The Contribution Of Bike-sharing To Sustainable Mobility .
DISSERTATIONDoctoral ThesisThe contribution of bike-sharing tosustainable mobility in Europeausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades einesDoktors der technischen Wissenschafteingereicht an der Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen derTechnischen Universität WienvonDipl.-Ing. Alberto Castro FernándezMatrikelnummer 0526611Erlafstraße 1/16 – 1020 WienGutachter:Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Günter EmbergerInstitut für VerkehrswissenschaftenTechnische Universität WienGutachter:Univ. Prof. Dipl. -Ing. Dr. Andrés MonzónTRANSyTUniversidad Politécnica de MadridWien, Dezember 2011 .
AcknowledgementAcknowledgementI would like to thank every bike-sharing stakeholder that has provided data for thisdissertation. I especially appreciate the contribution of the partners of the EU-project OBIS(Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities) because the sample of case studies and manydata of this dissertation are based on the information compiled in this project.1
AbstractAbstractTraffic congestion and air pollution are common and current concerns of urban areas.To solve these problems, municipalities have implemented sustainable mobility plans. Bikesharing schemes (BSSs) have been promoted as an additional tool to encourage sustainablemobility.Bike-sharing is a bicycle rental system that allows, without additional charge, to take abicycle in one point and to return it in a different one, where the bicycle can be rented byanother user.Despite the first BSS was implemented in 1968 in Amsterdam, bike-sharing is a recentway of urban mobility because its real expansion did not take place until the 21st Century. Thefirst high-technology scheme was introduced in 1996 in Portsmouth (United Kingdom). In 2005the first large scale project providing a high amount of bike-sharing stations was implemented inLyon (France). However, the current largest BSS in Europe was initiated in 2007 in Paris(France). Numerous European cities that were impressed by the high use of these systemshave followed the example and they have implemented a BSS.The success of BSSs achieving sustainability goals have been evaluated in thisdissertation based on 51 case studies. The positive and negative effects of BSSs on Europeancities are assessed in terms of mobility, environment, health, traffic safety and economy toobtain their contribution to sustainable mobility.Furthermore, this dissertation defines the city factors and bike-sharing factors that mayincrease the success of BSSs and quantifies their influence on the final level of use of BSSs.On the other hand, barriers that can arise when operating BSSs are identified and likelysolutions are suggested.2
me.auchdieImplementierung von Fahrradverleihsysteme (FVS) kann eine effektive Strategie sein umnachhaltige Mobilität zu fördern.FVS sind Systeme, welches NutzerInnen ermöglicht, ohne zusätzliche Kosten, einFahrrad an einer Verleihstation auszuleihen und an einer anderen Station wiederzurückzugeben, an der wiederum andere NutzerInnen das Leihrad wieder ausleihen können.Das erste FVS wurde 1968 implementiert, dennoch sind FVS ein junges urbanesVerkehrsmittel, da die reale Umsetzung des Systems erst im 21. Jahrhundert erfolgte. Daserste High-Tech-FVS wurde 1996 in Portsmouth (Vereinigtes Königreich) initiiert und seit 2005gibt es das erste städtische FVS mit vielen Fahrrädern und Stationen in Lyon (Frankreich). Seit2007 wird das größte FVS Europas in Paris (Frankreich) betrieben. Viele europäische Städtefolgten, da sie die hohe Anzahl der NutzerInnen der Leihräder beeindruckte undimplementierten ebenfalls FVS.Diese Dissertation erforscht den Erfolg der FVS anhand ihrer nachhaltigen Ziele. 51Case-Studies werden untersucht. Positive und negative Auswirkungen der FVS auf Mobilität,Umwelt, Gesundheit, Verkehrssicherheit und Wirtschaft der ausgewählten Städte werdenanalysiert.Weiters werden städtische Faktoren und FVS-Faktoren, die auf den Erfolg von FVSAuswirkung haben, definiert und deren Einfluss auf die Nutzung der FVS quantifiziert. MöglicheProbleme werden identifiziert und Lösungen vorgeschlagen.3
