THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHWATER
THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OFFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY IN THEARABIAN PENINSULAARABIAN PENINSULACompiled by Nieves García, Ian Harrison, Neil Cox and Marcelo F. TognelliThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Regional Assessment
About IUCNIUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world findpragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and developmentchallenges.IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effectiveand equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutionsto global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supportsscientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and bringsgovernments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy,laws and best practice.IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization,with more than 1,200 government and NGO Members and almost 11,000volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported byover 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO andprivate sectors around the world.About the Species Survival CommissionThe Species Survival Commission (SSC) is the largest of IUCN’s sixvolunteer commissions with a global membership of around 7,500 experts.SSC advises IUCN and its members on the wide range of technical andscientific aspects of species conservation, and is dedicated to securing afuture for biodiversity. SSC has significant input into the internationalagreements dealing with biodiversity conservation.About Conservation InternationalBuilding upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and fielddemonstration, Conservation International (CI) empowers societies toresponsibly and sustainably care for nature and its global biodiversity topromote the long-term well-being of people. Founded in 1987 and markingits 25th anniversary in 2012, CI is head quartered in the Washington, D.C.area. CI employs 900 staff in more than 25 countries on four continentsand works with more than 1,000 partners around the world.About the Environment Agency - Abu DhabiThe Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) is a governmental agencythat was established in 1996 with the overall function of protecting andconserving the environment as well as promoting sustainable developmentin the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).The Agency is responsible for assisting the UAE Ministry of Environmentand Water in implementing environmental laws and putting forth regulationorders in the capital.The IUCN Species Survival Commission and the IUCN Global SpeciesProgramme have enjoyed a close working relationship with Abu Dhabi forthe last 20 years particularly on issues such as species conservation andre-introduction as well as Red List assessment and training. EAD has beena long-time supporter of the SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group andhosted the meeting of the SSC Specialist Group Chairs in 2008 and 2012.
THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OFFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY IN THEARABIAN PENINSULACompiled by Nieves García, Ian Harrison, Neil Cox and Marcelo F. Tognelli
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoeveron the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, or other participating organizations.Published by:Copyright:IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, UK, and Arlington, USA 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesReproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized withoutprior written permission from the copyright holder provided the sources are fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited withoutprior written permission of the copyright holder.Red List logo:Citation: 2008García, N., Harrison, I., Cox, N. and Tognelli, M.F. (compilers). (2015). The Status and Distribution ofFreshwater Biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula. Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, UK and Arlington, .2015.MRA.4.enCover design:Cover photo:Chadi Abi Faraj Nashat A. Hamidan. The confluence of the two Wadies Tarj and Tarjes in Saudi Arabia, habitat ofCyprinion mhalensisAll photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographsshould not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder.Layout by:Produced by:Printed by:Available from:Chadi Abi FarajIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment UnitSolprint, Mijas, (Málaga)IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)Environment Agency- ABU DHABIPO Box:45553Al Mamoura BuildingMurour RoadAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesTel 971 (2) dge/publications doc/publicationsThe text of this book is printed on 115 gsm environmentally-friendly paper.
