A Companion To Alfred The Great
A Companion to Alfred the Great
Brill’s Companions to theChristian TraditionA series of handbooks and reference works on theintellectual and religious life of Europe, 500–1800Editor-in-ChiefChristopher M. Bellitto (Kean University)VOLUME 58The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcct
A Companion to Alfred the GreatEdited byNicole Guenther Discenza and Paul E. SzarmachLEIDEN BOSTON
Cover illustration: “London Monogram” silver penny of Alfred, minted in London c. 880. Reproduced bykind permission of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Image supplied by Rory Naismith.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA companion to Alfred the Great / edited by Nicole Guenther Discenza and Paul E. Szarmach.pages cm. -- (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; volume 58)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-90-04-27484-6 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-28376-3 (e-book) 1. Alfred, King of England,849-899--Influence. 2. Alfred, King of England, 849-899--In literature. 3. Great Britain--History--Alfred,871-899. I. Discenza, Nicole Guenther, 1969- editor of compilation. II. Szarmach, Paul E., editor ofcompilation.DA153.C66 2014942.01’64092--dc23[B]2014035134This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters coveringLatin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.ISSN 1871-6377ISBN 978-90-04-27484-6 (hardback)ISBN 978-90-04-28376-3 (e-book)Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv providedthat the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa.Fees are subject to change.This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ContentsAcknowledgements viiList of figures viiiAbbreviations and Short TitlesNotes on Contributors xiIntroductionContextix1Part 11Alfred the Great and the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons 13Simon Keynes2The Art of Alfred and His Times 47Leslie Webster3Latin Commentaries on Boethius’s Consolation of PhilosophyRosalind Love82Part 2Alfred as Author4Alfred as Author and Translator 113Janet M. Bately5The Alfredian Prefaces and Epilogues 143Susan Irvine6 Searoðonca HordAlfred’s Translation of Gregory the Great’s Regula PastoralisCarolin Schreiber7The Old English Boethius 200Nicole Guenther Discenza171
vicontents 8Augustine’s Soliloquia in Old EnglishPaul E. Szarmach9The Prose Translation of Psalms 1–50 256Patrick P. O’Neill10The Laws of Alfred and Ine 282Mary P. Richards227Part 3Alfrediana11The Old English OrosiusJanet M. Bately12The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 344Susan Irvine31313 Alfredian ApocryphaThe Dialogues and the BedeDavid F. Johnson368AppendixAnnotated Bibliography on the Authorship IssueBibliography 416Index 453397
AcknowledgementsThe co-editors wish to acknowledge with thanks the support and cooperativespirit of the contributors who made this collection a true collaboration.Contributors shared their work and offered suggestions to each other and tothe co-editors. Individual contributors have acknowledged those who havegranted permissions or given special assistance with their work.Special thanks to Marisa Iglesias, who assisted Nicole Discenza in compilingnotes and bibliography; and to Rory Naismith, who provided the image for thecover. The Brill team—Julian Deahl, Christopher Bellitto, Ivo Romein—deserve our particular regard. We are also grateful for the helpful commentsfrom the anonymous reader of our manuscript.Finally, we thank Joe Discenza and Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe for their support and encouragement. Nicole and Paul share the goal but Joe and Katherinegot the assists.Nicole Guenther Discenza and Paul E. SzarmachJune 2014
List of FiguresPlate1.1The coinage of King Alfred and his contemporaries, c. 865–90044Figures2.1 a Gold and niello finger-ring of Æthelwulf of Wessex (839–858) 532.1 b Gold and niello finger-ring of Æthelswith of Mercia (d. 888) 532.2 Carolingian gilt-bronze reliquary from Winchester, late eighth orearly ninth century (after Hinton 1981) 552.3 The Alfred Jewel, rock-crystal, gold and enamel, late ninth century(after Hinton 1974) 582.4 ‘The Cup of Solomon’: gold and gemstone Sassanian dish,sixth–seventh century (after Babelon 1887, Plate XXI) 602.5 The Warminster Jewel, gold, rock-crystal and blue glass,late ninth century 632.6 The Fuller brooch, silver and niello, late ninth century 652.7 Silver strap-end from Cranbourne, Dorset, late ninth century 672.8 Cross-shaft, Codford St Peter, Wiltshire, late ninth century(a) front (b) side view 682.9 Sword hilt (detail) inlaid with silver and niello, from Abingdon,Berkshire, late ninth century 702.10 Wall-painting fragment from the site of the New Minster,Winchester, before 903 722.11 Decorated initial from a copy of Alfred’s translation of the Pastoral Care(Oxford, Bodleian Library ms Hatton 20, fol. 93v) 732.12 Decorated initials from a copy of Aldhelm’s de Virginitate (London,British Library Royal ms 5.F.iii, fol.2v) 732.13 Antler handle from the City of London, early tenth century 742.14 Embroidered stole and maniple (detail) from St Cuthbert’s shrine,commissioned by Edward the Elder’s wife, Ælfflæd (d.916),for Bishop Frithestan of Winchester (909–931) 782.15 Cross-shaft, Colyton, Devon, first quarter of tenth century 79
