Pork Production With Entire Male Pigs And Immunocastrates .
Pork Production With Entire Male Pigs and ImmunocastratesAn Australian PerspectiveD.N. D’Souza, R.J.E. Hewitt, R.J. van BarneveldSunPork Group, Murarrie, Queensland, Australia
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
Australian pork industry
Per capita consumption, demand for pork increasingABARES, 2017Nielsen Homescan Data 2017
Cost of production (cost/kg HSCW, 75kg carcase)LowRangeHighRangeAverageAverage ( )Freight 0.09 0.14 0.120.08Feed costs 1.50 1.70 1.601.023.70:1 and 405/t3.95:1 and 430/tLabour 0.40 0.45 0.420.27Utilities 0.08 0.12 0.090.06Repair and maintenance 0.06 0.12 0.090.06Genetics 0.07 0.10 0.080.05Pharmaceuticals 0.12 0.25 0.200.13Facility 0.06 0.12 0.080.05Technical services 0.06 0.08 0.070.05Consumables 0.04 0.12 0.060.04Corporate and administration 0.04 0.06 0.050.03Finance 0.02 0.05 0.030.02Cull sow value 0.10 0.12 0.110.07TOTAL COSTS 2.64( 1.67) 3.43( 2.19) 3.00 1.93 4,50 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50USACanada ( rk ( 2set-11gen-12mag-11set-10gen-11mag-10set-09( AU per kilo)gen-10gen-09mag-09set-08mag-08set-07gen-08 0,50gen-07 1,00mag-07Cost AreaAustralia ( )APL, 2017
Feed cost extremelyhigh due to drought
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
Entire male pig production – focus on efficiency Ceased surgical castration late 1970s Relatively low slaughter weight (HSCW) 55kg ( 10kg) Enhance growth performance and efficiency Carcase trade Domestic markets only Payment on backfat and weightNow: Growth and efficiency focus continue Slaughter weights have increased marginally 76kg (up to 100kg) Domestic and export markets (and value-add products) Mainly boxed sub-primal and cuts trade, with some carcase trade Payment still on backfat and weight (rather than LMY or SLMY)
But we have created a few issues!
High incidence of boar taint2,001,801,60Skatole (ug/g)1,40 25% of pigs abovesensory ory thresholds2,003,004,00Androstenone (ug/g)5,006,007,00(D’Souza et al., 2011)
Poor correlation between boar taint risk and carcase weight101,491,21,07R² 0,0043R² 0,00556Skatole µg/gAndrostenone µg/g85430,80,60,420,2100,05055606570Hot carcass weight (kg)7580855055606570Hot carcass weight (kg)75(D’Souza et al., 2011)8085
Carcase weight strategies don’t workFail rate: % Quality Grade 3( 1 Unsatisfactory; 2 Below average; 3 Average; 4 Above average; 5 Excellent)D’Souza et al. (Unpublished); Pork CRC Final Report (2013) 3Z-110
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs– Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration– Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
Cost of production (cost/kg HSCW 75kg carcase)Cost AreaLow RangeHigh RangeAverageAverage ( ) 0.09 0.14 0.120.08 1.503.70:1 and 405/t 1.703.95:1 and 430/t 1.601.02Labour 0.40 0.45 0.420.27Utilities – electricity, water, gas 0.08 0.12 0.090.06Repair and maintenance 0.06 0.12 0.090.06AI/breeding stock/selection fees 0.07 0.10 0.080.05Pharmaceutical costs(vacc; treatments, etc) 0.12 0.25 0.200.13Facility costs inc depreciation, licences, rates 0.06 0.12 0.080.05Vet/nutrition/consultants/audits 0.06 0.08 0.070.05Consumables, straw, etc 0.04 0.12 0.060.04Other misc costs incl corporate 0.04 0.06 0.050.03Finance costs 0.02 0.05 0.030.02Adjustment for Cull sow value 0.10 0.12 0.110.07 2.64 ( 1.67) 3.43 ( 2.19) 3.00 1.93Selling costs – freight, leviesFeed costs – inc mill and deliveryTOTAL COSTSImmunocastration 0.05 - 0.09( 0.03 - 0.06)