Nieves GarcíaIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Ian HarrisonCI Center for Environment and Peace, U.S.A.Neil CoxIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Marcelo F. TognelliIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.William DarwallIUCN Species Programme, United KingdomKevin SmithIUCN Species Programme, United KingdomKhaldoun Al OmariIUCN West Asia Middle East Regional OfficeSimon N. StuartIUCN Species Survival CommissionJohannes ElsBreeding Center for Endangerd Arabian WildlifeJörg FreyhofCentre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, GermanyNashat A. HamidanRoyal Society for the Conservation of Nature, JordanGary R. FeulnerThe Chadbourne & Parke, United Arab EmiratesIan HarrisonCenter for Environment and Peace, Conservation International, U.S.A.Jörg FreyhofCentre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, GermanyGary R. FeulnerThe Chadbourne & Parke, United Arab EmiratesEike NeubertNaturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde, SwitzerlandZuhair AmrJordan University of Science and Technology, JordanDirk van DammeUniversity of Ghent, BelgiumNieves GarcíaIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Mary B. SeddonIUCN/SSC Mollusc Specialist Group, United KingdomDirk van DammeUniversity of Ghent, BelgiumWolfgang SchneiderSenckenberg Research Institute, GermanyBoudjéma SamraouiUniversity of Guelma, AlgeriaCompiler:Jean-Pierre BoudotUniversité de Lorraine, FranceReviewers:Marcelo F. TognelliIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Nieves GarcíaIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Chapter author:Neil CumberlidgeNorthern Michigan University, U.S.A.Reviewer:Anna McIvorIUCN Species Programme, United KingdomAnnette PatzeltOman Botanic Garden, Sultanate of OmanRichard V. LansdownArdeola Environmental Services, United KingdomSabina G. KneesCentre for Middle Eastern Plants, United KingdomMarcelo F. TognelliIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Nieves GarcíaIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Tulia DefexIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, U.S.A.Edited by:With the support of:Contributors:FishesChapter authors:Reviewers:MolluscsChapter authors:Reviewers:OdonataChapter authors:CrabsPlantsChapter authors:Reviewers:
ContentsForeword .xAcknowledgments .xiExecutive Summary . xivChapter 1. Background. Harrison, I., García, N., Freyhof, J., Neubert, E., Amr, Z., Van Damme, D. andCumberlidge, N. .1.1 Biophysical characteristics .1.2 Aquatic Biodiversity .1.3 Regional Threats .1.4 Precautionary Principle .1.5 Objectives .1.6 References .1134555Chapter 2. Assessment methodology. Harrison, I. J., García, N., Darwall, W.R.T. and Smith, K. .2.1 Selection of priority taxa .2.1.1 Fishes .2.1.2 Molluscs .2.1.3 Odonates .2.1.4 Aquatic plants .2.2 Delineation of the Arabian Peninsula assessment region .2.3 Data collation and quality control .2.4 Species mapping and analysis .2.5 Assessment of species threatened status .2.6 Overlap with other Red List assessment projects .2.7 Nomenclature .2.8 References .777888991011131313Chapter 3. The status and distribution of freshwater fishes of the Arabian Peninsula. Freyhof, J.,Hamidan, N.A., Feulner, G.R. and Harrison, I. .3.1 Overview of the regional fish fauna .3.1.1 Freshwater Fish Diversity .3.1.2 Geographical factors affecting the distribution of freshwater fishes .3.1.3 Taxonomic issues .3.1.4 Limitations of data availability and reliability .3.2 Conservation status .3.3 Patterns of species richness in the Arabian Peninsula .3.3.1 All fish species .3.3.2 Threatened species .3.3.3 Restricted range and endemic species .3.3.4 Data Deficient species .3.3.5 Extirpated /Extinct species .16161617181919212121212222vii
