RECOMMENDEDNUTRIENT INTAKES
RNIMinistry of Health MalaysiaRECOMMENDED NUTRIENT INTAKESfor MALAYSIAA Report of the Technical WorkingGroup on Nutritional GuidelinesNational Coordinating Committee on Food and NutritionMinistry of Health Malaysia
iiRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaISBN: 978-967-12050-4-4 2017National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN)Ministry of Health MalaysiaAll rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this book for educational or othernon-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyrightholders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this informationproduct for resale or other commercial purpose is prohibited without written permission of thecopyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to be Chairman, NationalCoordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN).Secretariat:Technical Working Group on Nutritional Guidelinesc/o: Nutrition Division,Level 1, Block E3, Complex E,Precint 1, Federal Government Administration Office,62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia.Tel: 03-8892 4460 Fax: 03-8892 4511Website: http://nutrition.moh.gov.myDesigned by: Imutiara SolutionPrinted by: Select Kami Resources
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaContentsForeword Minister of Health MalaysiaForeword Director General of Health MalaysiaForeword Deputy Director General of Health (Public Health) MalaysiaPreface Chairman of Technical Working Group (TWG) Nutritional GuidelinesList of Technical Working Group (TWG) Nutritional Guidelines MembersTechnical Sub Committee for Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) 2017Energy and MacronutrientsVitaminsMinerals and Trace ElementsList of Editors and Contributors to ChaptersIntroduction to RNI 2017Summary of Energy & MacronutrientsChapter 1: EnergyChapter 2: ProteinChapter 3: FatChapter 4: CarbohydrateSummary of VitaminsChapter 5: Thiamin (Vitamin B1)Chapter 6: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)Chapter 7: Niacin (Vitamin B3)Chapter 8: Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)Chapter 9: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)Chapter 10: Folate (Vitamin B9)Chapter 11: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)Chapter 12: Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)Chapter 13: Vitamin AChapter 14: Vitamin 3136148160174190206218236252iii
ivRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaChapter 15: Vitamin EChapter 16: Vitamin KSummar y of Minerals & Trace ElementsChapter 17: CalciumChapter 18: IronChapter 19: IodineChapter 20: ZincChapter 21: SeleniumChapter 22: PhosphorusChapter 23: SodiumChapter 24: PotassiumChapter 25: MagnesiumChapter 26: ChromiumChapter 27: CopperChapter 28: ManganeseChapter 29: MolybdenumChapter 30: FlourideConsensus Workshop RNI 2017 - ParticipantsAcknowledgementsRNI 2017 Summar y TablesEnergyVitaminsMinerals and Trace Elements Part 1Minerals and Trace Elements Part 02516518519520521522523
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaForewordMinister of Health MalaysiaMalaysia still faces the double burden of malnutrition. The burden of NCDscontinue to rise in Malaysia and unhealthy diet is one of the major risk factors forNCD. Malaysian nowadays are living in an obesogenic environment that leads tosedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits.The Ministry of Health Malaysia strives to assist Malaysians in achieving,sustaining and maintaining a certain level of health status and to facilitate themin leading a productive lifestyle. This can be better materialised by providing andstrengthening the health promotion and preventive approaches. Prevention ofdiet-related diseases relies upon a comprehensive approach which includes acombination of targeted nutrition intervention programmes and a wide range ofnutrition education for the public. Thus, the Recommended Nutrient Intakes(RNI) are crucial to these efforts as they form the basis in setting up orestablishing nutrition requirement in any nutritional guidelines.Thus, I would also like to commend the Technical Working Group (TWG) onNutritional Guidelines established under the National Coordinating Committeeon Food and Nutrition (NCCFN) for their diligent efforts in successfully updatingand revising the RNI (2005) edition.It is my fervent hope that all the relevant ministries and agencies, academia,health-related professional organisations and industries will use the RNI 2017accordingly in their planning, monitoring and evaluation of nutrition programmesand policies.YB Datuk Seri Dr. S SubramaniamMinister of Health Malaysiav
viRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaForewordDirector General of Health MalaysiaOne of the major challenges in evidence-informed policy making is the lack oftimely and comprehensive data needed by the relevant policy makers. Withlimited resources at various levels, activities need to be prioritised that wouldbring the greatest impact on the quality of health and nutrition of the nation.The need to assess energy and nutrient requirement is a never-ending task, giventhat Malaysia has experienced major transition in disease patterns due to rapidchanges in lifestyle and social demography. In this regard, the revised edition ofthe RNI (2017) for Malaysia plays an important role in providing updatedscientific knowledge and practices on the recommended nutrient intake forMalaysian. This RNI is developed through commendable efforts from experts ofvarious ministries, universities, agencies, institutions and professionalorganisations.I wish to congratulate the Technical Working Group on Nutritional Guidelinesand the various sub-committees who have assisted in producing this document.I am confident that this revised RNI will be a valuable document for all of us.YBhg. Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Bin AbdullahDirector General of Health Malaysia
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaForewordDeputy Director General of Health(Public Health) MalaysiaRevising RNI is one of the main activities under the Facilitating Strategy inNational Plan of Action for Nutrition of Malaysia (NPANM) III, 2016 – 2025,which is to provide standard nutrition guidelines for various target groups.Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) are the level of intake of essential nutrientsthat, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged to meet the known nutrientneeds of practically all healthy person. The revision of RNI 2005, will providelatest recommendation on dietary intake for the maintenance of good health. Withclose collaboration and valuable inputs by experts from various agencies andorganizations in the country, the revision has been done based on the latestavailable evidence and finally agreed upon in a Consensus Meeting.As Chairman of the National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition(NCCFN), I would like to thank the Technical Working Group on NutritionalGuidelines and its three sub-committees for their great effort in updating andrevising the RNI 2005.It is my hope that this revised RNI 2017 would be greatly beneficial in helpingto address malnutrition and other diet-related diseases by all the relevantstakeholders. It will also be a valuable source of reference for future nutritionguidelines.YBhg Datuk Dr. Lokman Hakim Bin SulaimanDeputy Director General of Health (Public Health)Ministry of Health Malaysiavii
viiiRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaPrefaceThe need for a guide to serve as a goal for good nutrition has long been well recognized.Recommended Nutrients Intakes (RNIs) are nutrient standards that may be used to plan andassess dietary nutrient intakes. The first edition of the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI)Malaysia was published by the NCCFN (2005). The TWG Nutritional Guidelines under theauspices of the National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition (NCCFN) proposeda revision of RNI (2005) in 2015. The Technical Working Group maintained the three TechnicalSub Committees (TSC) of RNI 2005, namely, Energy and Macronutrients, Vitamins, andMinerals and Trace Elements, and its activities were presented to and endorsed by the NCCFNon 9 May 2016.The Technical Working Group had agreed on the common approach towards deciding on thevalues to be adopted and the format of presenting the Malaysian RNI 2017. A total of 49 writersfrom the three TSCs were involved in the review exercise and the draft were presented in aConsensus Workshop on 10-11 January 2017 attended by 82 participants from 25 stakeholders,namely, MOH (5), Academia (10), Research Institutes (4), Professional Organizations (3),Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), Federation of Malaysian ConsumersAssociations (FOMCA) and Prime Minister’s department. This final document takes intoconsideration all comments and suggestions to improve each chapter and will now replace theRNI (2005) as the main reference for the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Malaysia.The following sections highlight the TSC recommendations for the four main chapters of thedocument presenting what is new and also the differences between RNI (2005) and the revisededition (RNI, 2017), the details of which could be found in the respective section.Introduction The nutrient recommendations have taken into consideration relevant publications after 2005.The nomenclature and interpretation largely remain unchanged with the exception of Figure1.3 adopted from FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) and Figure 1.4 IOM (2005).All age groups remain similar as RNI (2005) except for infant, which was divided into fourquarterly groups.Reference heights for various age groups were derived from the National Health MorbiditySurvey (IKU, 2015)Reference weight for children 0-9 years were based on weight-for-age median (WHO, 2006),adolescents 10-18 years BMI-for-age median (WHO, 2007), while for adults 19 years andabove, was derived as mass equivalent to (desired) BMI 22.0 based on NHMS 2015 medianheight.RNI (2017) recommended 13 new nutrients, making a total of 30 nutrients as compared to the17 nutrients in RNI (2005).
