LM358 - Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSDescriptionPin AssignmentsNEW PRODUCTThe LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain,internally frequency compensated operational amplifierswhich were designed specifically to operate from a singlepower supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation fromsplit power supplies is also possible and the low powersupply current drain is independent of the magnitude of thepower supply voltage.Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gainblocks and all the conventional op amp circuits which nowcan be more easily implemented in single power supplysystems. For example, the LM358 series can be directlyoperated from the standard 5V power supply voltage whichis used in digital systems and will easily provide the requiredinterface electronics without requiring an additional 15Vpower supply.Features Internally frequency compensated for unity gainLarge dc voltage gain: 100 dBVery low supply current drain (500μA); essentiallyindependent of supply voltageWide bandwidth (unity gain): 1MHz (temperaturecompensated)Input common-mode voltage range includes groundDifferential input voltage range equal to the power supplyvoltageLow input offset voltage: 2mVWide power supply range:o Single supply: 3V to 32Vo Dual supplies: 1.5V to 16VLarge output voltage swing: 0V to V - 1.5VSOP-8L packaging“Green” Molding Compound (No Br, Sb)Lead Free Finish/ RoHS Compliant (Note 1)Notes:(TOP VIEW)OUTPUT 1INVERTING INPUT 1NON-INVERTING INPUT 1GND1234LM3588765 VOUTPUT 2INVERTING INPUT 2NON-INVERTING INPUT 2SOP-8LApplications Eliminates the need for dual suppliesCompatible with all forms of logicTwo internally compensated op ampsLow power drain ideal for battery operationAllows direct sensing near GNDVOUT can swing to GNDUnique Characteristics In the linear mode the input common-mode voltagerange includes ground and the output voltage canalso swing to ground, whilst operating from only asingle power supply voltage.The unity gain crossing frequency is temperaturecompensated.The input bias current is temperature compensated.1. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). All applicable RoHS exemptions applied. Please visit our website athttp://www.diodes.com/products/lead free.html.LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 21 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Single-Supply Circuit (V 5.0VDC) 5V* V IN VOVO (Volts)R21MR110KR2GAIN 1 R1NEW PRODUCT 101(as shown)*R not needed due to temperature independent IINNon-Inverting DC Gain (0V Output)VIN (mV)R100KR1910K V1 V2R100KR2100KR100KVOR100K-R391K V3 V IN V4V VO RLR100KR100KVO 0 V DC for V IN 0 VDCAV 10W here: VO V1 V2-V3-V4(V 1 V2 ) (V3 V4 ) to keep VO 0 VDCPower AmplifierDC Summing Amplifier(VIN'S 0 VDC and VO 0 VDC)-R1100KC2330pFR2100KR7470K VIN-R410MR3100KC1330pFR5470K -VOR8100KfO 1KHzQ 50 R6100KC310μF V "BI-QUAD" RC Active Bandpass FilterLM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 22 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Single-Supply Circuit (Continued) (V 5.0VDC)V R1*0.1 R32V- 2KR12K ILVLR42KRL2V- R2100-I1NEW PRODUCT I21V(I )R23K1mAR31KI1 I2LVO VO0.1A*(Increase R1 for LI small)VL V -2VFixed Current SourcesCurrent MonitorV -20mA-β 2030mA600mA82100 LED DriverLamp DriverVORL240 V INDriving TTLR11MV O VIN Voltage OVOR3100KV R5100KR2100K 0V 0Square wave OscillatorPulse GeneratorDocument number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2R4100KR3100KR4100KLM358 3 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Single-Supply Circuit (Continued) (V 5.0VDC)IB-VOIB VINC1μF NEW PRODUCT2IB2N929*ZINZOUT*hi β AT 100 nA0.001μFIB(POLYCARBONATE ORPOLYETHYLENE) 3R3M2IBHIGH ZINLOW Z OUTRIMAUX AMPINPUT CURRENTCOMPENSATIONIBLow Drift Peak DetectorR130KIN914 VINIO R2 0.01μF150KR3100KVO 0 R5100KV -IO 0.1 amp / volt VIN(increase RE for I O small)R4100KRL10High Compliance Current SinkPulse Generator0.05μFR100K- V C *51K R/250KOUTPUT1V /2 51K 51K100KOUTPUT210K*WIDE CONTROL VOLTAGE RANGE: 0 V DC V C 2 (V -1.5V DC )Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 24 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Single-Supply Circuit (Continued) (V 5.0VDC)Rf10KR1CIN 10KCOVINVOR110K V REFNEW PRODUCT- - VINR210MV C110?FAV R1100K RR21M(As shown, A V 10)-CINR41M VCMR1CO-R31MRfR21MC10.1?FVOR-RL10KAC Coupled Inverting AmplifierR11MV3 VppR3100K Comparator with Hysteresis RB6.2K R2100K0VO V IN V O VRGround Referencing a DifferentialInput SignalR31M C210?FRB6.2KR4100K03 VppVORL10KA V 11(As Shown)R2AV 1 