236-009-51. Gl. Stv. Nasl.159.922(082) 616.89.-008(082)616.8-009.83-073.97(082) 612.821(082)577.38(082) 007.52(082)a) Свест - Зборници b) Феноменологија - Зборнициc) Електроенцефалографија - Зборници d) Неурофизиологија- Зборници e) Биофизика - Зборници f) Вештачка Интелигенција - ЗборнициID 57081100
PREFACEConsciousness is one of the oldest scientific problems, recognized already in ancient times,both in the civilizations of East and West. However, in contrast to scientific problems relatedto the structure of matter and physical interactions, the problem of consciousness has remainedscientifically unresolved to date. The last decade of 20th century has been proclaimed byUnited Nations as the decade of brain research, which certainly gave a new impulse toinvestigation of the phenomenon of consciousness, as the most complex brain function. It iscurrently estimated that the problem of consciousness belongs to ten most significant scientificproblems, although it might soon become one of the most significant ones owing to itspotential implications in medicine, psychology, biology, physics, engineering, and philosophy.A deeper understanding of the very nature of altered states of consciousness might alsoradically shift our scientific understanding of some ultimate religious questions (like spiritualand practical significance of imperative moral behavior of every individual) - with prospectsfor a new humanism, without meaningless and painful interpersonal, interethnical, andinterreligious conflicts.As a result of these contemporary scientific trends, European Centre for Peace andDevelopment (ECPD) of the United Nations University for Peace in Belgrade initiated in 1996an international scientific project Brain & Consciousness, which will include research,scientific meetings, publishing and organization of postgraduate studies at the specialist,master and doctor levels - with a specific aim to educate for peace and internationalcooperation. Along this line, the first successes were Belgrade's ECPD SymposiumConsciousness: Scientific and Technological Challenge of the 21st Century, 29-30 May 1995,and Belgrade's ECPD Seminar Consciousness: Scientific Challenge of the 21st Century, 27-28September 1996, and we certainly expect for the First Annual ECPD International Symposiumand Workshop on Scientific Bases of Consciousness: Brain and Consciousness, 22-26September 1997, to be a continuation of the above successes.So, our symposium, with more than sixty contributions published in this proceedings, willbe an important meeting point for brain researchers in the diverse fields of medicine,psychology, biology, physics, engineering, and philosophy to meet and exchange ideas andform the scientific impetus for improvements in the extremely wide and intriguing field ofconsciousness.Editors and Publisher greatly acknowledge academic and/or financial sponsorship ofBiomedical Department of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and Yugoslav, Serbian,Montenegrin, and Greek Ministries for Science and Technology, as well as of ICN Galenika.We are especially indebted to the Symposium & Workshop Secretaries, Dušan Bobarević,Emil Jovanov, and Mateja Opačić for their hard organizational work, Mr. Petar Vujičin for hisintense lectoral work, and Mrs. Tatjana Opačić for her high professionalism in technicalpreparation of the book.Belgrade,September 1997Editors
CONTENTSOpening AddressTHE ENIGMA OF TODAY’S SCIENCE: STILL MYSTERIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS(D. T. yTHE DILEMMA FOR SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE(P. Fenwick)A ROBOT'S "PHILOSOPHY OF MIND": THE MONISM VERSUS THE DUALISMIN A ROBOT'S "WORLD-VIEW"(V.O. Lobovikov)AN ONTOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF CONSCIOUSNESS(V. Abramović)PROBLEMS OF COSMIC LIVING SPACE(V.P. Kaznatcheev)THE GOLDEN FLEECE II: UNIVERSE - CONSCIOUSNESS - CIVILIZATION(Lj. Kljakić)THE CONCEPT OF THE UNCONSCIOUS / CONSCIOUS INTHE THEORIES OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY(M. Alečković-Nikolić)A HYPOTHESIS OF SELFCONSCIOUSNESS AS TRUTH ANDPHENOMENOLOGICAL BASIS FOR PERSONALITY INTEGRATION(V. Desimirović)TOTAL VALUE AND CONSCIOUSNESS(D. Pavlović)PROPOSAL OF THE SELF-ACTUALIZATION LAW:CONSCIOUSNESS VERSUS MANAGEMENT(J. Cakić)Consciousness and Language13571115192735394349572.1THE LANGUAGE AND CONSCIOUSNESS IN SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS: REVISITED(T. Đurović)592.2 PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN BABIES WITHUNI- AND BILATERAL PERINATAL BRAIN LESIONS(V. Gec and J. Ivanuš)692.3 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE CHILDREN WITHGRAPHOMOTORIC DIFFICULTIES(N. Subota and V. Đorđević)712.4 INFLUENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS ON THE COURSE AND THE OUTCOME IN THETHERAPEUTIC PROCESS OF SPEECH/LANGUAGE IMPEDIMENT(R. Brakus and V. Brakus)752.5 FROM SOUND TO LANGUAGE - ESCAPE FROM DEAF HABITUS(S. Pantelić and M. Sovilj)792.6 AWARNESS OF SOUND SIGNALS IN CHILDREN WITH IMPAIRED HEARING(S. Djoković)832.7 PALEOGLOSSOLOGY OF THE BALKANS: BECOMING CONSCIOUS OF NAMES(A. Škokljev and I. Škokljev)872.8 FORM, LIGHT, AND CONSCIOUSNESS: EACH GENESIS STARTS FROM A STRUCTURE ANDREACHES A STRUCTURE - EACH STRUCTURE HAS ITS GENESIS(L. Mišić)932.9 AN OVERVIEW OF BASIC N.P.N.L. METHODS:NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LEXICOGRAPHICAL WORK(A. Margot and M. Stanojević)1012.10 THE UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS AS A UNIVERSAL COMPREHENSION OFTHE UNIVERSAL CODE(M. M. Rakočević)10733.13.2Altered States of ConsciousnessPLANES OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN ESOTERIC PRACTICE:A COMPARATIVE APPROACH(P. Vujičin)YOGA, SCIENCE AND CONSCIOUSNESS(S. S. Saraswati)115117121
34.44.5SEXUALITY VERSUS SPIRITUALITY(Lj. Klisić)THE SEPARATION OF MESMERISM AND HYPNOSIS ASDIFFERENT STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(M. Schubert)THE PHENOMENON AND COMPOSITION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESSWITHIN SORCERY PATTERNS(M. Jovićević)DOLPHINS AS COTHERAPISTS FOR INDUCING CONTACT WITHCHILDREN WHO HAVE ELEMENTS OF AUTISTIC BEHAVIOR(M. Momirov)AN ESSAY NO TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION:FROM PERSONAL TO SOCIAL OBSERVATIONS(J. Ribnikar)TOWARDS A NEW/OLD HUMANISM:TRANSITIONAL STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS AS A CLUE?(D. Raković)NEUROLINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING:A NEW INTEGRATIVE MODEL FOR STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(G. Stanojević-Vitaliano)HEALING RITUALS AND ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(Č. Hadži-Nikolić and B. Petković-Medved)VISUALIZATION OF ILLNESS IN A DEEP RELAXATIONIN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS(O. Vulićević and T. Grgurović)CONCIOUSNESS AND THE CENTER OF THE WORLD(D. Mojović)PSYCHOPORTRAIT(P. Perović)DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OFVISUAL PERCEPTION AND VISUALIZATIONAPPLYING ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(J. Kalezić)Brain and Consciousness: Neurobiological AspectsNEURONAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYINGLOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS DURING ABSENCE SEIZURES(G. Kostopoulos)EPILEPTIC DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS:AN ARGUMENT FOR CONTEMPLATION(I. Ribarić)THE ROLE OF SYNAPTIC JUNCTIONS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OFHUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THEPATHOGENESIS OF COMA(M. Bondì and M. Bondì)BRAIN CHEMISTRY AND CONSCIOUSNESS(M. Vojinović - Miloradov, J. Adamov, and M. Popović)TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE LIGHT OFTHE LATEST NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH(S.P. Petrović)4.6 RELAXATION INDUCED BY MICROWAVE RESONANCE THERAPY:EEG CORRELATES4.74.84.9(D. Radenović, D. Raković, Z. Jovanović-Ignjatić, M. Tomašević,V. Radivojević, and E. Jovanov)FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF SOMATOSENSORY TRANSMISSIONIN DIFFERENT MODIFICATIONS OF HUMAN BRAIN REACTIVITY(E.V. Damianovitch and T.V. Orlova)THE CHANGES IN PURKINJE CELL ACTIVITYFOLLOWING INFERIOR OLIVE STIMULATION(M. Ćulić, J. Šaponjić, B. Janković, and M. Janković)EFFECT OF LOCUS COERULEUS STIMULATION ON ECoG POWER SPECTRAIN BRAIN DAMAGED RATS MODEL OF EPILEPSY(J. Šaponjić, M. Ćulić, B. Janković, and M. 85195201205209213219223227
5Monitoring MethodologiesPROSPECTS OF COMPUTER ACCESS USINGVOLUNTARY MODULATED EEG SIGNAL(A. Kostov and M. Polak)5.2 A PROPOSAL FOR EEG MONITORING(B.I. Janković, M. Čulić, J. Šaponjić, S. Udović, S. Popović, and M. Janković)5.3 A METHOD OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES RECOGNITION(N. Rajšić, S. Šuljagić, J. Ivanuš, Z. Božović, A. Kalauzi, D. Rapajić,G. Nedović,and M. Rajšić)5.4 SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC EEG PATTERNS INPREDICTION OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE ACTIVITY(S. Šuljagić, N. Rajšić, J. Ivanuš, Z. Božović, A. Kalauzi, D. Rapajić, and G. Nedović)5.5 SLEEP AND CONSCIOUSNESS - SOME MEDICAL AND FORENSIC IMPLICATIONS(N. Trajanović, C.M. Shapiro, and H. Driver)5.6 A NOVEL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO ESTIMATION OF VIGILANCE LEVELFROM EEG POWER SPECTRUM(P. Šuković, V. Radivojević, Ž. Martinović, D. Raković, and E. Jovanov)5.7 EEG CORRELATES OF TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION(M. Tomašević, D. Raković, E. Jovanov, V. Radivojević, and M. Car)5.8 EEG CORRELATES OF MUSICOGENIC STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(L. Škarić, M. Tomašević, D. Raković, E. Jovanov, V. Radivojević, P. Šuković,M. Car, and D. Radenović)5.9 EEG CORRELATES OF HEALER/HEALEE STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(M. Tomašević, E. Jovanov, D. Raković, P. Šuković, S. Stanojlović, and M. Car)5.10 UNUSUAL CONSCIOUS COMMUNICATION ANDTHE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN(V. Radičević and Z. Radičević)5.11 A FEW SIMPLE MIND-MATTER EXPERIMENTS(C. W. Smith)5.12 KIRILIAN TECHNIQUE: A WAY FOR MONITORING DIFFERENT STATES ANDDIFFERENT LEVELS OF HUMAN BIOSYSTEM(G. Ivović)2315.16ModelsA MODEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH(E. Jovanov)6.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO NOETIC FIELD THEORY:THE QUANTIZATION OF MIND(R. L. Amoroso)3.3 QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE: MATTER AND SPACE AS ONTOLOGICAL CATEGORIESIN QUANTUM PHYSICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EASTERN THOUGHT(B. Perčinkova)3.4 A QUANTUM PICTURE OF A MULTIDIMENSIONAL UNIVERSEON THE BASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS(M. Schmieke)3.5 THE SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF THE MYSTICAL FOUR WORLDS(J. A. Kovelman)3.6 CREATIVITY: THE QUANTUM AND SUBCONSCIOUSNESS ASPECTS(A. Dreimanis)3.7 ENERGY ASPECT OF CONSCIOUSNESS LAYERS(N. V. Delić, J. P. Šetrajčić, A. S. Utješanović, V. M. Zorić,D. Lj. Mirjanić and S. K. Jaćimovski)3.8 A MISTERY OF THE WORLD - WAVE AND PARTICLE AS THEBASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS(B. Šesterikov)3.9 PUNCTUM SALIENS: TORUS AS A MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS(L. Matija)3.10 CONSCIOUSNESS AND NATURE-MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM(Dj. 91297303307313317321327331335
Brain & Consciousness, Proc. ECPD Symposium, pp. 15-18Belgrade, YugoslaviaLj. Rakić, G. Kostopoulos, D. Raković, and Dj. Koruga, eds.22-23 September 1997AN ONTOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF CONSCIOUSNESSVelimir AbramovićUniversity of Art, Bulevar Umetnosti 20, 11070 Belgrade, YugoslaviaE-mail : velimir@EUnet.yuAbstract. The thesis presented here is that the notions ofspirit, time, force, point, zero, are identical to the notion ofconsciousness. The real Being is non-spatial entity. Inphysical terms it is Time; in psychological terms it isConsciousness. This then leads to an ontological :consciousness is the greatest cosmic force and fundamentalcosmic entity. The universality of consciousness derivesfrom continuity as a principal quality of continuum thatcreates infinite basis for the extension of the world. Ascontinuity is not extending, as extension is the condition forspace to exist, we conclude that consciousness is nonspatial.Key words: consciousness, ontology, continuity, continuum,discontinuity, discontinuum, spirit, space, mater, time.In order to define consciousness as an ontologicalnotion, it is necessary to define it as a notion inphysics, as physics is an ontological science, scienceof the being of the world.If we understand ontology as a purely spiritualdiscipline, and recognize general notion of matter asthe subject of physics, then both these disciplineswould collide. All-extending spiritual entityencompasses the basis of the existence of matter, andmatter understood as cosmic totality will unavoidablycontain the spirit within itself.But what is, if any, the real difference betweenspirit and matter? How could we define spirit, andhow matter? Ontologically, spirit is nothing else butcontinuum, while matter is primarily discontinuum.The principal quality of continuity is non-spatialityand this quality is shared by spirit. Here we encounterthe problem of the difference between spirit andconsciousness. If we define spirit ontologically ascontinuity, we must seriously raise the question ofwhether any different ontological representation ofconsciousness is possible. And consciousness is, inessence, continuity, and in that sense, ontologicallyspeaking, there is no difference in content between thenotions of consciousness and spirit. Of course, this isthe question of a universal notion of spirit, and in turnconsciousness. On the other hand, general notion ofmatter leads to grading. Non-spatial continuity, i.e.non-spatial spirit or non-spatial consciousness also liesin the basis of matter, as its most abstract constructiveelement. This shows that the existence of matter isnotionally possible to describe in the shape ofhierarchy of entity put in order from simple tocomplex. Therefore, if we put matter in order ofcomplexity, then the simple element of matter,ontologically speaking, would be non-spatialcontinuity, and this must somehow create spatialcontinuum. These elements are followed byontological notions we can relate to on the basis ofmaterial world we are familiar with by our sensualexperience and not pure reasoning. These are forms ofontological cognition: discontinuity and discontinuum.These notions are related to physical systems and theirqualities are not the topic of this discussion. Let us goback to continuity, i.e. non-spatial basis of the materialworld.How would continuity be defined in physics? Orlet us put this question differently: what is the onlynotion in physics, or even better, what is the onlyphenomenon in the world of phenomena we could sayis in no sense spatial? The answer is very clear - time.Only the notion of time in physics, or time in thephysical world is non-spatial.Let us now set up a univocally correspondingrelation of the above-mentioned fundamental notionsof ontology and physics, these two artificiallyseparated fields of human knowledge. If we applyLeibnitz's logical principle of principium identitatisindiscernibilium to the notions of continuity, spirit andconsciousness, we shall confirm that there is nodifference between them. Spirit, consciousness andcontinuity are all non-spatial, infinite and notlocalized. This could lead us to conclude thatconsciousness is a psychological name for continuity,and spirit is a philosophical-religious notion for thesame thing. As an ontological subject matter,consciousness represents itself in the form ofcontinuity. As a physical subject matter,consciousness presents itself in the form of time, i.e.the only notion of physics that excludes spatiality. Inother words, continuity, spirit, consciousness and timeare notions of identical content - nothing else but morethan one name for the same notion. Spirit is the simplebasis of matter and is therefore identical to time.Space is complex in relation to time and isdependent on it. By annulling time, space is alsoannulled, as without time it cannot exist, whilst byannulling space, time is by no means annulled, butonly reduced to pure existence. In other words, what isnon-spatial, time, can exist independently, and theexistence of space depends on the previous existence
of time. Because of this, a philosophical vision ofinfinite space is always preceded by the vision ofinfinite time, as already shown by Aristotle. WhatAristotle failed to notice is that time is not spatial, i.e.it is necessarily non-spatial, while the infinite space isbased on concurrent (simultaneous) existence ofcomponents of space. Therefore, time is continuity,and space is continuum. As non-spatial, continuityexists independently. As spatial, continuum bases itsexistence on the continuity of components, i.e. in thephysical sense, the basis of space is time. Theserelations of fundamental notions of ontology andphysics could bring about an understanding ofcontents of the notion of consciousness as theprincipal notion in psychology.Finally, what is the physical representation ofconsciousness, i.e. what is consciousness in physicalprocesses and what is its relation to physics at all?If we accept the unique and indivisible infinitereality, i.e. physical infiniteness as the basis andentirety of the world, we shall certainly ask ourselvesthe question of what its qualities are, how it reallylooks like.Out of four fundamental notions in ontology(continuity, continuum, discontinuity and discontinuum), the only simple notion, as already shown, iscontinuity. It does not assume the inevitable existenceof something else, therefore, it can exist for itself. Ifwe look at its continuity mathematically, we shallconclude that its geometric representation is a nonspatial element or point, and its arithmeticrepresentation is a number without quantity or zero. Inphysics, obviously, continuity is time, i.e. time is theonly notion in physics that can be clearly and strictlydefined excluding all attributes of space. Furthermore,the content of the notion of "time" is non-spatial as alogical entity, as the very physical time is non-spatial.The opposite can be applied for notions such as, forinstance, measurement, energy and movement. It isexactly time's quality that it is expressed non-spatiallywhich can enable the unique identity of logical formand real world. Actually, mathematical realism, i.e.realistic interpretation of mathematical objects andoperations is the basis for understanding physics as anontological science.The fundamental series of univocally corresponding notions of special sciences that undoubtedlyconstitute a new philosophy of nature can be put inthis order:Ontological continuity is identical to geometricpoint, arithmetic zero, physical universal time andpsychological consciousness.In order to understand this correctly, each of thesenotions should be understood literally in its nonspatial existence. Experience imposes an error uponus: where there is no space - there is no existence.This illusion of empirical cognition has silentlyremained unchallenged in all sciences. For thousandsof years, the existence of non-spatial time hasremained unquestioned. Non-spatiality as quality has16been attributed exclusively to the non-being and neverto the being. But it is exactly non-spatial time that hasa positive existence. Time is not only a standard ofmeasurement, but also a cause of physical processes.And if it is correct that time and consciousness are thesame, then consciousness is substantia, i.e. it is thebasis of everything, entire world, independent andunchangeable no
and Belgrade's ECPD Seminar Consciousness: Scientific Challenge of the 21st Century, 27-28 September 1996, and we certainly expect for the First Annual ECPD International Symposium and Workshop on Scientific Bases of Consciousness: Brain and Consciousness, 22-26 September 1997, to be a continuation of the above successes.
Consciousness Chapter 7 3 States of Consciousness . Facts and Falsehoods Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness? Drugs and Consciousness Dependence and Addiction Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use 5 States of Consciousness Near‐Death Experiences 6 History of Consciousness 1. Psychology began as a science of
consciousness and self-consciousness from the perspectives of neuroscience and philosophy to examine the association of the brain to consciousness and self-introspective-consciousness. The definition of consciousness, proposed by Rita Levi Montalcini, is considered to act as a bridge between the diagnosable clinical condition,
4 consciousness and the latter is inner-directed consciousness.8 Pre-reflective consciousness is what Sartre and commentators (with Descartes in mind) refer to as the “pre-reflective cogito” whereas Sartre initially defines reflection as “a consciousness which posits a consciousness.”9 With the above sketch of Sartrean concepts in place, let us introduce the HOT theory
the continuum of altered consciousness, and (c) clinical and neurophysiological data distinguishing consciousness from minimal consciousness. These analyses will determine the extent to which the DOCS can identify and distinguish between altered states of consciousness as well as recovery of consciousness.
CHRIST CONSCIOUSNESS CIRCULATING FILE Edgar Cayce Readings copyright 1971, 1993-2007 by the Edgar Cayce Foundation 8 The Christ Consciousness is a universal consciousness of the Father Spirit. The Jesus consciousness is that man builds as body worship. In the Christ Consciousness, t
A. Consciousness as Awareness Consciousness is sensory awareness of the environment. Another aspect of consciousness is the selective attention. Selective attention means focusing one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus. Adaptation to one’s environment involves learning which sti
Sheep Brain Dissection Guide 4. Find the medulla (oblongata) which is an elongation below the pons. Among the cranial nerves, you should find the very large root of the trigeminal nerve. Pons Medulla Trigeminal Root 5. From the view below, find the IV ventricle and the cerebellum. Cerebellum IV VentricleFile Size: 751KBPage Count: 13Explore furtherSheep Brain Dissection with Labeled Imageswww.biologycorner.comsheep brain dissection questions Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comLab 27- Dissection of the Sheep Brain Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comSheep Brain Dissection Lab Sheet.docx - Sheep Brain .www.coursehero.comLab: sheep brain dissection Questions and Study Guide .quizlet.comRecommended to you b
the risks of adventure travel. Adventure travel is supposed to be challenging. But regardless of your age, destination or chosen activity, your safety should be of paramount importance. BS 8848 sets standards to minimize the risks of adventure travel. Knowledge of the standard is important to anyone organizing, or taking part in, an overseas venture. 2 Hundreds of thousands of people take part .
