Caribbean Journal Of Mixed Methods Research

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Caribbean Journal ofMixed Methods ResearchVOLUME 1:12020Published under the Journals of the Caribbean ProgrammebyThe University of the West Indies PressThe University of the West Indies, Mona Campus

Published by The University of the West Indies 2020in association with the University of the West Indies Pressand the University of the West Indies School of Education and School of Nursing7A Gibraltar Hall Road Mona, Kingston 7Jamaica, West du.jmISSN: 0799-5962eISSN: 0799-5970DOI: https://doi.org/10.37234/CJMMR

Table of ContentList of Associate Editors / vThe Peer Review Process / viContributors / viiiIntroduction / xivWhy Integration? Why NowElizabeth G. Creamer, Professor Emerita . . . . . . . . . .1Transformation as a Goal of Mixed Methods Researchin the CaribbeanDonna M. Mertens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Confronting Complex Problems with Adaptive MixedMethods Research PracticesCheryl N. Poth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Combining Mixed Methods and Case Study Research(MMþCSR) to Give Mixed Methods Case Study DesignsLoraine D. Cook and Vimala Judy Kamalodeen . . . . 47An Explanation of Students’ Cognitive and Social Skills at theEarly Childhood Level: The Influence of Family InvolvementSharline Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Tourism and Hospitality Internships in Barbados:Students‘ PerspectivesGwendolyn Medford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Understanding the Ecologies of Education Reforms:Comparing the Perceptions of Secondary Teachersand Students in Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidadand TobagoYee Han Peter Joong, Nalini Ramsawak-Jodha,Peter Wintz, Susan Anderson, andDisraeli Hutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Mixed Methods Research: Exploring Its Complexitiesand ChallengesLoraine D. Cook, Canute Thompson,Steve Weaver, and Leemoy Weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . 167THESIS ABSTRACTTashane Kenesha Haynes-Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191THESIS ABSTRACTClavia Williams-McBean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193THESIS ABSTRACTSharon Jacqueline Jaggernauth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195PICTURE / 198

List of Associate Editors1. Dr Omolola, Alade Dept. of Preventive and Community DentistryObafemi Awolowo University Nigeria2. Dr Delroy Chevers, School of Business & Management, UWI Mona3. Professor John Creswell, Professor of family medicine and codirector of the Michigan Mixed Methods Research and ScholarshipProgram at the University of Michigan4. Dr Anne Crick, Mona School of Business & Management, UWI(Mona), Jamaica5. Dr Debbie Devonish Biology Department at University ofTechnology, Jamaica6. Dr Therese Ferguson, School of Education, UWI (Mona), Jamaica7. Dr Tim Guetterman, Department of Family Medicine, University ofMichigan Medical School8. Dr Mariko Hirose, Graduate Department of Psychological Sciencesat Kwansei Gakuin University9. Dr John Hitchcock, Co-Director of Dialectal Publishing LLC.10. Professor Disraeli Hutton, School of Education, UWI (Mona),Jamaica11. Dr Ingrid Hunt Anderson (Adjunct) School of Education, UWI(Mona), Jamaica12. Dr Sharon Jaggernauth, School of Education, UWI (St. Augustine),Trinidad & Tobago13. Dr Sharon Bramwell-Lalor, School of Education, UWI (Mona),Jamaica14. Dr Vimala Kamalodeen, School of Education, UWI (St. Augustine),Trinidad & Tobago15. Dr Zoyah Kinked Clarke, School of Education, UWI (Mona), Jamaica16. Dr Carmel Roofe Bowen School of Education, UWI (Mona), Jamaica17. Dr Aldrin Sweeney, School of Education, UWI (Mona), Jamaica18. Dr Peggy Shannon- Baker, Department of Curriculum, Foundations,and Reading, Georgia Southern University19. Dr Canute Thompson, School of Education, UWI (Mona), Jamaica20. Professor Lloyd Waller, Department of Government, UWI (Mona),Jamaicav

