OPERATING SYSTEMS: Lesson 1: Introduction To Operating Systems

3y ago
69 Views
2 Downloads
1.99 MB
51 Pages
Last View : 1m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Roy Essex
Transcription

OPERATING SYSTEMS:Lesson 1:Introduction to Operating SystemsJesús Carretero PérezDavid Expósito SinghJosé Daniel García SánchezFrancisco Javier García BlasFlorin IsailaOperating Systems1

Why study Operating Systems?a) OS, and its internals, largely influences generalfunctioning, including security and performance.b) Importance of OS choice in an organization ishigher and higher. Trend to strategic decision.c) Knowledge fundamental to develop applications ifgood performance is desired and to understandcauses of many problems.Operating Systems2

Understanding OS Which OS takes better advantage of a given systemcapabilities? Does the OS support all the devices I intend to connect to thecomputer? If not, what can I do? Is it secure enough for the environment it will be integratedin? Will my applications run «smoothly» on the chosen OS? Howwill my concrete workload adapt to the platform?Operating Systems3

To make the right choice Is it easy to find admins for this OS? Is administration anobscure task needing ultra-specialized personnel? What support does the OS have? Which is the updatepublishing rate? Besides cost, what future expectations does it have?Protect yourinvestmentOperating Systems4

To develop software with goodperformance Software needs OS services for may tasks.– What services does the OS offer and how do I invokethem? To take advantage of new architecturesmultithreading is essential.– How do I develop a multithreaded application for my OS?Operating Systems5

An engineer must beOPERATING SYSTEMAGNOSTICOperating Systems6

Four Components of a ComputerSystemOperating Systems7

Computer System Structure Computer system can be divided into fourcomponents– Hardware – provides basic computing resources CPU, memory, I/O devices– Operating system Controls and coordinates use of hardware among variousapplications and users– Application programs – define the ways in which thesystem resources are used to solve the computingproblems of the users Word processors, compilers, web browsers, databasesystems, video games– Users People, machines, other computersOperating Systems8

Computer System Organization Computer-system operation– One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common busproviding access to shared memory– Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memorycyclesOperating Systems9

How a Modern Computer WorksOperating Systems10

Computer-System Operation I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently Each device controller is in charge of a particulardevice type Each device controller has a local buffer CPU moves data from/to main memory to/fromlocal buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller Device controller informs CPU that it has finished itsoperation by causing an interruptOperating Systems11

Interrupt TimelineOperating Systems12

Common Functions of Interrupts Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt serviceroutine generally, through the interrupt vector, whichcontains the addresses of all the service routines Interrupt architecture must save the address of theinterrupted instruction Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interruptis being processed to prevent a lost interrupt A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused eitherby an error or a user request An operating system is interrupt drivenOperating Systems13

Interrupt Handling The operating system preserves the CPU state bystoring registers and the program counter Determines which type of interrupt has occurred. Separate segments of code determine what actionshould be taken for each type of interruptOperating Systems14

I/O Structure After I/O starts, control returns to user programonly upon I/O completion– At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, nosimultaneous I/O processing System call – request to the operating system toallow user to wait for I/O completion Device-status table contains entry for each I/Odevice indicating its type, address, and state Operating system indexes into I/O device table todetermine device status and to modify table entryto include interruptOperating Systems15

Direct Memory Access Structure Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmitinformation at close to memory speeds Device controller transfers blocks of data frombuffer storage directly to main memory without CPUintervention Only one interrupt is generated per block, ratherthan the one interrupt per byteOperating Systems16

Storage-Device HierarchyOperating Systems17

Performance of Various Levels ofStorage Movement between levels of storage hierarchy canbe explicit or implicitOperating Systems18

Migration of Integer A from Disk toRegister Multitasking environments must be careful to use mostrecent value, no matter where it is stored in the storagehierarchy Multiprocessor environment must provide cachecoherency in hardware such that all CPUs have the mostrecent value in their cacheOperating Systems19

Storage Structure Main memory – only large storage media that the CPUcan access directly Secondary storage – extension of main memory thatprovides large nonvolatile storage capacity Magnetic disks – rigid metal or glass platters coveredwith magnetic recording material– Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which aresubdivided into sectors– The disk controller determines the logical interactionbetween the device and the computerOperating Systems20

Storage Hierarchy Storage systems organized in hierarchy– Speed– Cost– Volatility Caching – copying information into faster storagesystem; main memory can be viewed as a last cachefor secondary storageOperating Systems21

Caching Important principle, performed at many levels in acomputer (in hardware, operating system, software) Information in use copied from slower to faster storagetemporarily Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine ifinformation is there– If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)– If not, data copied to cache and used there Cache smaller than storage being cached– Cache management important design problem– Cache size and replacement policyOperating Systems22

What is an Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between auser of a computer and the computer hardware Operating system goals:– Execute user programs and make solving user problemseasier– Make the computer system convenient to use– Use the computer hardware in an efficient mannerOperating Systems23

