Technical Guideline: ASPHALT Bitumen Stabilised Materials .
Technical Guideline: Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsASPHALTACADEMYTechnical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsA Guideline for the Design and Construction ofBitumen Emulsion and Foamed BitumenStabilised MaterialsAsphalt AcademyCSIR Built EnvironmentPO Box 395PretoriaSouth AfricaTel: 27 12 841 2436Fax: 27 12 841 2350Email: asac@csir.co.zawww.asphaltacademy.co.zaSecond edition May 20090001TG 2Second editionMay 2009ASPHALTACADEMY
Published by theAsphalt Academyc/o CSIR Built EnvironmentP O Box 395Pretoria0001First published in 2009ISBN 978-0-7988-5582-2Copyright 2009 Asphalt AcademyDisclaimerConsiderable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in this publication.However, neither the Asphalt Academy nor any of the compilers of the document accept any liability whatsoever for any loss,damage or injury resulting from the use of this information.
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsPREFACEThe first TG2 was published in 2002 and covered the design and construction of foamed bitumen treated materials. Since 2002, significantresearch in bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen treatment has been done, which needed to be included in the TG2 guideline, hencethis update. This guideline supercedes the TG2 published in 2002 and covers the design and construction of Bitumen Stabilised Materials(BSMs) and includes both materials treated with bitumen emulsion (BSM-emulsion) and foamed bitumen (BSM-foam).The inclusion of BSM-emulsion materials into TG2 has been done because the design and construction of BSM-emulsion and BSM-foamare identical in many respects. Where there are differences between the materials, the inappropriate techniques are often applied byincorrectly adopting the technology for the other material. For this reason, this guideline highlights the similarities and differences, whichshould prevent the inappropriate application of either technology.This guideline covers the uses of BSMs, their classification for design purposes, the mix and structural design and construction aspects.
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe sponsors of this project; Gauteng Department of Public Transport, Roads and Works (GDPRW) (represented by Elzbieta Sadzik) andSABITA (represented by Trevor Distin and Piet Myburgh) are gratefully acknowledged. The project has been managed by Les Sampson ofthe Asphalt Academy.The guideline has been compiled by:»»»»»»»Dave CollingsJoe GroblerMike HughesKim JenkinsFritz JoosteFenella LongHugh ThompsonPDNAVela-VKEWSP GroupStellenbosch UniversityModelling and Analysis SystemsModelling and Analysis SystemsWSP Groupii
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsSCOPEThis guideline document covers the classification, design and construction of Bitumen Stabilised Materials (BSMs), and includes bothbitumen emulsion (BSM-emulsion) and foamed bitumen treated materials (BSM-foam).BSMs are described, and guidelines for their appropriate use are given. Applications for which BSMs are not appropriate are alsodiscussed. The approaches to classification, mix and structural design and construction are discussed.The classification of BSMs includes three material classes:»BSM1: This material has a high shear strength, and is typically used as a base layer for design traffic applications of more than 6million equivalent standard axles (MESA). For this class of material, the source material is typically a well graded crushed stone orreclaimed asphalt.»BSM2: This material has a moderately high shear strength, and would typically used as a base layer for design traffic applications ofless than 6 MESA. For this class of material, the source material is typically a graded natural gravel or reclaimed asphalt.»BSM3: This material is typically a soil-gravel and/or sand, stabilised with higher bitumen contents. As a base layer, the material is onlysuitable for design traffic applications of less than 1 MESA.A consistent and rational system for classifying the materials is presented. This system is new and is applicable to granular and cementedmaterials as well as BSMs. Full details of the method for all materials are given in Appendix A.The mix design of BSMs involves three levels of testing, which depend on the design traffic level. ITS testing in dry and soaked statesis used for Level 1 and 2. For Level 3 (design traffic exceeding 6 MESA), triaxial testing is recommended. A simple triaxial test has beendeveloped to facilitate such testing in standard laboratories. A method for testing the moisture sensitivity of BSMs in the triaxial test hasalso been developed, which utilises the MIST equipment for saturating the triaxial specimens. This is described in Chapter 4.The structural design of BSMs utilises the Pavement Number (PN) design method. This method is based on observed performance of fieldpavements and is based on