Table of contentsTable of contents1 INTRODUCTION . 171.1 RATIONALE . 171.2 STRUCTURE . 182 OVERVIEW . 192.1 INTRODUCTION . 192.2 SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY . 192.2.1Definition . 192.2.2Goals . 212.3 CYCLING . 232.3.1Sustainability of cycling . 232.3.2Determinants of bicycle use . 242.4 BIKE-SHARING . 272.4.1Definition . 272.4.2Naming . 282.4.3Historical evolution . 292.4.4Expansion . 362.4.5Advantages for users . 382.5 SUMMARY . 413 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY . 433.1 OBJECTIVES . 433.2 METHODOLOGY . 433.2.1Bottom-up approach . 433.2.2Case studies and data collection . 443.2.3Analysis of success. 453.2.4Analysis of factors . 494 CASE STUDIES . 545 ELEMENTS AND VARIANTS. 565.1 INTRODUCTION . 565.2 REGISTRATION . 565.2.1Obligation . 575.2.2Age restriction . 575.2.3Target group . 575.2.4Period of validity. 585.2.5Subscription fee . 595.2.6Deposit . 605.2.7Insurance . 614
Table of contents5.3 INFRASTRUCTURE . 615.3.1Bicycles . 615.3.2Stations . 625.4 AVAILABILITY OF SERVICE. 655.4.1Throughout the year. 655.4.2Throughout the day . 655.5 RENT . 655.5.1Identification . 665.5.2Return of the bike. 665.5.3Operating area . 665.5.4Limit of rental period . 675.5.5Fine . 675.6 PAYMENT OF SERVICE. 685.6.1Usage fee . 685.6.2Way to pay . 695.7 MANAGEMENT . 695.7.1Investor . 695.7.2Operator . 705.7.3Provider . 715.8 SUMMARY . 726 SUCCESS OF BIKE-SHARING. 766.1 INTRODUCTION . 766.2 MOBILITY . 766.2.1Introduction . 766.2.2General impacts on mobility . 766.2.3Reduction of car traffic . 806.2.4Increase of public transport attractiveness . 846.2.5Increase of cycling . 906.2.6Summary . 966.3 ENVIRONMENT. 986.3.1Introduction . 986.3.2CO2 saving . 996.3.3CO2 emission . 1036.3.4Balance . 1086.3.5Summary . 1096.4 HEALTH . 1106.4.1Introduction . 1106.4.2Increase of air quality . 1116.4.3Increase of fitness level . 1136.4.4Summary . 1195
Table of contents6.5 TRAFFIC SAFETY . 1206.5.1Introduction . 1206.5.2Increase of traffic safety . 1206.5.3Summary . 1236.6 ECONOMY . 1246.6.1Introduction . 1246.6.2Job creation . 1246.6.3Reduction of transport costs for households . 1266.6.4Increase of tourism attractiveness . 1286.6.5Improvement of city image . 1306.6.6Externalities . 1306.6.7Summary . 1316.7 ECONOMIC VIABILITY . 1326.7.1Introduction . 1326.7.2Costs . 1326.7.3Incomes . 1366.7.4Balance . 1376.7.5Summary . 1387 FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS . 1417.1 INTRODUCTION . 1417.2 DRIVING FORCES . 1417.2.1Bicycles and stations . 1417.2.2Technology . 1487.2.3Availability of service. 1507.2.4Subscription and usage fee . 1517.2.5Integration with public transport . 1537.2.6Population . 1577.2.7Topography . 1607.2.8Climate . 1607.2.9Car use . 1627.2.10 Public transport use . 1647.2.11 Bicycle use . 1667.2.12 Tourism . 1677.2.13 Vandalism . 1687.2.14 Traffic safety . 1697.2.15 Multiple influence . 1707.3 BARRIERS . 1757.3.1Overuse . 1757.3.2Underuse . 1777.3.3Theft and damage of bicycles . 1796
Table of contents7.3.4Breakdowns . 1837.3.5Redistribution . 1847.3.6Traffic accidents . 1887.3.7Public space conflicts. 1897.3.8Competition with bike rental shops . 1907.3.9Dissatisfaction and bad image . 1937.4 SUMMARY . 1948 CONCLUSION . 1978.1 DISCUSSION . 1978.2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BSSS . 2028.3 CREATING NEW BIKE-SHARING CONCEPTS . 2038.4 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION AND OPEN RESEARCH ISSUES . 2059 ABBREVIATIONS . 20810 ANNEXES . 20910.1 DATABASE . 20910.2 CALCULATIONS BASED ON THE DATABASE . 21711 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 22411.1 JOURNAL ARTICLES, ACADEMIC THESES AND BOOKS . 22411.2 REPORTS, CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND DATA BASES. 22511.3 INTERNET WEBSITES, BLOGS AND PRESS . 2327
FiguresFiguresFigure 1: Scheme of sustainable development as a confluence of three dimensions:environment, social and economic aspects (IUCN 2006; Wikipedia 2010g) . 20Figure 2: White Bikes of Amsterdam (Austinyellowbike 2010) . 30Figure 3: Bycyclen in Copenhagen (left) (Svenningsen 2010) and bicycle of Viennabike beingrescued from the Danube Canal (right) (Der Standard 2010) . 32Figure 4: Bike-sharing stations of Vélo à la carte in Rennes (left ) (Vyi 2007) and Vélo’v in
I would like to thank every bike-sharing stakeholder that has provided data for this dissertation. I especially appreciate the contribution of the partners of the EU-project OBIS (Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities) because the sample of case studies and many data of this dissertation are based on the information compiled in this project.
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Sources: Press research; Roland Berger 2 2 Africa 2 Bike sharing market development. 8 The number of bikes in bike sharing systems is still growing significantly – Biggest bike sharing systems implemented in China Global development and distribution of bike sharing systems 367 450 517 643 946 4,500 CAGR1) 60% 2017
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