Abbreviations and Short Titles( for full references, see Bibliography)ascAnglo-Saxon ChronicleascceThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative EditionaseAnglo-Saxon EnglandasprAnglo-Saxon Poetic Records, ed. Krapp and DobbiebeaseBlackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon EnglandblBritish LibraryBnFBibliothèque Nationale de France, ParisBoethiusThe Old English Boethius, ed. Godden and IrvineBosworth-Toller An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Joseph Bosworth, ed. Tollerch iÆlfric’s Catholic Homilies, First Series, ed. Clemoesch iiÆlfric’s Catholic Homilies, Second Series, ed. GoddenccccCambridge, Corpus Christi CollegecccmCorpus Christianorum Continuatio MedievalisccslCorpus Christianorum, Series LatinacsaseCambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon EnglandcselCorpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum LatinorumculCambridge, University LibrarydcpBoethius, De consolatione philosophiae, ed. BielerDialogiGrégoire le Grand, Dialogues, ed. Adalbert de VogüédoeDictionary of Old English, ed. Cameron et al.eemfEarly English Manuscripts in FacsimileeetsEarly English Text SocietyehdWhitelock, English Historical DocumentsehrEnglish Historical ReviewemeEarly Medieval EuropeEnglish StudiesesGneussGneuss, Handlist of Anglo-Saxon ManuscriptsFontesFontes Anglo-Saxonicihe Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. and trans.Colgrave and MynorsjegpJournal of English and Germanic PhilologyKer, Catalogue N.R. Ker, Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-SaxonK&L Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (eds. and trans.), Alfred theGreatlsÆlfric’s Lives of Saints, ed. SkeatlseLeeds Studies in English
xAbbreviations and Short TitlesmecPhilip Grierson and Mark Blackburn, Medieval European CoinagemghMonumenta Germaniae HistoricaModern Language Notesmlnms(s)manuscript(s)n.s.new seriesodnb Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H.G.C. Matthew andBrian HarrisonoeOld Englishoegd Bischof Wærferths von Worcester Übersetzung der Dialoge Gregorsdes Grossen, ed. HechtoeheThe Old English Version of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. MillerOld English Newsletteroenosoriginal seriesOrosiusThe Old English Orosius, ed. BatelypcKing Alfred’s West Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, ed. SweetplPatrologia Latina, ed. J.P. MignePsalmsKing Alfred’s Old English Psalms, ed. O’Neillrp Regula pastoralis: Grégoire le Grand, Règle Pastorale, ed. BrunoJudic, Charles Morel, Floribert RommelS [number]P.H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters [number of charter]Supplementary SeriesssWB-EnASE The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed.Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes and Donald Scragg,2nd ed.
Notes on ContributorsJanet M. Batelyis Sir Israel Gollancz Professor Emeritus of English Language and MedievalLiterature, King’s College, London, having begun her academic career asAssistant Lecturer, Lecturer, then Reader in English Language and MedievalLiterature at Birkbeck College London, before moving to the chair at King’s.Her research, often reflecting her teaching, has covered a range of differentsubject areas, though almost invariably with a ‘language’ component. Her twomain interests are in early Modern English lexicography (particularly thatof the seventeenth century) and ninth-century oe texts (with editions ofChronicle, Orosius and Tanner Bede and papers on the Alfredian canon.)Nicole Guenther Discenzais Associate Professor of English at the University of South Florida. She specializes in Old English prose, particularly texts associated with Alfred and hiscircle and Anglo-Saxon constructions of space. Her publications include“Writing the Mother Tongue in the Shadow of Babel,” ConceptualizingMultilingualism in England 800–1250, ed. Elizabeth M. Tyler (Turnholt: 2011);“Following in the Tracks of Bede: Science and Cosmology in the EnglishBenedictine Reform,” Anglo-Saxon Traces, ed. Jane Roberts and Leslie Webster(Tempe, az: 2011); and The King’s English: Strategies of Translation in the OldEnglish Boethius (Albany, ny: 2005).Susan Irvineis Quain Professor of English Language and Literature at University CollegeLondon. She is author of Old English Homilies from ms Bodley 343 (1993) andThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ms E (2004), and co-author (with Bruce Mitchell) ofBeowulf Repunctuated (2000) and (with Malcolm Godden) of The Old EnglishBoethius (2009), which was awarded the International Society of AngloSaxonists 2011 ‘Best Edition’ Prize, and The Old English Boethius with VersePrologues and Epilogues (2012). She has also published articles on twelfth-century writings, Old English poetry, and literature associated with King Alfred.She is currently editing the prefaces and epilogues to Alfredian writings.David F. Johnsonis Professor of English at the Florida State University. In addition to a collaborative critical edition of the Old English Translation of Gregory’s Dialogues,he is currently working on a book about the punctuation interventions of the