3.43.53.63.7Major threats to freshwater fishes .Uses and Livelihood values .Conservation actions and recommendations .References .22262628Chapter 4. The status and distribution of freshwater molluscs in the Arabian Peninsula.Neubert, E., Amr, Z. and Van Damme, D. .4.1 Overview of the regional fauna .4.2 The taxonomic and ecological impediments .4.3 Conservation status (IUCN Red List Criteria: Regional scale) .4.4 Patterns of species richness .4.4.1 All species .4.4.2 Threatened species .4.4.3 Endemic freshwater molluscs .4.4.4 Data Deficient species .4.5 Major threats to freshwater molluscs .4.6 Conclusions and conservation recommendations .4.7 References .303031313233343537373838Chapter 5. The status and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in theArabian Peninsula. Schneider, W. and Samraoui, B. .5.1 Introduction .5.1.1 Number of Odonata species within the area of the Arabian Peninsula .5.2 Overview of the Regional Odonata .5.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List Criteria: Regional Scale .5.4 Patterns Of Species Richness .5.4.1 Species richness .5.4.2 Distribution of endemic species .5.4.3 Distribution of threatened species richness .5.5 Major threats to Odonata of the Arabian Peninsula .5.5.1. General overview of threats .5.6 Conservation Recommendations .5.7 References .39393941444949494951515153Chapter 6. The status and distribution of freshwater crabs. Cumberlidge, N. .6.1 Overview of the regional fauna .6.1.1 Crab Distribution and Ecoregions .6.2 Assessment of species threatened status (IUCN Red List Criteria: Regional Scale)6.2.1 Case Studies .6.3 Patterns of species richness .6.3.1. Extirpated species .6.4 Major threats to crabs in the freshwater ecosystems of the Arabian Peninsula .6.5 Conservation recommendations .6.6 References .56565657586062626263viii
Chapter 7. The status and distribution of wetland-dependent plants in the Arabian Peninsula. Patzelt,A., Lansdown, R.V., Knees, S.G. .7.1 Introduction .7.2 Overview of the regional aquatic flora .7.3 Conservation status (IUCN Red List criteria: regional scale) .7.4 Major threats to wetland dependent plants of the Arabian Peninsula .7.4.1 General overview of threats .7.4.2 Habitat loss and degradation .7.4.3 Modification of water sources and changes to flow regime. .7.4.4 Over-abstraction of water .7.4.5 Water pollution .7.4.6 Climate change and extreme weather events .7.4.7 Invasive alien plants .7.5 Conservation .7.5.1 Develop Action Plans for the conservation of wetland-dependent plants .7.5.2 Incorporate plant conservation requirements and actions into nationalstrategies and legislation .7.5.3 Follow a landscape and catchment level approach .7.5.4 Develop capacity building and public awareness campaigns .7.5.5 Conduct research to expand the knowledge on wetland-dependent plants of theArabian Peninsula .7.5.6 Improve information management .7.5.7 Establish ex-situ conservation programmes .7.7 References .Chapter 8. Regional synthesis for all taxa García, N., Harrison, I. and Tognelli, M. .8.1 Red List status .8.2 Patterns of species richness .8.2.1 Centers of species richness .8.2.2 Distribution of threatened species .8.2.3 Distribution of endemic species .8.2.4 Distribution of Data Deficient species .8.3 Threats to freshwater biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula .8.4 Conclusions .8.4.1 Patterns of species richness and endangerment .8.4.2 Conservation priorities .8.4.3 Application of project outputs .8.4.4. Future work .8.5 References 687888890919191939393AnnexesAppendix 1. Freshwater fishes of the Arabian Peninsula .Appendix 2. Freshwater molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula .Appendix 3. Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of the Arabian Peninsula .Appendix 4. Freshwater Crabs of the Arabian Peninsula .Appendix 5. Wetland Dependent Plants of the Arabian Peninsula .Appendix 6. CD .ix9495969899104
