AFRICA Integration Report 2019

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AfricaAFRICARegionalIntegrationIndexRegional Integration IndexReport 2019

AFRRegInteInde 2

If prosperity, social cohesion,and human developmentare the destination,then regional integrationis the path.

AbbreviationsAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaAfDBAfrican Development BankAMUArab Maghreb UnionARIIAfrica Regional Integration IndexAUCAfrican Union CommissionCEN-SADCommunity of Sahel-Saharan StatesCOMESACommon Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaEACEast African CommunityECAUnited Nations Economic Commission for AfricaECCASEconomic Community of Central African StatesECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesIGADIntergovernmental Authority on DevelopmentPCAPrincipal components analysisSADCSouthern African Development Community2

Table of contentsAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Joint Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Section 1.Principal Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Why measure regionalintegration in Africa? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Africa's countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Africa's regional economiccommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Principal recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Section 2.The Strengths andWeaknesses of the Continentand its Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The dimensions and indicators ofregional integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20The scoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Africa’s scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Regional economic communities’scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Section 3.Africa’s Most and LeastIntegrated Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Overall integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27l T rade integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28lP roductive integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29lM acroeconomic integration . . . . . . . . . 30l Infrastructural integration . . . . . . . . . . . 31l T he free movement of people . . . . . . . 32FIGURESOverall Scores of REC MemberCountriesFigure 1. SADC Member Countries . . . . . 12Figure 2. ECOWAS Member Countries . . 12Figure 3. ECCAS Member Countries . . . . 12Figure 4. IGAD Member Countries . . . . . . 13Figure 5. EAC Member Countries . . . . . . . 13Figure 6. CEN-SAD Member Countries . . 13Figure 7. COMESA Member Countries . . 14Figure 8. AMU Member Countries . . . . . . 14Figure 9. Africa’s Regional EconomicCommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Figure 10. The Dimensions andIndicators of Regional Integration . . . . . . 20Scores on the Five Dimensionsof Regional IntegrationFigure 11. Africa’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Figure 12. SADC’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Figure 13. ECOWAS’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Figure 14. ECCAS’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Figure 15. IGAD’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Figure 16. EAC’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Figure 17. CEN-SAD’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Figure 18. COMESA’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Figure 19. AMU’s Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Countries' Scores and Rankingson Regional IntegrationFigure 20. Overall Regional Integration . 27Figure 21. Trade Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figure 22. Productive Integration . . . . . . . . 29Figure 23. Macroeconomic Integration . . 30Figure 24. Infrastructural integration . . . . . 31Figure 25. The Free Movementof People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Section 4.Country Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333TABLESScores and Rankings on EachDimension of Regional IntegrationTable 1. All Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 2. SADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 3. ECOWAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 4. ECCAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 5. IGAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 6. EAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 7. CEN-SAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 8. COMESA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Table 9. AMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343636383838404242MAPSMap 1. Africa’s Most and LeastIntegrated Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Map 2. Africa’s High Performerson the Five DImensions of Regionalintegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Top FIve Performers in EachDimension of Regional IntegrationMap 3. Trade Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Map 4. Productive Integration . . . . . . . . . . 29Map 5. Macroeconomic Integration . . . . 30Map 6. Infrastructural Integration . . . . . . . 31Map 7. The Free Movement of People . 32

“Now that we are moving forwardwith the implementation of AfCFTA,it is time for quantum leaps.Regional integration is the gluethat will make that happen.”4