xiinotes on contributorsTremulous Scribe of Worcester in Old English manuscripts. He is a pastExecutive Director of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists, and currentmember of the Speculum Book Reviews Board as area editor for medievalEnglish literatures, with a special emphasis on Anglo-Saxon.Simon Keynesis Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Cambridge,and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. His books include The Diplomas ofKing Æthelred the Unready (978–1016), published in 1980; Alfred the Great:Asser’s ‘Life of King Alfred’ and Other Contemporary Sources, in collaborationwith Michael Lapidge (1983); a facsimile edition of The ‘Liber Vitae’ of the NewMinster, Winchester (1996); and Anglo-Saxon England: A BibliographicalHandbook for Students of Anglo-Saxon History, 8th ed. (2012). His other publications include a study of the ‘cult’ of Alfred the Great from the 11th to the19th century.Rosalind Love(Ph.D., University of Cambridge, 1991), is Reader in Insular Latin in theDepartment of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge,where she teaches Insular Latin language and literature, palaeography and textual criticism. During 2007–12 she was involved in a project, funded by theLeverhulme Trust and headed by Professor Malcolm Godden at the Universityof Oxford, to edit the glosses on the Consolation of Philosophy in manuscriptsup to 1100. She has published on Anglo-Latin hagiography of the eleventh century, including two editions in the series Oxford Medieval Texts, of which sheis now one of the General Editors.Patrick P. O’Neillis the James Gordon Hanes Distinguished Professor of the Humanities at theDepartment of English and Comparative Literature, University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill. His research centres on literary interactions between theEnglish and Celtic worlds during the Middle Ages. His book, King Alfred’s OldEnglish Prose Translation of the First Fifty Psalms, was awarded the Sir IsraelGollancz Prize (2005) by the British Academy.Mary P. Richardsis Professor of English Emerita at the University of Delaware, usa. The authorof four books and numerous essays and reviews, she has focused upon AngloSaxon and early Norman manuscripts and texts, especially those associatedwith Rochester Cathedral Priory and the Old English laws. Since 1986 she has
notes on contributorsxiiipublished eight essays on the laws, most recently “I–II Cnut: Wulfstan’sSumma?” in English Law before Magna Carta: Felix Liebermann and Die Gesetzeder Angelsachsen, ed. Stefan Jurasinski, Lisi Oliver, and Andrew Rabin (Leiden:Brill, 2010), 137–156.Carolin Schreiberworked as a lecturer for English historical linguistics and mediaeval literatureat the universities of Munich and Göttingen. Her PhD dissertation on theAlfredian Pastoral Care, supervised by Helmut Gneuss, was published in2003. She is now a curator of manuscripts at the Bavarian State Library inMunich and member of the editorial board of the German national manuscripts portal Manuscripta Mediaevalia. Other areas of interest are Old Englishphilology, and insular manuscripts in continental collections—see N. Morganand C. Schreiber (eds.), The Golden Munich Psalter (München, BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Clm 835), 2 vols. (Luzern: 2011).Paul E. Szarmachis Emeritus Professor of English and Medieval Studies, Western MichiganUniversity and currently Visiting Scholar, University of California-Berkeley. Herecently completed a five-year term as Executive Director of the MedievalAcademy of America and Editor of Speculum. His previous service includesthirteen years as Director of the Medieval Institute at Western MichiganUniversity, where he was also Professor of English and Medieval Studies andDistinguished Faculty Scholar. Szarmach has received the Medal of Merit fromthe Adam Mickiewicz University (Poznan) and the Officer’s Cross of the Orderof Merit of the Republic of Poland. A contributor to the Brill Companion toBoethius in the Middle Ages, Szarmach is President of the International BoethiusSociety. Szarmach’s major field of study is Old English Prose with special reference to Latin backgrounds and to Alfredian translations and the literature oflater Anglo-Saxon England.Leslie Websterwas for many years senior curator of the British Museum’s unrivalled AngloSaxon collections and more recently Keeper (head) of the Department ofPrehistory and Europe there, from which she retired in 2007. During her timeat the Museum, she co-curated four major exhibitions on Anglo-Saxon andearly medieval Insular themes, including The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art,966–1066, and The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture ad 600–900. She has also curated an exhibition on The Anglo-Saxon Feast at the SuttonHoo Visitor Centre. In addition to exhibition catalogues, she has published
xivnotes on contributorsnumerous articles on Anglo-Saxon art and artefacts, and edited several volumes of essays; her most recent monographs include Anglo-Saxon Art: a NewHistory (Cornell University Press), and The Franks Casket (British MuseumPress) both published in 2012. Her 2011 Brixworth Lecture, From Wall-paintingsto Altar-cloths: Furnishing the Anglo-Saxon Church, will be published laterin 2015.
