Trends In Smart City Development
NATIONALLEAGUEOF CITIESTrends in Smart CityDevelopment
About This PublicationResearch for this guide and the original draft of the document werecompleted by graduate students at the American University Departmentof Public Administration and Policy. Contributors include Reena Shrestha,Cynthia Castro, and Fletcher Smith. These students worked in partnershipwith Brooks Rainwater and Nicole DuPuis at the National League of Cities(NLC) to conduct an analysis of smart city implementation across the countryand around the world. The final report was prepared by Nicole DuPuis andElias Stahl at NLC.Trends in Smart CityDevelopmentCASE STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe National League of Cities is the nation’s oldest and largest organizationdevoted to strengthening and promoting cities as centers of opportunity,leadership, and governance. NLC is a resource and advocate for more than1,600 member cities and the 49 state municipal leagues, representing 19,000cities and towns and more than 218 million Americans. NLC’s Center for CitySolutions and Applied Research provides research and analysis on key topicsand trends important to cities, creative solutions to improve the quality oflife in communities, inspiration and ideas for local officials to use in tacklingtough issues, and opportunities for city leaders to connect with peers, shareexperiences and learn about innovative approaches in cities.AcknowledgementsThank you to Soren Messner–Zidell, who created the data visualizations,cover illustration and report design, and to Paul Konz for editing the report.We are also grateful to all of the city officials, thought leaders, and expertswho took the time to speak to us about smart cities. A very special thanks toour colleagues at the Smart Cities Council, who lent their time and expertiseas outside reviewers of this report: Sarah Blanchard, Stuart Cowan, and LizEnbysk. Finally, thanks to Sonja Walti, Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Public Administration and Policy at American University, who facilitatedthis partnership. 2016 National League of Cities. All Rights Reserved.NATIONALLEAGUEOF CITIES
Table of Contents10Executive Summary12Introduction16Case Studies17Chicago, IL22Philadelphia, PA25Charlotte, NC27San Francisco, CA30New Delhi, India33Case Study Comparison34Recommendations39Appendix
ForewordCities are ever-changing; the dynamism of the urban environmentis a microcosm of the societal interactions that we have builtthroughout history.Technology has always been a criticalforce deeply intertwined with theevolution of cities. From the first humansettlements millennia ago to the industrialrevolution to today, technologicalbreakthroughs have impacted thebuildings we use, the way we get around,and how we live, work, and play in theurban space.Now, as we are on the cusp of furtherrapid shifts in cities precipitated bytechnology, it is worth imagining what theconnected smart city of the future willlook like – and the associated impact itwill have on our everyday lives.Take a typical day in the life of acommunity member in this hypotheticalfuture who wakes up in their connectedhouse with artificial intelligenceautomating everything from temperaturepreference to light levels to healthmonitoring and more – and scale it to thecity at large.Cities are beginning to, and will continueto, integrate technological dynamism intomunicipal operations, from transportationto infrastructure repair and more. Theback ends of these systems are notalways apparent to the end user –but as the integration of smart citiestechnologies becomes more visible inour everyday lives, we could begin to seelarge scale changes in our cities.Autonomous vehicles on our roadwaysand the data that they provide couldcreate environments where traffic lightsbecome obsolete, traffic itself becomesa thing of the past, and cities can onceagain be for people rather than cars, asdifferent modes of transportation workin tandem and communicate with eachanother. Wi-Fi hotspots at scale like weare already starting to see in New Yorkwith LinkNYC could help transform theway we access information and helpalleviate the digital divide.Thinking even further out, we canimagine that security protocols likefacial recognition technology could helptransform building security in cities,making entrances and building designmore fluid as we move away from theneed to usher people through front doors.Similarly, as we move toward greaterusage of shared vehicles, we can moveaway from parking either below buildingsor on streets, enabling cities to recaptureland for people and allowing developersto reduce