ForewordFreshwater habitats and biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula are unique and highly valued for the essential role theyplay in people’s survival, as well as that of its native flora and fauna. Some of the various goods and services providedby the region’s freshwater species that benefit people in a direct or indirect way are fisheries, flood prevention andwater purification. Also as a consequence of this close relationship between man and freshwater systems, the majorityof impacts affecting freshwater taxa have also consequent effects on the economy and people’s livelihood.The Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)worked together for this project that aims to provide an accurate picture of the present conservation status anddistribution of Arabian freshwater species, as well as to identify the main threats that affect them and actionrequirements for their successful long term conservation.The Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi expects this document to guide conservation planning, and represent animportant step in building capacity for Red Listing and the identification of priority areas for conservation action inthe region.H.E. Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak, Secretary General of the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD).x
Acknowledgements شكر وتقدير All of IUCN’s global Red Listing processes rely on thewillingness of scientists to contribute and pool theircollective knowledge to make the most reliable estimatesof species conservation status. Without their enthusiasticcommitment to species conservation, this kind ofregional overview would not be possible. تعتمد جميع عمليات القامئة الحمراء العاملية التابعة لالتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة عىل رغبة العلامء ومساهمتهم يف جمع معرفتهم ومن . الجامعية لجعل التقديرات عن حالة حفظ األنواع أكرث مصداقية دون التزامهم وحامسهم للحفاظ عىل األنواع فإن هذە النظرة عىل . املستوى اإلقليمي مل يكن باإلمكان تحقيقها We would like to thank the following people who gavetheir time and valuable expertise to evaluate all of theassessments at the workshop held at the SenckenbergResearch Institute and Museum of Nature in Frankfurt,Germany, asking forgiveness from anyone whose name isinadvertently omitted or misspelled. ونود أن نشكر األشخاص التالية أسامؤهم الذين ضحوا بوقتهم وخربتهم الثمينة لتقييم جميع التقييامت يف ورشة العمل التي عقدت ، أملانيا / يف معهد بحوث سينكنربج ومتحف الطبيعة يف فرانكفورت ونعتذر من أي شخص مل يذكر اسمه سهوا أو احتوى اسمه عىل خطأ . إماليئ The authors of the various chapters, assessors andparticipants to the workshop: Annette Patzelt (aquaticplants), Boudjéma Samraoui (Odonata), Eike Neubert(freshwater molluscs), Fareed A. Krupp Gary R. Feulnerand Jörg Freyhof (freshwater fishes), Wolfgang Schneiderand Khaldoun Al Omari (Odonata), Nashat A. Hamidan(freshwater fishes), Neil Cumberlidge (freshwater crabs),Richard Lansdown (aquatic plants), Sabina G. Knees(aquatic plants), and Zuhair Amr (freshwater molluscs).Jean-Pierre Boudot compiled the preliminary assessmentsfor dragonflies and damselflies. ونخص بالذكر مؤلفي الفصول املختلفة واملقييّمني واملشاركني يف ورشة ) أنيت باتزلت (النباتات املائية) وبودجيام سمراوي (يعسوبيات : العمل فيولرن . كروب وغاري ر . وإيك نوبرت (رخويات املياە العذبة) وفريد ا ويورغ فرايهوف (أسامك املياە العذبة) وفولفغانغ شنايدر وخلدون العمري (يعسوبيات) ونشأت حميدان (أسامك املياە العذبة) ونيل كامربلدج (رسطانات املياە العذبة) وريتشارد النسداون (النباتات نييز (النباتات املائية) وزهري عمرو (رخويات املياە . املائية) وسابينا ج وقد قام جان بيري بودو بجمع التقييامت األولية لليعسوبيات .) العذبة . ومقرتنات األجنحة The assessment of the Arabian Peninsula biodiversity wascoordinated by Nieves García, Ian Harrison and NeilCox from the IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, ashared initiative between IUCN Global SpeciesProgramme and Conservation International. We receivedextensive expert advice and assistance from the followingIUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) SpecialistGroups: IUCN/SSC Mollusc Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC Dragonfly Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC-WetlandsInternational Freshwater Fish Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC Freshwater Crab and Crayfish Specialist Group andIUCN/SSC Freshwater Plant Specialist Group. We alsothank the IUCN Regional Office for West Asia, and inparticular Khaldoun Al Omari for his dedicated supportat the workshop. تم تنسيق تقييم التنوع البيولوجي يف الجزيرة العربية من قبل نيفيس غارسيا وإيان هاريسون ونيل كوكس من وحدة تقييم التنوع البيولوجي التابع لإلتحاد الدول