A Primer On Using Time Use Data - Brigham Young University
A Primer on Using Time Use DataDr. Jocelyn S. WikleBrigham Young University
Outline What information is typically found in time use data? Previous research: Family studies and human developmentapplications How can I get started doing research with these exciting data sets?
What is Time Use Data? Self reported accounts of daily activities Includes information about Actual time use, rather than typical time useActivitiesTiming and duration of activitiesWho else was present (including age, gender, and relationship of family members)Where activity took placeUsually covers one 24-hour period
Diary example
Activity information is coded by refined andbroad categories Personal CareHousehold activitiesCaring/helping household memberCaring/helping non-householdmemberWork and related activitiesEducationConsumer purchasesProfessional and personal careservices Household services Government services and civicobligations Eating and drinking Socializing, relaxing, leisure Sports, exercise, recreation Religious and spiritual activities Volunteer activities Telephone calls Traveling
“With whom” information valuable in manyresearch contexts Shared time ChildrenSpouse or partnerSiblingFamily timeParents, elder careNon-resident parent, stepparentExtended familyFriendsAdult neighbors, mentors
“With whom” information valuable in manyresearch contexts Shared time Gender and age aspects of a dyadFamily size and birth orderNon-nuclear homesCultural contextFamily employment context
“Where” information: Time at home vs away Time in social activities with family members
Well-being supplemental information: Immediate well-being rated during some activities MeaningHappyTiredSadStress
Elder-care supplemental information: For whom/by whom is care given How often is care given What is done during care Gender, age, relationship considerations of the dyad
Eating and Health supplemental information: Food purchase and preparation Eating out Soda consumption School lunch consumption BMI Exercise habits
Advantages Inside view of family life in naturalistic settings Large Samples American Time Use Survey adds 14,000 observations annually Nationally representative Standardized variables for cross-national comparisons and historiccomparisons
Advantages High Quality Data Free (exception, Australian data carries a minimal fee) No data collection needed
Disadvantages Most are cross-sectional observations Exceptions: PSID, Longitudinal study of Australian Children, Health and RetirementSurvey Can’t address every research question Example: We can observe TV time. We don’t know what they watch. One observation per household Exception: Health and Retirement Survey Rough geographic information
Why isn’t it used more in humandevelopment research and family studies?
Why isn’t it used more in humandevelopment research and family studies? Many of the data sets were designed to focus on employment activitiesrather than family and development measures
Why isn’t it used more in humandevelopment research and family studies? Many of the data sets were designed to focus on employment activitiesrather than family and development measures Focus on individuals, requiring creativity to unearth hidden gems onfamilies
Why isn’t it used more in humandevelopment research and family studies? Many of the data sets were designed to focus on employment activitiesrather than family and development measures Focus on individuals, requiring creativity to unearth hidden gems onfamilies It’s messy data
We can uncover important information usingTime Use Data
Typical morning for a SFL professor
Unnamed adolescent girl in my neighborhood
Mother or Father?Activity6:00pmPhysical care for childActivity6:00pmPhysical care for child
Mother or Father?Activity6:00pm6:10pmActivityPhysical care for child““6:00pmPhysical care for child6:10pmPlay soccer with child
Mother or Father?Activity6:00pm6:10pm6:30pmActivityPhysical care for child““School paperwork for child6:00pmPhysical care for child6:10pmPlay soccer with child6:30pmHelp child with homework
Mother or Father?Activity6:00pm6:10pmActivityPhysical care for child““6:00pmPhysical care for child6:10pmPlay soccer with child6:30pmSchool paperwork for child6:30pmHelp child with homework6:45pmTalking with child6:45pmPlay with toys with child