R1V R5100KAC Coupled Non-Inverting AmplifierR2100KC10.01?FR116KV INR216KR4100KR1100K- -C20.01?FVO-f O 1KHzQ 1A V 2R3100KDocument number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2 V1VOForOR1R2R4100KV O (1 0fOV V2DC Coupled Low-Pass RC Active FilterLM358R3100K R4 (CMRR depends on thisR3 resistor ratio match)R4)(V2 -V1)R3As Shown: VO 2(V2-V1)High Input Z, DC Differential Amplifier5 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Single-Supply Circuit (Continued) (V 5.0VDC)C10.01?FR1390KV INC20.01?FR4390KR6120K-R539KR3680NEW PRODUCTR2620K C310?FVOR7100K R8100KV fO 1.12KHzQ 25Bandpass Active FilterR2100K- V1R12KR3R4100K 100KIIN V IN- V OIB IBGAIN ADJUSTVR5100KO2N929* -*hi ? AT 50 nA0.001?FIB V2 R6100KIBR7100KIf R1 R5 & R3 R4 R6 R7 (CMRR depends on match)2R2)(V2 -V1)V O ( 1 R1As Shown: VO 101(V2-V1 )R1.5MDocument number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2IB AUX AMPINPUT CURRENTCOMPENSATIONUsing Symmetrical Amplifiers to ReduceInput Current (General Concept)High Input Z Adjustable-GainDC Instrumentation AmplifierLM3582R3M6 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSFunctional Block DiagramOUTPUT 1INVERTING INPUT 118V 27OUTPUT 2ANEW PRODUCTNON-INVERTING INPUT 1GND3-B -654INVERTING INPUT 2NON-INVERTING INPUT 2Pin DescriptionsPin NameOUTPUT 1INVERTING INPUT 1NON-INVERTING INPUT 1GNDNON-INVERTING INPUT 2INVERTING INPUT 2OUTPUT 2V LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2Pin #12345678DescriptionChannel 1 OutputChannel 1 Inverting InputChannel 1 Non-inverting InputGroundChannel 2 Non-inverting InputChannel 2 Inverting InputChannel 2 OutputChip Supply Voltage7 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSAbsolute Maximum RatingsSymbolVCCNEW PRODUCTVINPDTOPTSTNotes:ParameterSupply voltageDifferential Input VoltageInput VoltagePower Dissipation (Note 2)Output Short-Circuit to GND (OneV 15V and TA 25oCAmplifier) (Note 3)Input Current (VIN -0.3V)(Note 4)Operating Temperature RangeStorage Temperature RangeRating3232-0.3 to 32600UnitVVVmWContinuous400 to 70-65 to 150mAooCC2. For operating at high temperatures, the LM358 must be derated based on a 125 C maximum junction temperature and athermal resistance of 189 C/W, which applies for the device soldered in a printed circuit board, operating in a still air ambient. The dissipation isthe total of both amplifiers; use external resistors, where possible, to allow the amplifier to saturate or to reduce the power which is dissipated inthe integrated circuit.3. Short circuits from the output to V can cause excessive heating and eventual destruction. When considering short circuits to ground, themaximum output current is approximately 40mA independent of the magnitude of V . At values of supply voltage in excess of 15V, continuousshort-circuits can exceed the power dissipation ratings and cause eventual destruction. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneousshorts on all amplifiers.4. This input current will only exist when the voltage at any of the input leads is driven negative. It is due to the collector-base junction of the inputPNP transistors becoming forward biased and thereby acting as input diode clamps. In addition to this diode action, there is also lateral NPNparasitic transistor action on the IC chip. This transistor action can cause the output voltages of the op amps to go to the V voltage level (or toground for a large overdrive) for the time duration that an input is driven negative. This is not destructive and normal output states will re-establishwhen the input voltage, which was negative, again returns to a value greater than -0.3V (at 25 C).LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 28 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSElectrical Characteristics (TA 25oC, V 5.0V, unless otherwise stated) (Note 5)SymbolVIOIBInput Bias CurrentIIOInput Offset CurrentVICMNEW PRODUCTParameterInput Offset VoltageInput Common-Mode Voltage RangeISSupply CurrentOver Full Temperature RangeAVLarge Signal Voltage GainCMRRCommon-Mode Rejection RatioPSRRPower Supply Rejection RatioAmplifier-to-Amplifier CouplingISINKSinkOutput CurrentISOURCEISCVOHSourceShort Circuit to GroundOutput Voltage SwingVOLNotes:(V 30V)(V 5V)ConditionsTA 25oC, (Note 6)IIN( ) or IIN( ), TA 25 C, VCM 0V, (Note 7)IIN( ) - IIN( ),VCM 0V,TA 25 C V 30V, (Note 8)TA 25 CV 30VRL on AllOp AmpsV 5V V 15V, TA 25 C,RL 2kΩ,(For VO 1V to 11V)TA 25 C, VCM 0V toV -1.5VV 5V to 30V,TA 25 Cf 1KHz to 20 KHz,TA 25 C(Input Referred) (Note 9)VIN(-) 1V, VIN( ) 0V, V 15V, VO 2V, TA 25 CVIN(-) 