Joint ForewordMoussa Faki MahamatChairperson of theAfrican Union CommissionDr. Akinwumi A. AdesinaPresident of theAfrican DevelopmentBank GroupVera SongweUnder-Secretary Generalof the United NationsExecutive Secretary of theUnited Nations EconomicCommission for AfricaThe African Union Commission, the United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa and the African Development Bank are proudto present the second edition of the Africa Regional Integration Index.The timing could not be better with the recent endorsement of theAfrican Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) by more than 50 Africancountries. AfCFTA creates the largest free trade zone in the world, witha combined GDP of over USD 3.3 trillion and a population of morethan 1.2 billion people. Breaking down tariff barriers alone will spurtrade by at least 53% while the elimination of non-tariff barriers coulddouble intra-African trade.Africa’s economic growth is projected to exceed 4% in 2019-2020,an increase from 3.5% in 2018. Spurred by AfCFTA, more than 40% ofAfrican countries are projected to post growth of at least 5% this yearas commodity prices rise and domestic demand and infrastructureinvestments boost growth.This then leads us to the importance of regional integration and theAfrica Regional Integration Index. To reach or exceed growth targets,Africa needs greater integration. Regional integration is indispensablefor factor connectivity, investment flows and value creation. Whetherconnecting landlocked countries to ports or ICT portals, fromhousehold to warehouses across the continent, connectivity is thechain link that characterises the economy of the 21st century. Africamust forge ahead with these trends and lead where appropriate.For our continent, that means not just the movement of people,goods and services within our member nations, but data transmissionto allow for the flow of information and tools needed for higher valueadded. These dual components of industrialisation and value additionare critical in creating wealth.For free trade to happen seamlessly, African countries need toimplement the Protocol on the Free Movement of People, which willin turn enable traders and investors to operate beyond their nationalborders. Africa must trade more with itself. And as markets trade oninformation, we need to move in the direction of connecting peopleand companies with data platforms and information to facilitate trade,investment, and promote the continent’s economic developmentand welfare.There is much to be said about the considerable investments beingmade in Africa in anticipation of future growth. Across the continent,we are seeing investments in power generation, transmission anddistribution improving access to power for businesses and households.Roads and bridges, rail networks as well as new and improved airportswill help to move goods and connect passenger and business traffic.Ports are being upgraded to enhance maritime exchange. We aredoing all this sustainably — promoting a cleaner environment, andstrengthening water basin management.5

These investments are not happening in isolation, but complement improvements in thebusiness environment to stimulate private sector growth and development, while strengtheningtrade flows across borders. This is sending strong signals that investment opportunities awaitthose with capital to benefit from returns that come with increased economic activity. Soundinfrastructure investments with explicit contractual economic pay-outs can spur integrationefforts, trade and investment for sustainable growth.In this regard, we are seeing the emergence of stronger banks, renewed interest from capitalproviders, and growth in trade finance. This attests to the kinds of opportunities that can beleveraged for Africa today and into the future.However, it is not just about money — ultimately, it’s about development impact and enhancingthe quality of life for all Africans. So, while we continue to support social and economic initiativesacross the continent, we reiterate that regional integration is crucial for sustainable and inclusivedevelopment. If we remain fragmented and weighed down by trade barriers, we create obstaclesthat only impoverish our people and penalise Africa in a competitive global market.So how are we doing? The Africa Regional Integration Index provides a snapshot of progressmade by member states. Some countries are forging ahead and showing positive results,particularly in terms of trade and macroeconomic policy alignment. Others are holding back andas a consequence, are missing out on opportunities that come with integration.The index takes these dimensions into account, namely trade integration, productive integration,macroeconomic integration, infrastructural integration and the free movement of people.The index shows that trade and macroeconomic integration on the continent are moving aheadat a reasonable pace, but the need to improve on infrastructure connectivity, productive capacityand movement of people across borders is evident.The 2019 Africa Regional Integration Index indicates that overall, the level of integration on thecontinent is low, with an average score of 0.327. Africa is poorly integrated on the productiveand infrastructural dimensions, which are key aspects forming the foundations upon which theother dimensions of regional integration depend to function. The index shows that 20 Africancountries are performing well while 25 are low performing.This index presents policy proposals that tackle weaknesses while supporting progress made sofar on the continent. We intend to support these policy recommendations and initiatives withinour member countries and regional economic communities. Now that we are moving forwardwith the implementation of AfCFTA, it is time for quantum leaps. Regional integration is the gluethat will make that happen.Moussa Faki MahamatDr. Akinwumi A. AdesinaVera SongweChairperson of the AfricanUnion CommissionPresident of the AfricanDevelopment Bank GroupUnder-Secretary Generalof the United NationsExecutive Secretary of theUnited Nations EconomicCommission for Africa6