the costs of buildings sinceparking garages will become anunnecessary expense.Energy sources could be completelyrenewable in the smart city of the futureas well, with technology paving the wayfor better integration into our citiesand thereby helping to create a cleanerenvironment for everyone. At the sametime, the smart city of the future can besafer with streetlight networks that useembedded sensors to detect gunshotsor flash their lights during emergencies– and the further integration of thesesystems will allow cities to collectinformation from sources such as smartwater, electric, and gas meters.arrival and provide local leaders with bestpractices in this arena.The National League of Cities (NLC) ispleased to share with you Trends in SmartCity Development, which presents casestudies and discusses how smart citiesare growing nationwide and globally. Itis our hope that this report will sparkconversation and action among cityleaders about how to incorporate thesestrategies into their own communities.All of this is predicated on the premisethat technologies can help make people’slives better in cities. At the end of theday, technological developments willenhance our urban experience – but theyalso risk leaving more people behind. Tothis end, we must be deliberate in thedevelopment of smart cities and imbueequity as a primary goal so that the cityof the future is a city for everyone.NLC’s Center for City Solutions andApplied Research strives to strengthencommunities, transform and improvecities, and assist city leaders. We do thisby knowing and learning about cities,identifying and sharing promising citypractices, fostering effective solutions andinnovation, and challenging city leaders tolead.Cities are focused on these goalsright now, and they are beginning tothink about how these systems can beintegrated to create feedback loops thatimprove operations and enhance theexperience of community members. Fullyconnected smart cities are coming, andwe want to help cities prepare for theirWe wish to thank the cities whoparticipated in this study. Created withour partners at the American UniversityDepartment of Public Administration andPolicy, this guidebook is meant to be aresource for cities as they lead the wayforward in this exciting and ever-evolvingspace.Brooks RainwaterSenior Executive and DirectorCenter for City SolutionsNational League of Cities
12WATER AND WASTEWATER MONITORINGMonitoring devices can detect leaks as well as changes in water pressure todetermine whether water infrastructure is working properly.3PARKING APPS AND KIOSKSApps coordinate with smart parking meters to inform drivers of where thereis parking availability.4INTERNET OF THINGS IN CONNECTED CITIESTRANSPORTATION CONGESTION SENSORSSmart transportation systems use sensors to detect congestion and bottlenecksin traffic patterns. They also rely on cameras to enforce speed and trafficinfractions. In doing so, these tools gather real time information that can be usedby city DOTs to make mobility networks safer and more efficient.very consumer product andpiece of infrastructureincreasingly has the ability tosense surrounding stimuli, tocommunicate with other devicesand people, and to draw on thecomputing and storage power ofthe cloud. This phenomenon hasbeen dubbed the internet ofthings. The more smart devicesBRIDGE INSPECTION SYSTEMSSensors monitor the structural soundness of bridges and informcity engineers of any issues. Drones are used to inspect hard toreach areas.5SELF-DRIVING CARSSelf-driving cars shuttle people in and out of the city,providing rides for others and making deliveries while theirowners are occupied with work or other activities.6WASTE MANAGEMENT SENSORSSensors detect the amount of garbagein recepticals around the city so thatsanitation workers can maximizeefficiency in their routes.971113813514611415789103LED lights are weatheradaptive and communicationsare automatically sent to theDepartment of Public Workswhen the bulbs need to bechanged.FIRE DETECTIONSensors monitor conditions in public parks andwooded areas that might be prone to fire. Sensorscan also detect fires in buildings and initiate a call tothe fire department in an emergency.1516LIGHTINGDRONESDrones can be used for lawenforcement and firefighting, asrural ambulances, for infrastructureinspections, and for environmentalmonitoring. Commercial usesinclude precision farming, aerialphotography, and in the nearfuture, package delivery.SURVEILLANCE CAMERASCameras ensure security bymonitoring activity in areas that arenot frequented by public safetyofficers. Areas that are not open topublic access can be monitored tokeep unauthorized personnel out.BODY