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaPrefaceEnergy and Macronutrients Recommendations The proposed recommendation for energy maintained the factorial method of theFAO/WHO/UNU (2004) report.Energy values were proposed for four levels of physical activity, namely low active (PAL 1.4),moderately active (PAL 1.6), active (PAL 1.8) and very active (PAL 2.0). Energyrecommendation for individuals should be based on their physical activity level, but forpopulation groups, the recommendation of PAL 1.6 can be adopted.Four recommendations of energy for infants were made for each 3-monthly age group ascompared to RNI (2005).Energy recommendations are now proposed for the first trimester of pregnancy, and not just thesecond and third trimesters.The revision for protein was done based on recent consensus statements that suggested proteinintake should be between 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg/day.Overall, the protein recommendations for infants and children are lower than the previous RNI2005 due to a technical error in the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) report.Protein recommendation for pregnancy was also revised based on a slightly higher totalgestational weight gain and is available for the second and third trimesters.There are no specific recommendations for fats and carbohydrates but only as a percentage ofcontributions towards total daily energy intake (TEI).The TSC reviewed current evidence and recommends that macronutrient contribution towardsTEI for Malaysian adults should be as follows: carbohydrates 50 - 65% TEI, fat 25 - 30% TEI,and protein 10 - 20%TEI.Vitamins Recommendations Recognizing the continued relevance, all eight vitamins in RNI (2005) were reviewed andretained except for vitamin D, the TSC decided to retain the original values, i.e. adapting thevalues from WHO/FAO (2004).For vitamin D, the TSC decided to adapt the values from IOM (2011) in view of several recentreports on the unsatisfactory status of this vitamin among some population groups. These newvalues on vitamin D are generally 2-3 times higher than the 2005 values.For three of the four new vitamins, the TSC felt that the WHO/FAO (2004) values recommendedfor vitamin K, pyridoxine and pantothenic acid are appropriate to be adapted for use in RNI(2017).For vitamin B12, the TSC adapted the EFSA (2015) values derived mainly based on appropriatebiomarkers. These values are higher for all age groups compared with the WHO/FAO (2004)and IOM 1998 values which were based on dietary intake levels. Although FAO/WHO did nothave a revised RNI in recent years, the TSC decided that the RNI (2004) of these organizationsremained as the main source of reference.Publications of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA) were also used in this update.ix
xRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaPrefaceMinerals and trace elements Recommendations The Technical Sub-Committee (TSC) on Minerals and Trace Elements agreed to adopt therecommendations of FAO/WHO as a priority.However, for minerals and trace elements that the FAO/WHO did not have available guidelines,the recommendations of IOM were used instead.After reviewing recent dietary intake recommendations of FAO/WHO, IOM and ESFA, as wellas those of countries in the region, the TSC made the decision to include besides calcium (RNI,2005), four other minerals namely, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium for the(RNI, 2017)From the nine trace elements, four (iron, iodine, zinc and selenium, RNI 2005) were retainedand five new elements, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum and fluoride were includedusing the most recent recommendations of IOM (various years), ESFA (2010), Australia (2006),Japan (2015) and the Philippines (2015).Revision of RNI is an ongoing activity and nutrient recommendations will continue to evolveand be updated as new research findings using new methods of analysis are reported. Theserecommendations (RNI, 2017), part of an effort to update the original RNI (2005) are for healthypeople and may not meet the specific nutritional requirements of individuals with variousdiseases or conditions, pre-term infants, or people with specific genetic profiles.The TWG are confident that RNI (2017) would be the main source of reference to theGovernment to better plan, evaluate and monitor nutrition programmes, to assist public