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?Activity3:00pmWalk to elementary schoolActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm““
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm4:15pmDental appointment4:15pm““Walk to town center
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm4:15pmDental appointment4:15pmWalk to town center5:00pmMail a package5:00pmGrocery shop““
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm4:15pmDental appointment4:15pmWalk to town center5:00pmMail a package5:00pmGrocery shop5:15pmShoe shopping5:15pm““““
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm4:15pmDental appointment4:15pmWalk to town center5:00pmMail a package5:00pmGrocery shop5:15pmShoe shopping5:15pm““5:45pmGrocery shopping5:45pm““““
MotherRecent Immigrant or Native?ActivityActivity3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:00pmWalk to elementary school3:15pmParent teacher conference3:15pmParent teacher conference3:45pmWalk to town center3:45pm4:15pmDental appointment4:15pmWalk to town center5:00pmMail a package5:00pmGrocery shop5:15pmShoe shopping5:15pm““5:45pmGrocery shopping5:45pm““6:30pmReturn home6:30pmReturn home““
Adolescent boy 15 years old:Traditional nuclear family or working single mom?Activity3:00pmEat snackWho else present3:00pmActivityWho else presentEat snack, talkingMother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, talkingMother3:15pmHomework3:15pmHomeworkMother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother12-yr-old brother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother4:10pmPlay basketball4:10pmPlay basketballFriend12-yr-old brother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother4:10pmPlay basketball4:10pmPlay basketballFriend5:00pmDinner prep5:00pmVideo gamesFriend12-yr-old brother12-yr-old brother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother4:10pmPlay basketball4:10pmPlay basketballFriend5:00pmDinner prep12-yr-old brother5:00pmVideo gamesFriend5:30pmEat dinner12-yr-old brother5:30pmEat dinnerFather, Mother,12-yr-old brother12-yr-old brother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother4:10pmPlay basketball4:10pmPlay basketballFriend5:00pmDinner prep12-yr-old brother5:00pmVideo gamesFriend5:30pmEat dinner12-yr-old brother5:30pmEat dinnerFather, Mother,12-yr-old brother6:00pmClean up dinner12-yr-old brother6:00pmClean up dinner12-yr-old brother12-yr-old brother
Adolescent boy 15 years oldTraditional nuclear family or working single mom?ActivityWho else presentActivityWho else present3:00pmEat snack3:00pmEat snack, 5pmHelp sibling withhomework3:45pmHelp sibling with homework12-yr-old brother4:10pmPlay basketball4:10pmPlay basketballFriend5:00pmDinner prep12-yr-old brother5:00pmVideo gamesFriend5:30pmEat dinner12-yr-old brother5:30pmEat dinnerFather, Mother,12-yr-old brother6:00pmClean up dinner12-yr-old brother6:00pmClean up dinner12-yr-old brother6:30pmTalkingMother, brother6:30pmGo to museumFather, Mother,brother12-yr-old brother
ParentNeuro-typical child vs special needs child
ParentNeuro-typical child vs special needs child Medical Care Therapy (in home, out of home) Physical care of child School meetings Homework help Shadowing the child Shorter outings, fewer outing Limited scope for outings
Whose company lowers stress? Adolescent boy, age 15 Resident parentStepparentNon-resident parentOlder siblingYounger sibling
Whose company lowers stress? Adolescent boy, age 15 Resident parentStepparentNon-resident parentOlder siblingYounger sibling
Previous Time Use Research
Previous Time Use Research Spouse relationships Time for Each Other: Work and Family Constraints Among Couples (Flood &Genadek 2016) Spending Time Together—Changes Over Four Decades in Leisure Time Spent with aSpouse (Voorpostel, van der Lippe, & Gershuny 2010) Spouse ‘Together Time’: Quality Time Within the Household (Glorieux, Minnen, &van Tienoven 2010) When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargaining and Time in Household Work(Bittman, England, Sayer, Folbre, & Matheson 2003)
Previous Time Use Research Parent-Child shared time Are Parents Investing Less in Children? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Timewith Children (Sayer, Bianchi, & Robinson, 2004) Parent-child quality time: Does birth order matter? (Price, 2007) Signs of Change? At-Home and Breadwinner Parents’ Housework and ChildCare Time (Chelsey & Flood, 2016) Decomposing the increase in men’s time on childcare during the greatrecession (Gorsuch, 2016)