CAMERASPublic safety officers can wearbody cameras that capture footageof interactions between themselvesand city residents to ensure safetyfor both parties.WEARABLE DETECTION16211SMART LOGISTICS/FREIGHTPlatooning trucks carry freight efficiently from theport to their final destination. Smart inventorysystems inform operators about when freight ismoved between different locations.12VEHICLE FLEET COMMUNICATIONPublic transit and city fleet vehicles communicatewith their home agency when it is time formaintenance or replacement.ENERGY MONITORINGPower plants can be monitored for safety and city officials canbe informed of any influx in radiation levels.SOLAR PANELSSolar panels can be monitored to determine how much energy theyare providing and whether they need maintenance.help cities manage their programsand services more effectively andgauge their impact immediately.The city of the future is aninterconnected one, wheredevices communicate with oneanother in a constant stream ofdata that provides real-timeinformation to the public and tothe municipality.10124and sharing platforms there are,the more data is generated aboutconsumer’s preferences andhabits. But what does this meanfor cities? Smart cities areemploying the same technologyto connect their disparate utility,infrastructure, and public servicegrids, generating real-timeaggregate data. This, in turn, canCities can build in smartphone andwearable detection sensors so thatpeople can be an active part of theinternet ecosystem, communicatingwith the city, and with each other.BROADBAND INFRASTRUCTURE17A reliable internet ecosystem is theglue that holds the internet of thingstogether.
Trends in Smart City DevelopmentExecutive Summary This report examines the meanings and practices associatedwith the term ‘smart cities.’ Smart city initiatives involve threecomponents: information and communication technologies (ICTs)that generate and aggregate data; analytical tools which convertthat data into usable information; and organizational structuresthat encourage collaboration, innovation, and the application of that information to solve public problems.Hence, a smart city is a city thathas developed some technologicalinfrastructure that enables it to collect,aggregate, and analyze real-time data andhas made a concerted effort to use thatdata to improve the lives of its residents.Such an effort should include explicitpolicy recommendations regarding ‘smart’infrastructure and data, a functioningadministrative component, and someform of community engagement.To better understand smart cities inpractice, this report outlines smart cityinitiatives in five cities. For each city, thereport focuses on the organization of theinitiatives, the policy and administrativecomponents guiding the initiatives,and community engagement aroundsmart development. The findings aresummarized here:10NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES Chicago, IL: In 2012, ChicagoMayor Rahm Emanuel signedthe city’s open data policy. Itcreated an open data platformand mandated cross-functionalcollaboration, all managed by theDepartment of Innovation andTechnology. That policy and theadministrative structure it createdpositioned the city to partner withuniversities and the private sectoron sensor projects like the Array ofThings, which aims to collect anddisseminate real-time data, therebycatalyzing innovation in the city.Philadelphia, PA: In 2011, MayorMichael Nutter issued an executiveorder establishing the Office ofInnovation and Technology (OIT)of Philadelphia. The creation of thisoffice allowed for city leaders tohave a more hands-on approachto ICT initiatives in the city. Cityoversight as well as partnershipswith private and public entities hasmoved Philadelphia toward manysmart city concepts. Charlotte, NC: In 2011, EnvisionCharlotte was established asa public-private collaboration(PPC) to help the city sustain itsaccelerating population growth.As a new organization, EnvisionCharlotte is currently workingon ways to reduce energy usein commercial buildings throughbehavioral changes.San Francisco, CA: SanFrancisco has a history of strongleadership interest in makingthe city smart and sustainablethrough environmental andtransportation improvementmeasures. Furthermore, SanFrancisco’s OpenData initiative,launched in 2009, supports smartcities initiatives that aim to meetgreenhouse gas reduction goalsand improve and increase publictransportation service.New Delhi, India: New Delhi is inthe initial planning stages of itssmart cities initiative, which is partof the broader overarching goalof India’s smart cities programthat ties into the United Nation’sSustainable Development