healthnutritionists and other health related professionals in assessing the dietary requirements ofindividuals and groups and to help food legislators and the food industry for dietary modellingand/or food labelling and food formulation.I wish to extend my personal gratitude to the members of the TWG for their continued support,the Chairmen and members of the various Technical Sub-Committees (TSCs) for theircontribution in reviewing and updating the RNI (2005), the Consensus Workshop participantsfor their constructive comments and suggestions to further improve this document and theSecretariat (Nutrition Division, MOH) for their assistance to complete the task.Emeritus Professor Dr. Mohd Ismail NoorFASc, FIUNS, FNSMChairmanTechnical Working Group on Nutritional GuidelinesNational Coordinating Committee for Food and Nutrition (NCCFN)
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaTechnical Working Group On Nutritional GuidelinesEmeritus Professor Dr. Mohd Ismail Noor - ChairmanTaylor’s UniversityMs Gui Shir Ley - SecretaryNutrition Division,Ministry of Health MalaysiaPuan Zaitun Hj DaudNutrition Division,Ministry of Health MalaysiaDr. Faridah Abu BakarFamily Health Development DivisionMinistry of Health MalaysiaDr. A’aishah bt SeninDisease Control DivisionMinistry of Health MalaysiaPuan Norhidayah OthmanFood Safety and Quality DivisionMinistry of Health MalaysiaCik Ruffina Dalis JimenHealth Education & Communication Centre,Ministry of Health MalaysiaMs Jamilah AhmadMelaka State Health Department,Ministry of HealthProfessor Dr. Poh Bee KoonUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaAssociate Professor Dr. Hamid Jan JanMohamedUniversiti Sains MalaysiaAssociate Professor Dr. Chan Yoke MunUniversiti Putra MalaysiaDr. Yasmin Ooi Beng HouiUniversiti Malaysia SabahDr. Mahenderan AppukuttyUniversiti Teknologi MARADr. Tan Sue YeeInternational Medical UniversityDr. Tee E SiongNutrition Society of MalaysiaDr. Zaitun Md YassinNutrition Society of MalaysiaProfessor Dr Winnie Chee Siew SweeMalaysian Dietitians’ Association (MDA)xi
xiiRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaRNI Malaysia 2017 Technical Sub CommitteesEnergy and MacronutrientsProfessor Poh Bee Koon (UKM) - ChairpersonEmeritus Professor Dr. Mohd Ismail Noor (Taylor’s University)Professor Dr. Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda (USM)Professor Dr. Tilakavati Karupaiah (UKM)Professor Dr. Ruzita Abd Talib (UKM)Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib (UPM)Associate Professor Dr. Sokhini A Mutalib (UPM)Associate Professor Dr. Nik Shanita Safii (UKM)Associate Professor Dr. Hazizi Abu Saad (UPM)Associate Professor Datin Dr. Safiah Mohd Yusof (IMU)Dr. Chin Yit Siew (UPM)Dr. Tan Sue Yee (IMU)Dr. Mohd Razif Shahril (UniSZA)Dr. Chuah Khun Aik (UKM)Ms. Jamilah Ahmad (MOH)Ms. Khairul Zarina Mohd Yusop (MOH)Mr. Rosli Mohd Sali (HKL)Ms. Nur Amalina Muhamad (MOH)Ms. Nurul Aznyda Norizan (IMR)
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaRNI Malaysia 2017 Technical Sub CommitteesVitaminsDr. Tee E Siong (NSM) - ChairpersonProfessor Dr. Norimah A. Karim (UKM)Professor Dr. Suzana Shahar (UKM)Professor Dr. Amin Ismail (UPM)Associate Professor Dr. Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed (USM)Dr. Zaitun Md Yassin (NSM)Dr. Hanapi Jusoh (IIUM)Dr. Nor Azwani Shukri (IIUM)Dr. Sharifah Wajihah Wafa (UniSZA)Dr. Yasmin Ooi Beng Houi (UMS)Dr. Norazmir Md Nor (UiTM)Ms. Nurul Huda Ibrahim (MOH)Ms. Fatimah Zurina Mohamad (MOH)Ms. Intan Hartini Ahmad Bidin (MOH)Ms. Siti Adibah AB Halim (MOH)xiii
xivRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaRNI Malaysia 2017 Technical Sub CommitteesMinerals and Trace ElementsEmeritus Professor Dr. Khor Geok Lin (UPM) - ChairpersonProfessor Dr. Zalilah Mohd Shariff (UPM)Professor Dr. Winnie Chee Siew Swee (IMU)Associate Professor Dr. Loh Su Peng (UPM)Associate Professor Dr. Hasnah Haron (UKM)Associate Professor Dr. Chan Yoke Mun (UPM)Associate Professor Dr. Foo Leng Huat (USM)Dr. Mahenderan Appukutty (UiTM)Dr. Wong Jyh Eiin (UKM)Dr. Roseline Yap Wai Kuan (Taylor’s U)Ms Viola Michael (MOH)Mr Mohamad Soffian Mohamad Rasid (MOH)Ms Munirah Mohd Nasir (MOH)Ms Noor Ul-Aziha Muhammad (MOH)
Recommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaEditors and ContributorsChief EditorMohd Ismail NoorEditorsPoh Bee KoonTee E SiongKhor Geok LinGui Shir LeyExternal EditorZawiah HashimContributors to ChaptersIntroductionMohd Ismail Noor, Taylor’s University*Poh Bee Koon, UKMTee E Siong, NSMKhor Geok Lin, UPMChapter 1 EnergyPoh Bee Koon, UKM*Mohd Ismail Noor, Taylor’s UniversityHazizi Abu Saad, UPMTan Sue Yee, IMUChapter 2 ProteinsKhairul Zarina Mohd Yusop, MOH*Chin Yit Siew, UPMNur Amalina Muhamad, MOHMohd Nasir Mohd Taib, UPMRosli Mohd Sali, HKLWan Abdul Manan Wan Muda, USMChapter 3 FatsTilakavati Karupaiah, UKM*Sokhini A Mutalib, UPMMohd Razif Shahril, UniSZAChuah Khun Aik, UKMNurul Aznyda Norizan, IMRChapter 4 CarbohydratesNik Shanita Safii, UKM*Ruzita Abd Talib, UKMSafiah Mohd Yusof, IMUJamilah Ahmad, MOHChapter 5 Thiamin (Vitamin B1)Zaitun Md Yassin, NSMChapter 6 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)Norimah A. Karim, UKMChapter 7 Niacin (Vitamin B3)Nurul Huda Ibrahim, MOHChapter 8 Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)Norazmir Md Noor, UiTMChapter 9 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)Yasmin Ooi Beng Houi, UMSChapter 10 Folate (Vitamin B9)Amin Ismail, UPMChapter 11 Cobalamine (Vitamin B12)Sharifah Wajihah Wafa, UniSZAChapter 12 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)Suzana Shahar, UKMChapter 13 Vitamin AIntan Hartini Ahmad Bidin, MOH*Fatimah Zurina Mohamad, MOHSiti Adibah AB Halim, MOHChapter 14 Vitamin DHamid Jan Jan Mohamed, USMxv
xviRecommended Nutrient Intakesfor MalaysiaChapter 15 Vitamin EHanapi Jusoh, IIUMChapter 23 SodiumViola Michael, MOHChapter 17 CalciumWinnie Chee Siew Swee, IMUChapt
Chapter 6: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Chapter 7: Niacin (Vitamin B3) Chapter 8: Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) . the TSC felt that the WHO/FAO (2004) values recommended for vitamin K, pyridoxine and pantothenic acid are appropriate to be adapted for use in RNI (2017). For vitamin B12, the TSC adapted the EFSA (2015) values derived mainly .
Submerged Intake: Submerged intakes are those intakes that are constructed entirely under water and is commonly used to obtain water from lakes. Exposed Intake: Exposed intakes are in the form of oil or tower constructed near the bank of the river, or in some cases even away from the bank of the river. It is common due to ease of its operation.
and 30–80 g/day of protein, fat and carbohydrate, respect-ively. A protein-sparing modified fast can be considered the higher-protein variant of aVLED, with protein intakes of approximately 1.2–1.5 g/kg/d [23]. However, even at protein intakes as low as 50 g/day, the proportion of LM loss from VLED has been reported to be 25% of total
questions on the current status and trends in food and nutrient intakes, and the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases in the U.S. population, the Committee relied on analysis of data from several nationally representative Federal data sources.
In Chapters 3–7, the technologies used in water-supply systems are considered in se-quence, from the water source to the points of supply: water sources and intakes (Chap-ter 3); water-lifting devices (Chapter 4); power technologies (Chapter 5); water treatment (Chapter 6); storage and dist
procedures can be used for porting other intakes also, such as the GT40/Cobra/Explorer family of lower intakes. Tools The first things you need are the right tools to do the work. The most critical tools are the Burrs to remove material, a power tool to drive the burrs and a gasket set to use for porting.
studies on energy and nutrient intakes, the results may only reflect a consistently low energy intake rather than values which match energy expenditures (Rosetta et al. 1997). Accepting these limitations, the largest energy intakes of athletes in endurance
Note: Yoa are reading a computer printout, microfi&e, or paper copy that describes the dataset containinj 4-day dietary intakes by lm-income women 19 to 50 years of age and their children 1 5 years of age. The infr tiL contained in Files 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 of the data tape is identical to the information contained in Chapters 1, 2,
Basic Description Logics Franz Baader Werner Nutt Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to Description Logics as a formal language for representing knowledge and reasoning about it. It first gives a short overview of the ideas underlying Description Logics. Then it introduces syntax and semantics, covering the basic constructors that are used in systems or have been introduced in the .