Immunocastration and aggression140200180160100140No of carcasesMounts/pen/day120806040Approx. 15% of entiremale carcases hadmoderate to severe skinscratches1201008060402020001617181920211222Age (weeks)control3ImprovacImprovac4Carcase gradeCronin et al. (2003)Note:General observations indicate that there is an increase in leg damage in entire male pigsScratch damages scale:1 - None2 - Carcass covered less than 20%3 - Carcass covered 20% - 60%4 - Carcass covered above 60%(Karaconji al. 2011)Entire14
Global Literature reviewCompilation of large database containing over 250 published and non-published datasets on effects ofproduction, processing and cooking parameters on pork eating and technological quality.Entire maleFemaleImmunocastrateSurgical castrateOverall liking*48.3750.3457.6053.61IMF %1.821.922.212.34*0 - dislike extremely to 100 - like extremelyChannon et al., 2011
Entire male pigs have highest fail rates (Australian data)% Fail rateEntire maleFemaleSurgical castrateImmunocastrate21.519.817.716.9Average incidence for 6 studies and across different supply chainsFail rate: % Quality Grade 3 ( 1 Unsatisfactory; 2 Below average; 3 Average; 4 Above average; 5 Excellent) 14,000 consumer assessmentsChannon et al., Pork CRC Program 3
Sensory fail rates for porkFail rate (%)ImmunocastratesEntire malesFemalesSurgical castratesP valueChannon et al. (2016)23.019.117.7Channon et al. (2018a)17.815.70.19Jose et al. (2013)23.819.40.190.005Channon et al. (2015)19.615.80.004Channon et al. (2018b)21.918.70.031Channon et al. (2018c)19.118.50.7520.70.007Moore et al. (2017)29.8
Critical quality control points for porkCritical Control pointRating†Breed**Sex***Age and slaughter weight*Nutrition**Housing*On-farm handling*Transport**Lairage / pre-slaughter handling**Time off feed**Stunning*Stimulation**Carcass processing****Product preparation*****Consumer preparation*****Taverner, 2001† * & **Low risk/impact, *** Medium risk/impact, ***** High risk/impact
Eating quality pathway – increase demand for porkValueaOverall likingGenderaNon-moisture70 C52.4Entire male0.00Female2.1Physical castrate3.5Immunocastrated male2.4infused loin roast sample from a non-electrically stimulated, Achilles hung entire malecarcase aged for 1 day with ultimate pH of 5.5 cooked to an endpoint temperature of 70 C
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
Retail share of fresh meat 4%Woolworths33.0%
Immunocastration The biggest shift, retailers have recognised the issues withentire male pig production Immunocastration now accepted by all retailers Most immunocastrate pigs sold on contracts Entire male pigs do incur a penalty ( 0.03- 0.10/kg) Surgical castration is 1% of entire male pigs (not sustainable) In the absence of other viable technologies, use of boar taintvaccine continues to increase Current adoption is 60% of entire male pigs, and growing!
Welfare based approvalBoar taint vaccine permitted by Royal Society for the Preventionof Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) AustraliaCastration5.2 Physical (surgical) castration is not permitted.5.3 Where the risk of ‘boar taint’ is high, immunologicalcastration3 is permitted.