AcknowledgementsThe second edition of the Africa Regional Integration Index (ARII) is a joint publication of theAfrican Union Commission (AUC), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa (ECA).The report was prepared under the overall guidance of ECA, AfDB, and AUC. At ECA, the teamwas constituted of Stephen Karingi, Director of the Regional Integration and Trade Division (RITD);David Luke, Coordinator of the African Trade Policy Centre (ATPC); and Laura Paez, Chief of MarketInstitution Section (MIS). The AfDB team was led by Moono Mupotola, Director of the RegionalIntegration Coordination Office. The AUC team was led by Jean-Denis Gabikini, Acting Director,Department of Economic Affairs.ECA’s core technical team consisted of Wafa Aidi, Economic Affairs Officer (MIS); Komi Tsowou,Associate Economic Affairs Officer (ATPC); and Xuan Che, Associate Statistician, African Centerof Statistics (ACS). The core technical team was assisted by Solmon Melka, Consultant (RITD);Shamnaaz B. Sufrauj, International Consultant (RITD); Sarah Dembele, Intern (ACS); and Ify Ogo,Fellow (ATPC). Sincere appreciation goes to all RITD colleagues who provided valuable inputsto the conceptualisation of the 2019 ARII, including Joseph Baricako (MIS), Martin Kohout (MIS),Medhat Elhelepi (RITD), Simon Mevel (ATPC), Souleymane Abdallah (ATPC), and William Davis(Regional Integration Section (RIS)). The authors also thank ECA colleagues at Headquarters andthe Sub Regional Offices who supported ARII Concept Note and data collection process. Theyalso highly appreciate David Luke’s and Simon Mevel’s extensive reviews of the advanced draftof the report and the methodology. Additional thanks go to Edem Kludza, Khoghali Ali, NegussieGorfe, and Ali Yedan of the ACS team for their useful comments and suggestions.At the AfDB, the technical team was composed of Jean-Guy Afrika, Principal Trade Policy Analyst;Zodwa Florence Mabuza, Principal Regional Integration Officer; and Marie Anitha Jaotody,International Consultant. Special thanks go the AfDB’s regional integration coordinators: PatrickKanyimbo, Regional Office for East Africa (RGDE), Gabriel Mougani, Regional Office for West Africa(RDGW), Youssouf Kone, Regional Office for Central Africa (RDGC), Rafika Amira, Regional Officefor North Africa (RDGN), and Rosemary Bokang Mokati-Sonkutu, Regional Office for SouthernAfrica (RDGS). Finally, the AfDB thanks Dr. Adrien Akanni Honvo, Consultant, who reviewed thestatistical data and made useful recommendations.At the AUC, the technical team comprised Manasseh Ntaganda, Senior Economist, MyrandaLutempo, Policy Officer, and Nzingoula Gildas Crepin, Statistician.The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable support provided by the African AirlinesAssociation, namely Abdérahmane Berthe and Maureen Kahonge. The authors also acknowledge the contributions of the participants of several high-level events related to the 2019 ARII,especially the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development(Marrakesh, March 2019), the Expert Group Meeting on the validation of the advanced versionof the 2019 ARII (Addis-Ababa, January 2019), the Global Review (Geneva, July 2017), and AfricanTrade Week (Addis Ababa, November 2016). The authors also recognise the comments of the participants at the training of trainers’ workshop “ARII: Its Use for Policy Development and Analysis”(Dakar, July 2019).Thanks go to Shamnaaz B . Sufrauj, who analysed the data and statistics, sought inputs from thetechnical team, and wrote the report from which this publication was drawn. Thanks also go toJennifer Petrela, consultant, for writing and editing this publication and to Peggy King Cointepas,consultant, for its design and graphics.7

