Estimating The Size And Structure Of The Underground .
[Type text]LILLY YURICE UNIVERSITY2 0 1 4LAURA PACIFICIURBAN INSTITUTEM A R C H ,COLLEEN OWENSURBAN INSTITUTER E P O R TDEBORAH MAYERURBAN INSTITUTER E S E A R C HCYBELE KOTONIASURBAN INSTITUTE2 0 1 4P. MITCHELL DOWNEYURBAN INSTITUTEM A R C H ,BILAL KHAN, PHDJOHN JAY COLLEGER E P O R TMEREDITH DANK, PHDURBAN INSTITUTER E S E A R C HEstimating the Size andStructure of theUndergroundCommercial Sex Economyin Eight Major US Cities
Copyright March 2014. The Urban Institute. The views expressed are those of the author and should not be attributed tothe Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders.Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute.This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-1674, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms, US Department of Justice. The authors would like to thank a number of individuals for all their support and hardwork during the course of this study. We would especially like to thank Ric Curtis, Samantha Lowry, Meagan Cahill, SamuelBieler, Juan Pedroza, Doug Gilchrist-Scott, Aaron Horvath, Pamela Lachman, Shebani Rao, Leah Ouellet, Sarah Trager, LeilaCollins, Aqsa Ashai, and Bill Adams for their assistance with data collection, analysis and writing of the final report. We wouldalso like to thank Janine Zweig of the Urban Institute for her careful review of this report.We would also like to thank all the law enforcement officials who took the time to speak with us about their local undergroundcommercial sex economies. Additionally, we are grateful for all the expertise Bradley Myles from Polaris Project and KristenAnderson, Michelle Collins, and Staca Urie from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children shared with usregarding the UCSE in the United States.The narratives and data collected for this report would not have been possible without the cooperation of the key players andfacilitators in the underground commercial sex economy that were approached to participate in this study. We would like tothank them for speaking so candidly about the crimes that led to their arrest and ultimate conviction.Lastly, a very big thank you to our NIJ grant monitor, John Picarelli, for all his support and believing that this study could beaccomplished.
Table of ContentsExecutive Summary .1Purpose and Goals of This Study . 1Research Questions . 1Methodology . 1Main Findings . 2Sex Trafficking and Sex Work Findings . 2Child Pornography Findings . 3Policy and Practice Implications . 4Chapter 1Introduction . 6Purpose of the Study . 6Background on the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in the United States . 7Chapter 2Research Questions and Methodology . 9Research Questions . 9Terminology . 9Research Design . 10Site Selection Process . 10Stakeholder Interview Process . 12Offender Interview Process . 13The Evolution of UCSE Estimate . 16Limitations of the Study . 20Chapter 3Methodology and Derivation of Illicit Economy Estimates . 22Existing Approaches to Estimate Illegal, Underground Economies . 23Process for Deriving Estimates (Overview) .241.1. The Law of Cash Conservation . 251.1.1 Process for Deriving Estimates (In Depth) . 271.2. Constraints by Proxy Ratios . 271.2.1. Linear Proxy .281.2.2. Linear Proxy. 341.2.3. Linear Proxy. 351.2.4. Linear Proxy. 361.3. The Left Hand Side : Estimating Total Cash in Circulation . 361.4. The Linear Program .381.4.1. Sex Proxy Ratio Constraints .381.4.2. Drug Proxy Ratio Constraints . 401.4.3. Gun Proxy Ratio Constraints .421.4.4. Other Proxy Ratio Constraints .441.4.5. Positivity Constraints .461.4.6. An Objective Function Based on the Law of Cash Conservation . 471.4.7. Techniques for Solving the Linear Program . 481.5. Geometric Intuition . 481.6. Solution of the Linear Program .491.6.1. Sex (UCSE) Rankings .50iii
1.6.2. Drugs Economy Rankings . 511.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings . 521.7. Solution Quality and Robustness . 52Solution Quality . 52Solution Robustness . 53Chapter 4Stakeholder Perspectives on the Underground Commercial Sex Economy . 56Introduction . 56Findings by City .58Miami, Florida .58Brothels . 60Internet . 60Erotic Massage Parlors . 61Street .62Network Characteristics .62Dallas, Texas .64Street and Internet . 67Brothels . 70Erotic Massage Parlors . 70Topless Bars. 74Escort Services . 75Truckers . 76Washington, DC . 76Street and Internet . 78Erotic Massage Parlors . 81Brothels . 84Denver, Colorado . 86Street . 88Internet/Escort Services . 88Erotic Massage Parlors and Brothels .92Kansas City, Missouri .94Internet and Street .96Erotic Massage Parlors . 98San Diego, California .100Street and Internet . 102Escort Services . 108Erotic Massage Parlors . 108Brothels and Migrant Camps Brothels . 111Seattle, Washington .112Street and Internet . 114Escorts . 117Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas . 118Home/Residential Brothels . 120Atlanta, Georgia .121Street and Internet . 123Erotic Massage Parlors . 126Brothels . 127Conclusion . 128Chapter 5Identity, Entry, and Risks of Pimping . 130iv
Introduction and Review of the Literature . 130Respondent Demographics . 132Definitions . 133Respondent Perspectives . 134Entry Into Pimping . 136Family Experience . 137Neighborhood Context . 139Mentorship . 140Recruitment by Women . 140Drug Dealing to Pimping. 142Legality in a Foreign Country . 142Self-Perception and Emotional Motivations . 143Women Who Pimp . 143Summary of Respondent Paths to Pimping . 144Perceptions of Business-Related Risk. 145Fears of Arrest. 145Fears of Personal Safety . 147Fears Around Employee Safety . 148Summary of Perceived Risk . 149Chapter Summary . 149Chapter 6Networks, Relationships, and Management of Pimping .150Introduction . 150Actors in the Underground Sex Market . 152Pimps . 152Bottom . 153Non-Sex Worker Partners and Employees . 154Sex Worker Employees . 155Customers . 156Employee Recruitment . 157Demographics of Recruited Individuals . 158Race .
[Type text] P. Estimating the Size and Structure of the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in Eight Major US Cities MEREDITH DANK, PHD URBAN INSTITUTE BILAL KHAN, PHD JOHN JAY COLLEGE MITCHELL DOWNEY URBAN INSTITUTE CYBELE KOTONIAS URBAN INSTITUTE DEBORAH MAYER URBAN INSTITUTE COLLEEN OWENS URBAN INSTITUTE LAURA PACIFICI URBAN INSTITUTE LILLY YU RICE UNIVERSITY C
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