Operating System Definition OS is a resource allocator– Manages all resources– Decides between conflicting requests for efficientand fair resource use OS is a control program– Controls execution of programs to prevent errorsand improper use of the computerOperating Systems24

Operating System Definition (Cont) No universally accepted definition “Everything a vendor ships when you order anoperating system” is good approximation– But varies wildly “The one program running at all times on thecomputer” is the kernel. Everything else is either asystem program (ships with the operating system) oran application programOperating Systems25

Operating System Structure Multiprogramming needed for efficiency– Single program cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times– Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one toexecute– A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory– One job selected and run via job scheduling– When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another jobTimesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs sofrequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creatinginteractive computing– Response time should be 1 second– Each user has at least one program executing in memory [process– If several jobs ready to run at the same time [ CPU scheduling– If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run– Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memoryOperating Systems26

Response timeOperating Systems27

Memory Layout for MultiprogrammedSystemOperating Systems28

Operating-System Operations Interrupt driven by hardware Software error or request creates exception or trap– Division by zero, request for operating system service Other process problems include infinite loop, processesmodifying each other or the operating system Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself andother system components– User mode and kernel mode– Mode bit provided by hardware Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code orkernel code Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernelmode System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to userOperating Systems29

Transition from User to Kernel ModeOperating Systems30

Process Management A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system.Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity.Process needs resources to accomplish its task– CPU, memory, I/O, files– Initialization dataProcess termination requires reclaim of any reusable resourcesSingle-threaded process has one program counter specifying location ofnext instruction to execute– Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, untilcompletionMulti-threaded process has one program counter per threadTypically a system has many processes, some users, some operatingsystem running concurrently on one or more CPUs– Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes / threadsOperating Systems31

Process Management ActivitiesThe operating system is responsible for the followingactivities in connection with process management: Creating and deleting both user and systemprocesses Suspending and resuming processes Providing mechanisms for process synchronization Providing mechanisms for process communication Providing mechanisms for deadlock handlingOperating Systems32

Memory Management All data in memory before and after processing All instructions in memory in order to execute Memory management activities– Keeping track of which parts of memory are currentlybeing used and by whom– Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data tomove into and out of memory– Allocating and deallocating memory space as neededOperating Systems33

Storage Management OS provides uniform, logical view of informationstorage– Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file– Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tapedrive) Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-transferrate, access method (sequential or random) File-System management– Files usually organized into directories– Access control on most systems to determine who canaccess what– OS activities include Creating and deleting files and directoriesPrimitives to manipulate files and dirsMapping files onto secondary storageBackup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage mediaOperating Systems34

Mass-Storage Management Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memoryor data that must be kept for a “long” period of timeProper management is of central importanceEntire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem andits algorithmsOS activities– Free-space management– Storage allocation– Disk schedulingSome storage need not be fast– Tertiary storage includes optical storage, magnetic tape– Still must be managed– Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times) and RW(read-write)Operating Systems35

I/O Subsystem One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities ofhardware devices from the user I/O subsystem responsible for– Memory management of I/O including buffering (storingdata temporarily while it is being transferred), caching(storing parts of data in faster storage for performance),spooling (the overlapping of output of one job with inputof other jobs)– General device-driver interface– Drivers for specific hardware devicesOperating Systems36

Protection and Security Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes orusers to resources defined by the OS Security – defense of the system against internal and externalattacks– Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identitytheft, theft of service Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine whocan do what– User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and associatednumber, one per user– User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user todetermine access control– Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined andcontrols managed, then also associated with each process, file– Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with morerightsOperating Systems37

Conceptual structure Execution modes:– User mode: Executes user processes.– Kernel mode: Executes the OS kernel. Processes and OS use separate memory spaces. When a process needs a service requests it to theOS through a system call.– The Operating System enters execution to performrequested function.Operating Systems38

edClient/ServerModularOperating Systems39

Monolitic OS No clear or well defined structure. All the OS code linked into a single executable running inkernel mode.– Single address space.– No data hiding among modules. More efficient at the cost of very complex development andmaintenance. Examples:– All OS until ’80, including UNIX.– MS-DOS and current UNIX variants: Solaris, Linux, AIX, HP-UX,.Operating Systems40

Layered OS Organization as a set of layers with clear and well defined interfaces. Each layer on top of lower layer. Advantates:– Modularity.– Data hiding.– Better development and debugging. Less efficient due to need to cross many layers to perform an operation. Difficult to distribute OS functions into layers. Examples:– MacOS X kernel– OS/2Operating Systems41

Client/Server approach Most services as user processes with a small amount of functioality into amicrokernel. Advantages: Very flexible. Each server can be developed and debugged in isolation. Easily extensible to a distributed model Drawbacks: Overhead in services execution. Examples: Minix y Amoeba (Tanenbaum) Mac OS and Windows NT. However services executed in kernel space for performance reasons.Operating Systems42

Modular oooo Most modern operating systems implement kernel modulesUses object-oriented approachEach core component is separateEach talks to the others over known interfacesEach is loadable as needed within the kernelOverall, similar to layers but with more flexibleOperating Systems43