Australian industry takes position on boar taint vaccineAustralian pork industry supports the choice for use of the boar taint vaccine on thebasis that; It improves welfare of entire male pigs RSPCA approved It eliminates boar taint It improves carcase and product quality It is accepted by consumers No other viable alternative to the boar taint vaccine
This presentation Australian pig production Entire male pigs– Issues (boar taint incidence, welfare, eating quality) Immunocastration– Australian R&D Industry adoption and market acceptance SunPork Group
Immunocastration: SunPork Group MarketsMajor retail 55%Independent retail 7%Export 10%Wholesale 20%Food service 8%Breeding herd size : 42,000 sowsAnnual slaughter: 0.97M pigs18% of Australian productionPIC Australia: Genetics 50% of industryRetailCustomersProductsWholesale WoolworthsColesCostcoMetcashIndependents Fresh boxed porkValue added pork ButchersTradersFurther manufacturersCarcaseFresh & frozen boxedporkValue added porkExport Foodservice Pubs and clubsFine dining Singapore processorsHong KongsupermarketsSE Asia and Pacific CarcaseFresh boxed porkValue added porkOffal Fresh boxed porkValue added pork
Carcass requirements per FemaleICFemaleICICFemaleIC 15 12 12 12 12Weight (HSCW; Kg)90 - 11070 - 9070 - 9065 - 8565-75Source (Farms)QLD, SAQLD, NSW, SAQLD, NSW, SAQLDSASexBackfat P2 (mm)
Altering timing of immunocastration – optimise productionCarcase fat:Surgical castrate Immunocastrate entire male pigImprovac flexibility allows us to manage this;1. Prevent backfat increases associated with immunocastratesOR2. Increase intramuscular fat in heavier slaughter weight markets
Managing immunocastrates: Control backfatTime post-last vaccination (weeks)02346P-valueFeed intake2.432.562.752.782.910.024ADG 60.095Slaughter wt (kg)105.4105.1104.4107.4108.90.025Carcase wt (kg)70.168.567.770.671.80.086P2 Backfat (mm)11.611.412.712.613.80.057Androstenone (ug/g)0.910.110.110.100.130.001Skatole (ug/g)0.050.040.030.040.040.420Lealiifano et al., 2009
Assuring boar taint free pork(1) Test every male carcase Source: thumb-1-960x250.jpg
Assuring boar taint free pork(2) Monitoring for socio-sexual behaviourTwo stage verification with corrective actions;(i) On farm behavioural inspection for socio-sexual behavioursafter 7-10 days post second vaccination At risk animals vaccinated again(ii) Lairage ante-mortem inspection for socio-sexual behaviours At risk animal are identified and segregated post-slaughter
Export markets Biggest markets are Singapore and HongKong No issues with offal – accepted by allmarkets Currently export female (only) carcasesto Singapore This issue relates to visibility oftesticle cut lines on carcase Cannot be used in traditional wetmarkets (premium grade) No issue with immunocastrates forboxed product in Hong Kong or otherexport markets
Take home messages Entire male pig production does negatively impact welfare, carcase andeating quality Immunocastration has helped to address these entire male pig issues Market acceptance of immunocastration is not an issue in the domesticmarket (retail, food service or processed segments) Some acceptance issues in export markets but these predominantly relate tocarcase trade Consumer acceptance of immunocastration does not appear to be an issue
Thank youDr Darryl D’Souzadarryl.dsouza@sunporkfarms.com.au
Pork Production With Entire Male Pigs and ImmunocastratesAn Australian PerspectiveD.N. D’Souza, R.J.E. Hewitt, R.J. van BarneveldSunPork Group, Murarrie, Queensland, Australia
Average incidence for 6 studies and across different supply chains. Sensory fail rates for pork . No other viable alternative to the boar taint vaccine Australian pig production Entire male pigs . Fresh boxed pork Value added pork Breeding herd size : 42,000 sows Annual slaughter: 0.97M pigs
PORK BELLY BONE IN RIND ON Average weight: 5kg. 23 24 PORK BELLY 021 022 PORK BELLY BONELESS RIND ON Average weight: 3kg PORK BELLY BONELESS RINDLESS Average weight: 3.2kg. 25 26 . NECK/V FAT Average weight: 0.2kg CUTTING FAT (RINDLESS) Average weight: 0.17kg. 33 34 PORK OFFALS 031 032 PORK LIVER Average weight: 1.7kg PORK HEARTS Average .
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