1V, VIN( ) 0V, V 15V, VO 200mV, TA 25 CVIN( ) 1V, VIN(-) 0V, V 15V, VO 2V, TA 25 CTA 25 C, (Note 10)V 15VoRL 2kΩ, TA 25 CRL 10kΩ, TA 25oCRL 10kΩ, TA 25oCMin-Typ.2Max7UnitmV-45250nA-550nA0-V 020-mA2070-μA2040-mA-4060mA2627-28520VVmV5. The LM358 temperature specifications are limited to 0 C TA 70 C.6. VO 1.4V, RS 0Ω with V from 5V to 30V; and over the full input common-mode range (0V to V -1.5V) at 25 C.7. The direction of the input current is out of the IC due to the PNP input stage. This current is essentially constant, independent of the state of theoutput so no loading change exists on the input lines.8. The input common-mode voltage of either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3V (at25 C). The upper end ofthe common-mode voltage range is V -1.5V (at 25 C), but either or both inputs can go to 32V without damage, independent of the magnitude of V .9. Due to proximity of external components, insure that coupling is not originating via stray capacitance between these external parts. This typically canbe detected as this type of capacitance increases at higher frequencies.10.Short circuits from the output to V can cause excessive heating and eventual destruction. When considering short circuits to ground, the outputmaximum current is approximately 40mA independent of the magnitude of V . At values of supply voltage in excess of 15V, continuous shortcircuits can exceed the power dissipation ratings and cause eventual destruction. Destructive dissipation can result from simultaneous shorts on allamplifiers.LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 29 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Performance CharacteristicsInput Current vs TemperatureInput Voltage Range100.015Input Current (nA)NEW PRODUCTInput Voltage ( V)80.0NEGATIVE10POSITIVE5V 30VV 15V60.040.0V 5V20.000.0051015025V or V- Power Supply Voltage ( V)2.01.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0RL 20KRL 2K10080604020010152025Supply Voltage (V)3035010203040Supply Voltage (V)Open Loop Frequency ResponseCommon-Mode Rejection Ratio80Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (dB)120100Voltage Gain (dB)100120580V 30VV 15V604020075Voltage Gain140Voltage Gain (dB)Supply Current Drain(mA)Supply Current50Temperature ( )60402001101001K10K100K1MInput Freuency (Hz)LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 21001K10K100K1MFreouency (Hz)10 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSTypical Performance Characteristics (Continued)Output Characteristics Current SourcingLarge Signal Frequency Response208100KOutput Voltage(Vp-p) 72K105654321001k10k100kInput Freuency(HZ)0.0011M0.010.1110100Output Source Current (mA)Output Characteristics Current SinkingCurrent Limiting10.001.00V 30VV 5VV 15V0.10403020-Output Current (mA)50Output Voltage (V)NEW PRODUCT 7VDC 15VDC VOOutput Voltage (V)1K1510 IO 0.0100.0010.010.1110100Voltage Follower Pulse ResponseDocument number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2255075100Temperature ( )Output Sink Current (mA)LM3580Voltage Follower Pulse Response (Small Signal)11 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSApplication InformationNEW PRODUCTThe LM358 series are op amps operate with only a singlepower supply voltage, have true-differential inputs, andremain in the linear mode with an input common-modevoltage of 0 VDC. These amplifiers operate over a widerange of power supply voltage with little change inperformance characteristics. At 25 C amplifier operationis possible down to a minimum supply voltage of 2.3 VDC.Precautions should be taken to insure that the powersupply for the integrated circuit never becomes reversedin polarity or that the unit is not inadvertently installedbackwards in a test socket as an unlimited current surgethrough the resulting forward diode within the IC couldcause fusing of the internal conductors and result in adestroyed unit.Large differential input voltages can be easilyaccommodated and, as input differential voltageprotection diodes are not needed, no large input currentsresult. The differential input voltage may be larger than V without damaging the device. Protection should beprovided to prevent the input voltages from goingnegative more than -0.3 VDC (at 25 C). An input clampdiode with a resistor to the IC input terminal can be used.To reduce the power supply current drain, the amplifiershave a class A output stage for small signal levels whichconverts to class B in a large signal mode. This allowsthe amplifiers to both source and sink large