Section 1. Principal findings8

Why measure regional integration in Africa?The 2019 Africa Regional Integration Index(ARII) assesses the regional integrationstatus and efforts of countries that aremembers of the eight regional economiccommunities recognised by the AfricanUnion. It compares each country to theother countries in its regional economiccommunity and to the countries of Africaas a whole.Why are some countries and regionaleconomic communities more regionallyintegrated than others? Part of the answeris geographical proximity. Evidence indicates that countries that share a bordertend to exchange more goods and services with each other and transactioncosts are often lower. But historical links,comparative advantages, regional policies,and topography also play a role. By measuring integration in each country andeach regional economic community alongfive dimensions, ARII reveals areas in whichthat country and community’s integrationpolicies work better. It also indicates areasneeding improvement. Policymakers andothers can use this critical information tobetter allocate resources and implementdecisions.ARII also reveals top and bottom performers. This has several advantages.Spotting the top performers or identifyingthose that have progressed on a givendimension of regional integration can helppinpoint success factors. This is the firststep toward replicating those factors oradapting them to a different environment.Similarly, spotting the bottom performers,or countries and regions whose statushas fallen, can reveal why one country orregion is progressing less well and suggestwhere efforts will most pay off. This helpsmember states and indeed regional economic communities determine their comparative advantages and replicate bestpractices from peers.Experts agree that regional integrationexpands markets and trade, enhancescooperation, mitigates risk, and fosterssociocultural cooperation and regionalstability. Regional integration has alsobeen shown to maximise the benefits ofglobalisation while countering its negativeeffects, and to stimulate development inleast-developed countries by improvingproductive capacity and encouraginginvestments in those pieces of infrastructure that hold the most economicpotential.Regional integration holds tremendouspromise for Africa. ARII’s role is to providethe benchmarking and monitoring datathat policymakers need to realise thatpromise.Changes from the 2016 editionThe 2019 ARII is the second edition of theAfrica Regional Integration Index. Usingthe latest and most reliable data available,it builds on the 2016 ARII and addressessome of its limitations.The most significant change is that the2019 ARII ranks African countries not onlywithin their regional economic community, but also within Africa. Helping topave the way towards pan-Africanism,this approach helps ARII integrate continental variables such as countries’ pacein ratifying the instruments establishingthe African Continental Free Trade Area(AfCFTA).TECHNICAL DIFFERENCESBETWEEN THE 2016 ARII ANDTHE 2019 ARIIIndicators. Although the number ofdimensions and indicators remains thesame (5 and 16, respectively), someof the indicators used in 2016 wereremoved and others were added:n The AfCFTA indicator was addedto the trade dimension, and thenumber of bilateral investmenttreaties in force indicator wasadded to the macroeconomicintegration dimension.n After a robust sensitivity analysis,the net electricity import indicator(which was recalculated as netelectricity trade) was removed,as it was reducing the statisticalcoherence of the infrastructuredimension. Moreover, electricityis embedded in the AfDB'sInfrastructure Development Index.n Because of unreliable and nonexhaustive data, the infrastructuredimension also shed the averagecost of roaming indicator.Weights. While the 2016 ARII assignedequal weights to the indicato

Kanyimbo, Regional Office for East Africa (RGDE), Gabriel Mougani, Regional Office for West Africa (RDGW), Youssouf Kone, Regional Office for Central Africa (RDGC), Rafika Amira, Regional Office for North Africa (RDGN), and Rosemary Bokang Mokati-Sonkutu, Regional Office for Southern Africa (RDGS) . Finally, the AfDB thanks Dr .

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