an “intelligent” structural number. The PN method is recommended for design traffic between 1 and 30 MESAand for Category A and B roads. Because the PN method is also new, and is applicable for all road building materials, the complete detailsof the method are given in Appendix C. For design traffic less than 1 MESA, a catalogue of typical designs is given.The construction of BSMs includes in situ recycling with recyclers, conventional construction equipment, and in plant treatment. Qualitycontrol for construction is also included, and Appendix D contains details on construction controls for BSM treatment using recyclers.While this guideline is the culmination of many years of research and development, it may be necessary to update details in the laboratorytest methods and in the material classification system and Pavement Number method. Any such updates will be posted onwww.asphaltacademy.co.za/bitstab.iii
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsGLOSSARY OF TERMS Cτ1/2%AASHTOActive fillerBSM(s)BSM-emulsionBSM-foamCBRCOLTOCSDE-G1 to DE-G10DEMACELTSEMCEREtanEWCFMCG1 to maximum stiffnessMESAMISTmmMod. AASHTOModular ARBCSSSCTSRUCSdegrees Celciushalf-lifepercentAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsFillers that chemically alter the mix properties. This includes fillers such as lime, cement, fly ash, etc, butexcludes natural fillers such as rock flour.Bitumen Stabilised Material(s)Bitumen emulsion treated materialFoamed bitumen treated materialCalifornia Bearing RatioCommittee of Land and Transport OfficialsCrushed stoneDesign equivalent G1 to G10 material classesDesign equivalent material classEffective long term stiffness. This is a relative indicator of the average long term in situ stiffness of apavement layer.Equilibrium moisture contentExpansion RatioTangent modulus, stiffness from monotonic triaxial testbitumen emulsion water content including water used for dilution as percentage of dry aggregate fluff pointmoisture content at which the “maximum bulk volume of loose mineral aggregate is obtainedfield moisture content of aggregateGranular materials classes, see TRH4 for definitionsGravel soilHot mix asphaltInitial consumption of limeIndirect Tensile Strength test, 100 mm diameter specimens cured for 72 hours at 40 C.Indirect Tensile Strength test, specimens cured according to curing procedure.Indirect Tensile Strength test, specimens cured according to curing procedure and then soaked for 24 hoursat 25 C.Indirect Tensile Strength test, 100 mm diameter specimens cured then soaked for 24 hours at 25 C.Lime refers to hydrated road limeThe mastic is the mix of fines and bitumen.The maximum stiffness a material can achieve depends on the material quality.million equivalent standard axles, 80 kN axlesMoisture Induced Sensitivity Test used to induce moisture into triaxial specimens.millimetersModified AASHTO compactionRatio of a layer’s stiffness relative to the stiffness of the layer below.megaPascalsWeinert’s N-valueNatural graveloptimum fluids contentoptimum moisture content using Mod. AASHTO compaction on untreated materialoptimum moisture content using Mod. AASHTO compaction on treated materialoptimum moisture content using vibratory hammer compaction on treated materialPlasticity IndexPavement numberPneumatic Tyred RollerReclaimed asphaltresidual bitumen content as percentage of dry aggregateSilt, silty sand, clayTensile Strength Retained. Ratio of ITSwet and ITSdry.Unconfined Compression Testiv
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised MaterialsCONTENTSpageACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiSCOPE iiiGLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivCONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vLIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii11.1.1.2.1.3.INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1WHAT ARE BITUMEN STABILISED MATERIALS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PURPOSE OF GUIDELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3LAYOUT OF GUIDELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2.7.2.2.7.3.2.7.4.2.8.BITUMEN STABILISATION, USAGE AND DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WHAT IS BITUMEN EMULSION AND FOAMED BITUMEN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BEHAVIOUR OF BITUMEN STABILISED MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BENEFITS OF BITUMEN STABILISATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIMITATIONS OF BITUMEN STABILISATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BITUMEN TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WHERE TO USE BSMS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONSTRUCTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GENERAL PROJECT SELECTION CRITERIA FOR IN SITU TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DESIGN SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIX DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .STRUCTURAL