لصون الطبيعة ومنظمة الحفظ وهي مبادرة مشرتكة بني الربنامج العاملي ،)IUCN-CI( الدولية ) ومنظمة الحفظ IUCN( لألنواع التابع لإلتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة كام تلقينا مشورة ومساعدة واسعة من خرباء .)CI( الدولية املجموعات املتخصصة التالية التابعة للجنة بقاء األنواع التابعة املجموعة :)SSC( لالتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة واملوارد الطبيعية املتخصصة يف الرخويات واملجموعة املتخصصة يف اليعسوبيات واملجموعة املتخصصة وهم يف أسامك املياە العذبة واملجموعة املتخصصة يف رسطان وجراد البحر املياە العذبة واملجموعة املتخصصة كام نشكر املكتب اإلقليمي لغرب آسيا التابع . يف نباتات املياە العذبة لإلتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة وعىل وجه الخصوص خلدون العمري . لدعمه املتفاين يف ورشة العمل All analysis was carried out by Marcelo Tognelli from theIUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit. The speciesdistribution maps were digitalized through the combinedefforts of the IUCN-CI Biodiversity Assessment Unitwith the technical support of Celia Navarro. Lindsay I.B. Williams and Sophie Neale from the Royal Botanic وقد أجريت جميع التحاليل من قبل مارسيلو توغنليل من وحدة تقييم التنوع البيولوجي التابع لإلتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة ومنظمة xi
تم تحويل خرائط توزيع األنواع إىل .)IUCN-CI( الحفظ الدولية خرائط رقمية من خالل تضافر جهود وحدة تقييم التنوع البيولوجي التابع لإلتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة ومنظمة الحفظ الدولية ) والدعم التقني من سيليا نافارو وقد قدمت لينديس IUCN-CI( وليامز وصويف نيل من الحديقة النباتية امللكية (ادنربە) بيانات التوزيع كام قدم مارك . الرئيسية وأنتجت خرائط لتقييم النباتات املائية . موليجان من كينجز كوليدج (لندن) بيانات عن السدود Garden Edinburgh provided key distributional data andgenerated maps for the aquatic plants assessment. MarkMulligan (King’s College London) kindly provided dataon dams from the DAMS database.We would like to thank the staff at the SenckenbergResearch Institute and Museum of Nature in Frankfurt,particularly Wolfgang Schneider, Eike Neubert, andHorst Zetzsche for providing logistical and administrativesupport and making sure the communications andevaluation workshop ran smoothly. Workshop facilitatorsin Frankfurt were Nieves García, Ian Harrison, KhaldounAlOmari. ونود أن نشكر املوظفني يف معهد سينكنربج للبحوث ومتحف الطبيعة يف فرانكفورت وخصوصا وولفجانج شنايدر وإيك نوبرت وهورست زيتيش لتوفري الدعم اللوجستي واإلداري والتأكد من سري ورشة عمل كام نود أن نشكر نيفيس غارسيا ، االتصاالت والتقييم عىل نحو سلس ميسي ورشة العمل يف ّ وإيان هاريسون وخلدون العمري ر . فرانكفورت We also would like to thank Simon Stuart, Chair ofIUCN Species Survival Commission, for his good adviceand guidance. Experienced support and advice was alsoprovided by Will Darwall, Kevin Smith and David Allen,from IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, and JohannesEls from the Breeding Center for Endangered ArabianWildlife. Meryl Cohen and Marion Salaun Fairbanksand Carly Silverman (Conservation International)provided helpful administrative assistance in planningthe budget for the project. كام نود أن نشكر ساميون ستيوارت رئيس لجنة بقاء األنواع التابعة وقد تم . لالتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة لنصائحه وتوجيهاته الجيدة تقديم الدعم واملشورة أيضا من قبل ويل داروول وكيفن سميث وديفيد ألني من وحدة التنوع البيولوجي للمياە العذبة التابعة لالتحاد الدويل لصون الطبيعة واملوارد الطبيعية ويوهانس إلس من مركز كام تم تقديم . تناسل الحياة الربية العربية املهددة باالنقراض املساعدة اإلدارية املفيدة للتخطيط مليزانية هذا املرشوع من قبل مرييل كوهني وماريون ساالون فريبانكس وكاريل سيلفرمان (منظمة .) الحفظ الدولية Ian Harrison is grateful to the Department ofIchthyology, American Museum of Natural History, NewYork for granting Research Associate status, and to thestaff of the Museum library (in particular Tom Baione[Harold Boeschenstein Direct
ARABIAN PENINSULA The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Regional Assessment. About IUCN . IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, . on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its .
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