IntroductionThis Companion to Alfred seeks both to guide readers through the field and addnew scholarship in the study of Alfred, his times, and the artistic and literaryproductions associated with the king and his court. Fresh editions of crucialtexts have appeared in this new millennium: Patrick P. O’Neill provided thefirst edition with full introduction and notes to the Prose Psalms, while CarolinSchreiber’s partial edition of the Pastoral Care offered a new look at the text.1Malcolm Godden and Susan Irvine’s edition of the Boethius made the proseonly text and the prosimetrum available separately and superseded all previous editions, both full and partial.2 Rolf Bremmer and David Johnson arecurrently editing Wærferth’s translation of Gregory the Great’s Dialogues, andSharon Rowley and Gregory Waite have undertaken an edition of the OldEnglish Historia Ecclesiastica.3 Significant new studies have also appearedrecently, including collections of papers on Alfred and his circle, book-lengthstudies, and major articles.41 King Alfred’s Old English Prose Translation of the First Fifty Psalms, Medieval Academy Books104 (Cambridge, ma: 2001); King Alfred’s Old English Translation of Pope Gregory the Great’s“Regula Pastoralis” and Its Cultural Context, Münchener Universitätsschriften 25 (Bern,Frankfurt am Main, and New York: 2002).2 The Old English Boethius: An Edition of the Old English Versions of Boethius’s De ConsolationePhilosophiae, ed. Malcolm Godden and Susan Irvine with Mark Griffith and Rohini Jayatilaka,2 vols. (Oxford, 2009); see below, 201–205 for the two different texts of the Boethius.3 For Bremmer and Johnson, see Johnson’s chapter, below, note 23. For Rowley and Waite, seeSharon M. Rowley, The Old English Version of Bede’s “Historia ecclesiastica,” Anglo-SaxonStudies 16 (Woodbridge and Rochester, ny: 2011), 28, note 50.4 See particularly: Timothy Reuter (ed.), Alfred the Great: Papers from the Eleventh-CentenaryConferences, Studies in Early Medieval Britain (Aldershot, Hants, and Burlington, vt: 2003);Janet Bately and Anton Englert (eds.), Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account ofVoyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and Its Cultural Context, Maritime Cultureof the North 1 (Roskilde: 2007); and Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas (eds.), Wulfstan’sVoyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, Maritime Cultureof the North 2 (Roskilde: 2009). Many other collections have one or more items on Alfred.Monographs on Alfred and his circle since 2000 (not counting popular surveys or biographies) include: Anton Scharer, Herrschaft und Repräsentation: Studien zur Hofkultur KönigAlfreds des Grossen, Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung,suppl. 36 (Vienna and Munich: 2000); Nicole Guenther Discenza, The King’s English:Strategies of Translation in the Old English Boethius (Albany, ny: 2005); David Pratt, ThePolitical Thought of King Alfred the Great, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought,Fourth Series 67 (Cambridge, 2007); and Rowley, The Old English Version (though Rowley koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2015 doi 10.1163/9789004283763 002
2IntroductionWhile a few volumes in the series Brill’s Companions to the ChristianTradition deal with specific topics, most concentrate upon a specific author.A Companion to Alfred the Great diverges from this pattern by focusing on acentral figure who did not write all the texts discussed and is now thought bysome scholars not to have authored any of them. Several of the earliest knownprose works in Old English are associated with the king, and five of them bearhis name: he is said to have translated the Pastoral Care, Boethius, Soliloquies,and Prose Psalms of the Paris Psalter; and to have authored the Preface to theLaws of Ine and Alfred and compiled those laws.5 Other works associated withAlfred are the Old English Orosius, w
A companion to Alfred the Great / edited by Nicole Guenther Discenza and Paul E. Szarmach. pages cm. -- (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; volume 58) . The Dialogues and the Bede . University of Cambridge, 1991), is Reader in Insular Latin in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, at the University .
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