The Peer Review ProcessThe peer review process can be summarized into the following steps:STEP ONE: SUBMISSION OF ARTICLEThe author(s) submit the articles to one of the co-editors (Loraine D. Cookor Steve Weaver) via email.STEP TWO: EDITORS’ ASSESSMENTThe editors peruse the article before moving on to Step Three. Though thepaper’s quality is not assessed at this point, the editors can and havereturned manuscripts to the author(s) for clarification of specific section(s) of the article.STEP THREE: PRELIMINARY PREPARATION FOR PEER REVIEWA manuscript accepted for the peer review process is given a numbercode, and the name of the author(s) is removed along with any other identifiers. The coded article is subsequently saved as version 2 in a folder in aWord document labelled articles for peer review. A code sheet is developedin Excel where the number codes are aligned with the authors’ names andtitle of the article; the names of the two or three peer reviewers for eacharticle are also recorded on said Excel spreadsheet.STEP FOUR: INVITATION TO PEER REVIEWERSInvitations are sent to members of the academic community at universities locally, regionally, and internationally. We target specialists andpractitioners in mixed methods research. We issue invitations until weobtain the required number of acceptances for the role of peer reviewerswe call “associate editors”. We target obtaining at least two peer reviewersper article.STEP FIVE: REVIEW IS CONDUCTEDEach peer reviewer is initially given six weeks to submit their comments.Peer reviewers are provided with guidelines (see sample in appendix).Peer reviewers are asked to assess the quality of the article, focusingon the Mixed Methods Research process. The review is then submittedvi

Caribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research viito the editors, with a recommendation to accept or reject or revise it. Mostpeer reviewers will advise for conditional acceptance : : :STEP SIX: THE EDITORS EVALUATE THE PEER REVIEWERS’ COMMENTSEach editor is assigned three to four manuscripts depending on the number of submissions. Peer reviewers’ comments for each manuscript areread over and collated by the appointed editor for disbursement to theauthor(s). The editor may invite an additional reviewer to get an extraopinion before disbursing the peer reviewers’ feedback to the author(s). The peer reviewers’ names are removed from all documents. Theinformation from the guideline sheets are copied into a Word documentand sent as an attachment with an email along with the manuscript to theauthor(s). Authors are not aware of who the peer reviewers areexcept in very unusual RSFORMODIFICATIONS AND RESPONSE TO PEER REVIEWERS’ FEEDBACK.The editors return the article to the author(s)with a request for modifications. The author(s) is instructed to outline in their cover letter theresponse to the reviewers’ comments, as well as to highlight in the manuscript the modifications to the script when resubmitting.STEP EIGHT: EDITORS DO ANOTHER ASSESSMENT OF THE RESUBMITTEDARTICLESEach editor reads over the resubmitted articles and the editors regroup asa team to discuss their assessment of the article; the article is returned tothe author(s) with the editors’ comments, which the author(s) is expectedto address. The author(s) at this stage is given seven days to return thearticle with their response.STEP NINE: ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION OF ARTICLEEditors look over the resubmitted article and decide if this article is going tobe accepted or rejected. Once accepted, an acceptance letter and thePermission Request Form (Copyright release form) are sent to the author(s).*What happens in event that an editor is an author or co-authorWhen an editor is an author or co-author, the other editor, whose namedoes not appear on the manuscript, takes full control of the manuscriptand corresponds with the author or with the co-author. Because the process is blind peer review, there is no ethical violation.

ContributorsSusan AndersonSusan Anderson holds a PhD in educational psychology and has over40 years of experience as an educator. Her research includes parentalinvolvement, special needs and at-risk students. Her award-winning bookis Climbing Every Mountain: Barriers, Opportunities and Experiences ofJamaican Students with Disabilities in their Pursuit of Personal Excellence.Her noted achievement has been her leadership in a specific focus onviolence and aggression in schools, ensuring involvement with the localcommunity.Sharline ColeSharline Cole is a PhD lecturer in Educational Psychology and AppliedResearch at the School of Education, the University of the West Indies,Mona. As a researcher, Cole focuses on parenting, parental involvement,family engagement, children with special needs, psychosocial, academicand emotional well-being of students and educators, aggression andviolence and teacher effectiveness. Dr Cole believes in motivating students to use creative techniques that accommodate the different learners,to continually improve teaching skills and the holistic development ofstudents.Loraine D. CookLoraine D. Cook is the first president of the Mixed Methods InternationalResearch Association – Caribbean Chapter (MMIRA-CC) and currentlyserves as the Outreach and Development Committee co-chair on theExecutive Board. She is the co-editor-in-chief of the Caribbean Journalof Mixed Methods Research. She is a senior lecturer in EducationalPsychology and Research at the School of Education, Faculty ofHumanities and Education, Mona. She was an awardee for thePrincipal’s Research Award for the research project attracting the MostResearch Funds in 2009 as part of a team. Dr Cook has been a visitingscholar in Applied Psychology at the New York University (NYU) andthe Faculty of Education, Language and Literacy Education, Universityof British Columbia, Canada.viii

Caribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research ixElizabeth G. CreamerElizabeth G. Creamer is professor emerita, Educational Research Program inthe School of Education at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin Blacksburg, Virginia, the USA, where she was a faculty member andadministrator for 38 years. She is the author of the 2018 textbook publishedby SAGE, An Introduction to Fully Integrated Mixed Methods Research. Sheserved as the president of the Mixed Methods International ResearchAssociation from 2018 to 2019. She is now working on an in-progress textbook for Routledge, UK: Advancing Grounded Theory with Mixed Methods.Rose GibbsRose Gibbs is a retired Department Head of Library at Markham DistrictHigh School, part of the York Region District School Board in Ontario,Canada. She is currently an independent researcher. Her forthcomingbook is titled In the Shadow of Plantations and Monuments.Disraeli HuttonDisraeli Hutton, Professor, is a graduate of the Mico Teachers’ Collegeand the College of Arts Science and Technology. He holds an undergraduate degree in Technology Education from Buffalo State College, USA; amaster’s degree in Supervisory Management and Training and Development; and a PhD in Educational Administration and Supervision in(Higher Education), both from Bowling Green State University, USA.Professor Hutton’s work experience spans both the private and publicsectors. At Jamaica Aluminium Company (JAMALCO), he was employedas the training director and at the Human Employment and ResourceTraining (HEART) Trust/National Training Agency as the chief technicaldirector. Professor Hutton also served briefly as an executive director ofthe Education Transformation Team which was responsible for the implementation of the transformation programme for the Jamaican educationsystem. Professor Hutton has taught in the public school and tertiary education systems spanning over 40 years, which included College of Arts,Science and Technology (CAST), now the University of Technology,Jamaica. He was the acting director of the School of Education (SOE)and then director from 2017 to 2019. He teaches and publishes in theareas of educational leadership, financing of education, and TVET.Yee Han Peter JoongYee Han Peter Joong has spent 13 years as a senior lecturer at theUniversity of the West Indies and Nipissing University. He also taught

x Contributorsin Jamaican and Ontario secondary schools for 30 years. Peter’s currentresearch centres on comparative studies on secondary reforms and integration of mathematics in environmental and peace education in fourteencountries. Peter would like to dedicate this work to Professor BeverleyBryan from UWI, Stanlie Parkins and George Chong Sang fromMorant Bay, Jamaica.Vimala Judy KamalodeenVimala Kamalodeen is a faculty member at the School of Education, theUniversity of the West Indies in Trinidad, West Indies, where she specializes in mathematics and computer science education. She became interested in mixed methods research while doing her doctoral studies at theUniversity of Sheffield, UK. Her thesis used a complex mixed-methodsdesign focusing on hybrid data from educational online social networking.Vimala is currently engaged in mixed methods research at her institutionin game-based learning and successfully hosted the third regional mixedmethods conference in the Caribbean earlier this year. Dr Kamalodeencurrently holds the post of Immediate Past President of the CaribbeanChapter of the Mixed Methods International Research Association.Gwendolyn MedfordGwendolyn Medford is an educator and has worked for the past twentyyears preparing people for careers in the tourism and hospitality industryin Barbados. Gwendolyn holds a Master of Education in CurriculumStudies from the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbadosand a Master of Science in Tourism and Hospitality from Revans University, Colorado, USA. She is currently pursuing a PhD in CurriculumStudies with a research focus on the quality of internship programmesin the tourism/hospitality industry. Correspondence regarding this articlecan be addressed directly to Gwendolyn Medford.Donna MertensDonna Mertens is Professor Emeritus at Gallaudet University with a specialization in research and evaluation methodologies designed to support socialtransformation. She has authored, co-authored or edited many books relatedto evaluation methods and human rights, most recently Program EvaluationTheory and Practice, 2nd ed; Mixed Methods Design in Evaluation; Research andEvaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity with Quantitative,Qualitative, and Mixed Methods, 5th ed.; Indigenous Pathways into SocialResearch; and Transformative Research and Evaluation. She focuses on the

Caribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research xiintersection of evaluation with social justice and human rights within thephilosophical assumptions of the transformative paradigm. Mertens servedas the editor for the Journal of Mixed Methods Research from 2010 to 2014. Shewas the president of the American Evaluation Association in 1998 and servedon the Board from 1997 to 2002; she was a founding board member of theInternational Organization for Cooperation in Evaluation and the MixedMethods International Research Association.Cheryl PothCheryl Poth is a faculty member and award-winning textbook author andinstructor at the Centre for Research and Applied Measurement andEvaluation in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Dr Poth has an adjunctappointment in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and serves as themethodologist on several cross-disciplinary research teams. Her specificresearch interests include enhancing research quality and collaborativeresearch teams in the fields of education and the health sciences. Sheserved as the fourth president of the Mixed Methods InternationalResearch Association. She serves as associate editor of the Journal of MixedMethods Research and editorial board member of the International Journalof Qualitative Methodology and Methods in Psychology. She co-authored the4th edition of Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design with John Creswell andwas conferred the Sage Author Cornerstone Award and 2018 McGuffeyLongevity Award from the Textbook & Academic Authors Association.Her book Innovation in Mixed Methods Research: Guiding Practices forIntegrative Thinking with Complexity was published by Sage Publicationsin 2018 and recently won the Most Promising Textbook Award fromthe Textbook & Academic Authors Association.Nalini Ramsawak-JodhaNalini Ramsawak-Jodha is a Lecturer in Education (Teaching ofMathematics) at the University of the West Indies, St. AugustineCampus. She works with teachers pursuing professional developmentat the undergraduate and post-graduate level as well as supervision ofgraduate students at the masters level. Her areas of interest include pedagogy, especially in mathematics education and STEM education.Canute ThompsonCanute Thompson is a senior lecturer in Educational Policy, Planning,and Leadership and head of the Caribbean Centre for Educational

xii ContributorsPlanning at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus. He is aco-founder of the Caribbean Leadership Re-Imagination Initiative andthe author of six books, including Education and Development: PolicyImperatives for Jamaica and Caribbean (2020) and ReimaginingEducational Leadership in the Caribbean (2019), both published by theUniversity of the West Indies Press. He is an activist scholar and publiccommentator who writes for both major newspapers in Jamaica. He hasserved at various times as a policy consultant to Caribbean governmentssince 2005.Leemoy WeaverLeemoy Weaver is an MPhil/PhD candidate in Sociology specializing indevelopment. Her core area of study is on child maltreatment and socialdevelopment. She is also a lecturer in research methods at the undergraduate level at the University of the West Indies (UWI), MonaCampus, Faculty of Social Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences –UWI School of Nursing; and the Institute of Gender and DevelopmentStudies. She has experience in facilitating mixed methods research workshops for graduate students locally and internationally. She is the currenttreasurer and incoming president of the MMIRA-CC. She has been part ofthe team involved in the initial development of mixed methods researchin the Caribbean region. She is also a member of the editorial board for theCaribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research.Steve Randolph WeaverSteve Randolph Weaver holds a PhD in anthropology and his life-longwork interlinks both the spiritual and physical aspects of health andhealing which underlie his philosophy. He is a senior lecturer andhas been a registered nurse for almost 40 years. He is also the immediatepast head of the UWI School of Nursing, Mona Campus, Jamaica, havingcompleted two terms in this position. Additionally, he is currently theMMIRA-CC manager and has been part of the team involved in theinitial development of mixed methods research in the Caribbean region.He is the co-editor-in-chief of the Caribbean Journal of Mixed MethodsResearch.Peter WintzPeter Wintz is a mathematics education lecturer and the head of theDepartment of Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Educationand Humanities at the University of Guyana. His service at the national

Caribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research xiiilevel includes membership on the Guyana Secondary EducationImprovement Project Steering Committee and as an external evaluatorfor the National Accreditation Council. His current research interestsare collegiality among mathematics teachers and productive classroompractices.

IntroductionThe Caribbean Journal of Mixed Methods Research was launched at the thirdregional mixed-methods conference, which was held in Trinidad andTobago on 26–28 March 2019. This conference was chaired by the thenPresident of MMIRA-CC (Mixed Methods International Association Caribbean Chapter) Dr Vimala Kamalodeen, from the School of Education St. Augustine campus. Prior to the March 2019 conference, there weretwo successful mixed methods researc

Vimala is currently engaged in mixed methods research at her institution in game-based learning and successfully hosted the third regional mixed-methods conference in the Caribbean earlier this year. Dr Kamalodeen currently holds the post of Immediate Past President of the Caribbean Chapter of the Mixed Methods International Research Association.

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