outputcurrents. Therefore both NPN and PNP external currentboost transistors can be used to extend the powercapability of the basic amplifiers. The output voltageneeds to raise approximately 1 diode drop above groundto bias the on-chip vertical PNP transistor for outputcurrent sinking applications.For AC applications, where the load is capacitivelycoupled to the output of the amplifier, a resistor shouldbe used, from the output of the amplifier to ground toincrease the class A bias current and prevent crossoverLM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 2distortion. Where the load is directly coupled, as inDC applications, there is no crossover distortion.Capacitive loads which are applied directly to the outputof the amplifier reduce the loop stability margin. Values of50pF can be accommodated using the worst-case noninverting unity gain connection. Large closed loop gainsor resistive isolation should be used if a larger loadcapacitance must be driven by the amplifier.The bias network of the LM358 establishes a draincurrent which is independent of the magnitude of thepower supply voltage over the range of 3 VDC to 30 VDC.Output short circuits either to ground or to the positivepower supply should be of short time duration. Units canbe destroyed, not as a result of the short circuit currentcausing metal fusing, but rather due to the large increasein IC chip dissipation which will cause eventual failuredue to excessive function temperatures. Putting directshort-circuits on more than one amplifier at a time willincrease the total IC power dissipation to destructivelevels, if not properly protected with external dissipationlimiting resistors in series with the output leads of theamplifiers. The larger value of output source currentwhich is available at 25 C provides a larger outputcurrent capability at elevated temperatures (see typicalperformance characteristics) than a standard IC op amp.The circuits presented in the section on typicalapplications emphasize operation on only a single powersupply voltage. If complementary power supplies areavailable, all of the standard op amp circuits can beused. In general, introducing a pseudo-ground (a bias voltage reference of V /2) will allow operation above andbelow this value in single power supply systems. Manyapplication circuits are shown which take advantage ofthe wide input common-mode voltage range whichincludes ground. In most cases, input biasing is notrequired and input voltages which range to ground caneasily be accommodated.12 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSOrdering InformationDevicePackageCodePackaging(Note 10)LM358S-13SSOP-8LNotes:TubePart NumberQuantitySuffixNANA13” Tape and ReelQuantityPart Number Suffix2500/Tape & Reel-1310. Pad layout as shown on Diodes Inc. suggested pad layout document AP02001, which can be found on our website athttp://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ap02001.pdf.NEW PRODUCTMarking Information(Top View )8765LogoPart NumberYY : Year : 08, 09,10 WW : Week : 01 52; 52represents 52 and 53 weekX : Internal CodeG :GreenLM358YY WW X X2134Package Outline Dimensions (All Dimensions in mm)0.2540.10/0.203.85/3.955.90/6.10Package type: SOP-8LGauge PlaneSeating Plane0.62/0.82Detail "A"7 9 0.15/0.251.30/1.501.75max.0.35max. 45 7 9 Detail "A"0 /8 d Pattern Recommendation(Unit: mm)LM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 213 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
LM358LOW POWER DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERSIMPORTANT NOTICEDIODES INCORPORATED MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARDS TO THISDOCUMENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE (AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY JURISDICTION).NEW PRODUCTDiodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, corrections or otherchanges without further notice to this document and any product described herein. Diodes Incorporated does not assume any liabilityarising out of the application or use of this document or any product described herein; neither does Diodes Incorporated convey anylicense under its patent or trademark rights, nor the rights of others. Any Customer or user of this document or products describedherein in such applications shall assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold Diodes Incorporated and all the companieswhose products are represented on Diodes Incorporated website, harmless against all damages.Diodes Incorporated does not warrant or accept any liability