Classifications Number of processes: Single-Task. Multitaks. Interaction Mode: Interactive. Batch. Number of processors: Monoprocessor. Multiprocessor. Threading: Monothread. Multithread. uses: Client. Server. Embedded. Real-Time. Number of users: Monouser. Multiuser.Operating Systems44

OS startup OS starts up whe computer is switched on.– Initially in secondary storage.– How does it come to main memory?– How des it start execution after being loaded?Operating Systems45

PhasesROMBootOSLoaderOSresidentpartOperating SystemsNormalexecution46

Computer Startup bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot– Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known asfirmware– Initializes all aspects of system– Loads operating system kernel and starts executionOperating Systems47

ROM boot RESET signal loads predefined values in registers.– PC: boot address in room boot. Start running ROM boot:– System hardware test.– Load into memory to OS loader.Operating Systems48

OS loader Program loader is in disk boot sector. Responsible for loading the rest of the OS. Verifies the magic word in boot sector.Operating Systems49

Generating the OS OS designed for a complete class of machines with severalvariants of configurations and many supported devices. Need to generate OS copy based on characteristics of specificmachine configuration. Generation performed during initial installation.GenericOSGenerationOperating SystemsSpecificOS50

OPERATING SYSTEMS:Lesson 1:Introduction to Operating SystemsJesús Carretero PérezDavid Expósito SinghJosé Daniel García SánchezFrancisco Javier García BlasFlorin IsailaOperating Systems51

Operating Systems Why study Operating Systems? a) OS, and its internals, largely influences general functioning, including security and performance. b) Importance of OS choice in an organization is higher and higher. Trend to strategic decision. c) Knowledge fundamental to develop applications if good performance is desired and to understand

Related Documents:

4 Step Phonics Quiz Scores Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Lesson 13 Lesson 14 Lesson 15 . Zoo zoo Zoo zoo Yoyo yoyo Yoyo yoyo You you You you

Participant's Workbook Financial Management for Managers Institute of Child Nutrition iii Table of Contents Introduction Intro—1 Lesson 1: Financial Management Lesson 1—1 Lesson 2: Production Records Lesson 2—1 Lesson 3: Forecasting Lesson 3—1 Lesson 4: Menu Item Costs Lesson 4—1 Lesson 5: Product Screening Lesson 5—1 Lesson 6: Inventory Control Lesson 6—1

Lesson 41 Day 1 - Draft LESSON 42 - DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH Lesson 42 Day 1 - Revise Lesson 42 Day 1 - Final Draft Lesson 42 - Extra Practice LESSON 43 - EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH Lesson 43 Day 1 - Brainstorm Lesson 43 Day 1 - Organize Lesson 43 Day 1 - Draft LESSON 44 - EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH Lesson 44 Day 1 - Revise

iii UNIT 1 Lesson 1 I’m studying in California. 1 Lesson 2 Do you have anything to declare? 5 Lesson 3 From One Culture to Another 8 UNIT 2 Lesson 1 You changed, didn’t you? 13 Lesson 2 Do you remember . . . ? 17 Lesson 3 Women’s Work 20 UNIT 3 Lesson 1 We could have an international fall festival! 25 Lesson 2 You are cordially invited. 29 Lesson 3 Fall Foods 32 UNIT 4 Lesson 1 Excuses .

For Children 4-7 Years Old Series 6 Old Testament: Genesis From Creation to the Patriarchs Lesson 1 Creation Lesson 2 Adam and Eve Lesson 3 Cain and Abel Lesson 4 Noah and the Ark Lesson 5 Abraham’s Call Lesson 6 Isaac – The Son of Promise Lesson 7 Isaac and Rebekah Lesson 8 Jacob and Esau Lesson 9 Jacob Marries Rachel Lesson 10 Jacob is .

Contents Preface 4 Lesson 1 What Is Wisdom? 14 Lesson 2 Wisdom and Foolishness 27 Lesson 3 The Example of Wise Men 40 Lesson 4 Our Home Life 55 Lesson 5 Honoring Our Parents 71 Lesson 6 Freedom and Responsibility 85 Lesson 7 How Attitudes Affect Actions 102 Lesson 8 Right Attitudes About Myself 117 Lesson 9 Good Friends and Bad Friends 130 Lesson 10 Choosing the Right Friends 140

Lesson Plan). The lesson plan (sometimes also called lesson note) is included both Type A and Type B. The format of the lesson plan is the same as the standard lesson plan that Ghana Education Service (GES) provides. The sample lesson plans of Type A also contain “lesson plan with teaching hints” on the next page of the standard lesson plan.

Lesson 3.3 –Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers Lesson 3.1 – Khan Academy Lesson 3.2 –Khan Academy Lesson 3.3 – Khan Academy 4 8/27 – 8/31 Module 1 and 3 Test Lesson 9.1 –Exponents Lesson 9.3 – Order of Operations Lesson 17.1 and 17.2—Adding Integers Lesson 9.1 – Khan Academy Lesson 9.3 – Khan Academy