DESIGN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CLASSIFICATION OF BSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44567899111112121313141433.1.3.2.3.3.3.4.MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONCEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TESTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS FOR BSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONFIDENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.4.4.3.4.3.1.4.3.2.4.3.3.4.3.4.4.3.5.MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIX DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIX TYPE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OUTLINE OF MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIX CONSTITUENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AGGREGATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BITUMEN SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FILLER (NATURAL AND ACTIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WATER QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SPECIMEN PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FLUID CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MATERIAL PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .COMPACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212122232323283132333335363637
Technical Guideline:Bitumen Stabilised .1.4.5.2.4.5.3.MECHANICAL TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH (ITS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TRIAXIAL TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LEVEL 1 MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LEVEL 2 MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LEVEL 3 MIX DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.1.5.1.1.5.1.2.5.1.3.5.2.5.3.5.4.STRUCTURAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42PAVEMENT NUMBER STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42APPLICABILITY OF PAVEMENT NUMBER METHOD
Technical Guideline: Bitumen Stabilised Materials A Guideline for the Design and Construction of Bitumen Emulsion and Foamed Bitumen Stabilised Materials ASPHALT ACADEMY Asphalt Academy CSIR Built Environment PO Box 395 Pretoria 0001 South Africa Tel: 27 12 841 2436 Fax: 27 12 841 2350 Email: asac@csir.co.za www.asphaltacademy.co.za
Technical Guideline: Bitumen Stabilised Materials A Guideline for the Design and Construction of Bitumen Emulsion and . design system to be recalibrated thus eliminating inherent biases. At the same time, a mechanistic design function has been developed for BSM pavement structures.
Pavement Performance, yrs. Ohio High/Low Asphalt 16 Low Composite 11 High Composite 7 North Carolina ---- Concrete 6 –10 Ontario High Asphalt 8 Illinois Low Asphalt 7 –10 New York ---- Asphalt 5 –8 Indiana Low Asphalt 9 –11 Austria High/Low Asphalt 10 High Concrete 8 Georgia Low Asphalt 10
A cement concrete of a suitable quality for use as the surfacing on airfield pavements. Pervious Macadam See 'Macadam'. Petroleum Bitumen See 'Bitumen'. Porous Asphalt An asphalt mixture consisting of gap-graded aggregate and binder with a relatively open structure that is pervious to air and water.
2-Adhesion properties. 4 Flash and fire point of bitumen ASTM D92 1-Safe mixing and heating temperature values of a particular bitumen grade . (Thin-Film Oven Test) ASTM D 1754 1-To simulate the short-term aging of bitumen by heating a film of asphalt binder in an oven for 5 hours at 163 C. 2-To know the change in properties due to weathering
Appropriate foamed bitumen mix design method is an essential element in this technology which is increasing being used to rehabilitate Australian pavements. The Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 4D Stabilised Materials provides on the selection and mix design of foamed bitumen stabilisation treatments.
that the asphalt plant be calibrated as specified in AASHTO M-156. Airport Specification 401-4.2 requires the asphalt plant to conform to ASTM D 995. The Asphalt Institute's Manuals MS-3 Asphalt Plant Manual and MS-22 Principles of Construction of Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements contain much more information on asphalt plants. Batch Plants
kept for 24hrs and then were demoulded. Marshall Stability test was conducted and parameters such as flow value, bulk density, percentage air voids, voids filled with bitumen (VFB) and voids filled with mineral aggregates (VMA) were calculated. The optimum bitumen content, maximum bulk density and 4% volume of voids for bitumen grade CRMB-
ASTM C 67 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Tile. 3. ASTM C 150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement. 4. ASTM C 297 Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions. 5. ASTM C 578 Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation. 6. ASTM D 968 (Federal Test Standard 141A Method 6191) Standard Test Methods for .