Previous Time Use Research Mothers Mothers Time with Children and Subjective Well-Being (Flood, Meier, &Musick, 2013) Who Experiences Leisure Deficits? Mothers Marital Status and Leisure Time(Passias, Sayer, & Pepin, 2015) Mothers’ Transitions to the Empty Nest Phase (Thorn, 2012)
Previous Time Use Research Fathers Men’s Family Involvement across Industrial Nations (Hofferth, Fisher, &Glorieux, 2015) Family Structure and Trends in U.S. Fathers’ Time with Children, 2003-2013(Hofferth & Lee, 2015)
Previous Time Use Research Family time Family dinner frequency, settings and sources, and body weight in US adults(Sobal & Hanson 2014) The Family Leisure Dilemma: Insights from Research with Canadian Families(Shaw 2011) Every kid (and family) in a park? Free National Parks admission for childrenand spillovers in family recreation (Wikle & Hodge, working paper)
Previous Time Use Research Siblings Adolescent caretaking of younger siblings (Wikle, Jensen & Hoagland,forthcoming)
Previous Time Use Research Youth How American Children Spend Their Time (Hofferth & Sandberg 2001) Time use of youths of immigrant and native-born parents: ATUS results(Bianchi & Kofman 2012) In good company: Adolescent well-being and shared time with family,mentors, neighbors and friends (Wikle & Hoagland, working paper)
Previous Time Use Research Elder care Disability and activity-related emotion in later life: Are effects buffered by intimaterelationship support and strain? (Carr, Cornman, & Freedman, 2017) The impact of demographic change on transfers in the form of caregiving and theassociated well-being (Zagheni, Ryan, & Dukhovnov, under review) The Opportunity Costs of Informal Elder-Care in the United States: New Estimatesfrom the American Time Use Survey (Chari, Engberg, Ray, & Mehrotra 2015) Focus on Home: What Time-Use Data Can Tell About Caregiving to Adults(Michelson & Tepperman 2003)
Getting started with United States data!
American Time Use Survey (ATUS) One household member sampled from the Current Population Survey Link to CPS household information 2003-2016
Using rectangular data Each respondent has one line of data Each time use variable of interest is its own column
Using rectangular data Select household variables and individual variables of interest Demographics Family characteristics Add time use variables Select sample years
Custom Time Use Variables Can restrict by One or multiple activitiesTime of daySecondary activitiesLocationOther people present
Using rectangular data Add variables to a data cart Datasets available in Stata, SAS, and SPSS formats Usually ready in 10 minutes or less
Using hierarchical data
Using hierarchical data
Using hierarchical dataPerson Record
Using hierarchical dataPerson RecordActivity Record
Using hierarchical dataPerson RecordActivity RecordWith whom Record
Using hierarchical data
Using hierarchical data Use activity codes, start/stop times, where, and with whominformation to create variables of interest “Rectangularize” the data by dropping unneeded record types afterextracting information from them
Historic US Data American Heritage Time Use Survey (AHTUS) Combines time use data from surveys since 1965 Standardized variables for comparisons Can be used to study trends and changes in family processes
Longitudinal US Data Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement (children ages 12 and under) Supplement on Disability and Use of Time (married people ages 60 and theirspouses) Health and Retirement Survey (couples ages 55 )
Cross National Data Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) Combines time use data from many developed countries Austria Canada Finland France Netherlands Spain UK US Standardized variables for cross-national comparisons Can be used to study variation in family processes
Please feel free to contact mewikle@byu.edu
4:10pm Play basketball 4:10pm Play basketball Friend 5:00pm Dinner prep 12-yr-old brother 5:00pm Video games Friend 5:30pm Eat dinner 12-yr-old brother 5:30pm Eat dinner Father, Mother, 12-yr-old brother 6:00pm Clean up dinner 12-yr-old brother 6:00pm Clean up dinner 12-yr-old brother
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