Goals.The city is following the lead ofthe nation’s existing environmentalpolicy and land pooling policies.While ICT infrastructure makes thetechnological aspects of smartdevelopment easier, the organizationalcomponents remain challenging. Citiesshould work to lay the groundwork forsmart development. Establishing thenecessary policies (such as open data ande-governance policies) and administrativecapacity (for example, a departmentfor innovation and technology) inadvance will better position cities to takeadvantage of these new technologies.Rather than looking for solutions first,cities should consider the outcomes theywant to achieve. They should find outwhat their residents and local businesseswant to see happen, and turn thosedesires into clearly defined objectivesbefore proceeding with smart initiatives.A city’s existing comprehensive,transportation, and sustainabilityplanning documents can help guide theestablishment of goals. Conversely, smartcities can help to accelerate the goalsoutlined in those documents. Lookingto other cities for frameworks and bestpractices can also provide valuableguidance, but not a set of instructions.Leveraging technology to improve thesustainability and equity of cities is apowerful idea with enormous potential.Those ambitions, however, should betempered by realism. Cities shouldcritically examine smart city technologiesand the rhetoric that surrounds them.Cities should be mindful, too, of theorganizational challenges that accompanysmart city implementation. Functionalsilos, the challenges of cross-sectorcollaboration, and political gridlock willnot disappear with the arrival of thesenew ‘smarter’ systems. If these challengescan be overcome, then smart citydevelopment can prove beneficial.TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT11
Trends in Smart City DevelopmentIntroductionImprovements in information and communications technologies(ICTs) have made possible decades-old visions of smart citieswhere democracy and city management are guided byICT-generated data.According to the International DataCorporation (IDC), the digital universe(the amount of digital information createdand replicated in a year) increased by62 percent in 2009, reaching 1.2 millionpetabytes in 2010. By 2020, the IDCestimated that the digital universewould be 44 times larger than in 2009.Connectivity has also grown. BusinessInsider estimated that there were 1.9 billiondevices connected to the internet in 2013,and that the number would grow to 9billion by 2018. This growth in data andconnectivity makes it possible to imaginea world in which real-time informationcan be gathered, analyzed, and usedto influence public policy and the builtenvironment in new, ‘smart’ ways.For all of their promise, some believethat smart cities remain conceptually12NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIESvague and undefined. Though generallyunderstood to mean the use of newtechnologies and data platforms toimprove the functioning of cities, there arealso concrete policies and practice shiftsinvolved. That is, in part, because theconcept of ‘smart cities’ is not limited toone system. Smart cities implementationand adoption involves a paradigm shift,in which cities commit not only to usinga new technology to act more efficiently,but also to changing their policies andoperating procedures in a way thatsupports their goal. Smart city adoptioncan comprise many different solutions tomany different public problems. Smartcities systems also often involve actorsfrom each sector – public, private, andnonprofit – forming partnerships andworking together on innovative ways toimprove city life.TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT13
Trends in Smart City DevelopmentThe emphasis on innovation also meansthat how we define smart cities changescontinuously. When Cisco Systemshelped South Korea turn Songdo intoan automated urban environment in2009, radio frequency identification(RFID) technology was cutting edge. By2012, with the rise of smartphones, RFIDwas considered somewhat outmoded.Similarly, investment in municipalbroadband was enough to makeLaGrange, GA, the “Intelligent Communityof the Year” in 2000, but is not enoughto qualify it as a smart city today. Thetechnology used in smart cities is oftennew or evolving, and prone to rapidchange and development.The overarching objectives, however, andthe policy and administrative componentsrequired to realize those objectives,are more durable. Though RFID cardsmay no longer be the best way to forgea digital connection, enhancing thatconnection is still the purpose of much14NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIESsmart city development. Cities interestedin developing smart programs andembracing the smart city paradigm shiftwill need to consider how to initiate andgovern those programs, address theconcerns of their citizens, and cope with arapidly changing environment.To better understand the smart city trend,this report will offer five case studiesdetailing the ways in which specific citiesare implementing smart city projectsincluding: Chicago, IL; Philadelphia, PA;Charlotte, NC; San Francisco, CA; andNew Delhi, India. These case studieswill focus on what the initiatives are,how they are organized, structured, andadministered, and how the communityhas been engaged in their developmentand implementation. Examined together,the cases will provide lessons for othercities considering smart city programs.This report offers five case studies detailing the waysin which specific cities are implementing smart cityprojects including:Chicago, ILSan Francisco, CAPhiladelphia, PADelhi, IndiaCharlotte, NCTRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT15
Trends in Smart City DevelopmentCase StudiesChicago, ILChicago has decidedly embraced smart city principles. As MayorRahm Emanuel’s top tech lieutenant put it, Chicago wants tobecome “the most data-driven government in the world.”One initiative that aims to make thataspiration real is the Array of Things(AoT) project. The AoT is a networkof sensors (called nodes) that willbe mounted on streetlight trafficsignal poles, where they wil
10 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES TRENDS IN SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 11 Trends in Smart City Development Hence, a smart city is a city that has developed some technological infrastructure that enables it to collect, aggregate, and analyze real-time data and has made a concerted e"ort to use that data to improve the lives of its residents.
What is a smart city? A smart city is quite simply a city that utilizes digitalization and new technology to simplify and improve the life for its residents, its visitors and business. In the smart city, new smart services are constantly created to make the city even better. A smart city is a sustainable city. The smart city is made possible .
Smart City Platform Platform Platform Service Application IoT World Bank Korea Week 2020 Smart Cities of Korea. 2 Trends. Gen 1 : Sustainability Development of Smart City 3 2017 Google, Sidewalk Master Plan 2014 Singapore, Smart Nation 2012 China, announced a plan to build 320 smart cities 2018 Korea, National Pilot Smart City 2011
smart grids for smart cities Strategic Options for Smart Grid Communication Networks To meet the goals of a smart city in supporting a sustainable high-quality lifestyle for citizens, a smart city needs a smart grid. To build smart cities of the future, Information and Communications Techn
2019), the term "smart city" has not been officially defined (OECD, 2019; Johnson, et al., 2019). However, several key components of smart cities have already been well-established, such as smart living, smart governance, smart citizen (people), smart mobility, smart economy, and smart infrastructure (Mohanty, et al., 2016).
emissions reduction from smart grid deployment 28 14. Smart grid product providers 33 List of Tables 1. Characteristics of smart grids 7 2. Workshop contributions to the Smart Grids Roadmap 8 3. Smart grid technologies 19 4. Maturity levels and development trends of smart grid technologies 20 5. Select national smart grid deployment efforts 21 6.
Smart City by putting citizens at the core of the Smart City development process. Elected in 2011, Mayor Park has taken a consultative approach to governance. His pledge to listen to the people is represented by an interactive "Big Ear" sculpture installed outside Seoul City Hall. Image credit: Seoul Government Smart City, Smart Residents:
1. Smart City Challenge Submissions and Finalists 7 2. Miami’s Smart City Operations Center 25 3. Seven Smart City Domains 32 4. Smart City Domains and Pyramid of Innovation 33 5. Three-Phase Smart City Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation Framework 34 6. Phase 1 Key Steps 35 7. The Design-Thinking Process 36 8. Phase 2 Key Steps 38 9.
SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES IN ORDER OF PRESENTATION . 2 MONDAY March 8, 2021 SHAWN HARDING Shawn Harding was elected President of North Carolina Farm Bureau and its affiliated companies in December 2019. He has been very active in every aspect of Farm Bureau from serving as a local county Farm Bureau President and Board member to serving on state advisory committees, and the State Board of Directors .