whatsoever in respect of any products purchased through unauthorizedsales channel.Should Customers purchase or use Diodes Incorporated products for any unintended or unauthorized application, Customers shallindemnify and hold Diodes Incorporated and its representatives harmless against all claims, damages, expenses, and attorney feesarising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized application.Products described herein may be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign patents pending. Product namesand markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign trademarks.LIFE SUPPORTDiodes Incorporated products are specifically not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems withoutthe express written approval of the Chief Executive Officer of Diodes Incorporated. As used herein:A. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which:1. are intended to implant into the body, or2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use providedin the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user.B.A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expectedto cause the failure of the life support device or to affect its safety or effectiveness.Customers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their life support devices orsystems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirementsconcerning their products and any use of Diodes Incorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems,notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by Diodes Incorporated. Further,Customers must fully indemnify Diodes Incorporated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of DiodesIncorporated products in such safety-critical, life support devices or systems.Copyright 2011, Diodes Incorporatedwww.diodes.comLM358Document number: DS35167 Rev. 2 - 214 of 14www.diodes.comFebruary 2011 Diodes Incorporated
Pulse Generator -V O 30K V R1 R3 100K R4 100K R5 100K 0 IN914 R2 150K 0.01μF High Compliance Current Sink- V IN R L 10 I O I O 0.1 amp / volt V IN (increase R E for I O small) - -0.05μF V C * OUTPUT1 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 51K 51K R/2 50K R 100K 10K 100K V /2 51K OUTPUT2 *WIDE CONTROL VOLTAGE RANGE: 0 V V C
Title Word "DIODES" (only) Logo with "INCORPORATED" Color Palette1 Blue PMS# 294 PMS# 294 ("DIODES" in Blue)/ PMS# 418 ("INCORPORATED" in Grey) 4 Color Proces s Equivalents (%) C-100, M -56, Y -0, K -18 "DIODES": C-100, M-56, Y-0, K-18 "INCORPORATED": C-0, M-0, Y-30, K-79 Width/Heights Ratio2 W/H1 5.12 W/H2 4.14
direction typically include one or more diodes in the circuit design. Today the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. There are a variety of diodes; A few important ones are described below. Normal (p-n) diodes The operation of these diodes is the subject of this document. Usually made of
3 A product Line of Diodes Incorporated PI5A100 www.diodes.com December 2017 Diodes Incorporated PI5A100 Document Number DS40515 Rev 1-2 Notes: 1. The algebraic convention, where the most negative value is a minimum and the most positive is a maximum, is used in this data sheet.
Electrical Characteristics (Continued) V 5.0V, (Note 4), unless otherwise stated Parameter Conditions LM358 LM2904 Units Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Large Signal Voltage V 15V Gain (V O 1V to 11V) 15 15 V/mV R L 2kΩ Output V OH V 30V R L 2kΩ 26 22 V Voltage (LM2904, V 26V) R L 10kΩ 27 28 23 24 V Swing V
Diodes Incorporated Diodes Zetex Semiconductors Limited Diodes Inc. Taiwan 4949 Hedgcoxe Road, Suite 110, Plano, TX 75024, USA Chadderton, Oldham, OL9 9LL United Kingdom Hsin-Tien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: 972 987 3900 Tel: (44) 161 622 4444 Tel: 011-886-2-8914-6000 Fax: (44) 161 622 4446 Fax: 011-886-2-8914-6639 GL-106 Rev 113 Page 1
SEMICONDUCTORS 2.PDF 1 E. COATES 2016 Semiconductor Diodes Module 2.0 Diodes Introduction Diodes are one of the simplest, but most useful of all semiconductor devices. Many types of diode are used for a wide range of applications. Rectifier diodes are a vital component in power supplies wher
PAM8302A 2 Document number: DS41333 Rev. 5 - 2 www.diodes.com of 14 September 2020 Diodes Incorporated PAM830
Alfredo López Austin Hombre-Dios: religión y política en el mundo náhuatl: México Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas : 2014 209 p. (Serie Cultura Náhuatl. Monografías, 15) Cuadros, ilustraciones ISBN 978-968-36-0934-2 Formato: PDF : Publicado en línea: 27 febrero 2015 Disponible en:
