Plant Biology Basics
2. E3 Plant Biology Basics1
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationGymnosperms Nonflowering plants includingconifers.Needle-leaved or scaleleaved, mainly evergreen,cone-bearing trees andshrubs including pines,spruces, junipersand firs.2
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationAngiospermsfloweringplantsM onocotsmonocotyledons,one seed leafDicotsdicotyledons, twoseed leaves3
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationWoody plants have basic stem structures thatare perennial with annual growth rings.IncludeTrees are defined as single stem plants greaterthan 20 feet tall.Shrubs are defined as multi-stem plants lessthan 20 feet tall.4
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationWoody plants have basicstem structures that areperennial with annualgrowth rings visible in across section of the stem.IncludeProduce new xylem layerseach year5
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationHerbaceous plants.Any plant with a nonwoody stem that diesback to the roots inwinter, hostas, begonias,daylilies.6
Short SummaryFlowering plants are angiosperms.Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants includingconifers.The two types of angiosperms are monocots anddicots.Woody plants have basic stem structures that areperennial with annual growth rings.7
Quick QuestionsWhat is the basic definition of a tree?A single stem plant m ore than 20 feet tall.What is the basic definition of a shrub?A m ultistem plant less than 20 feet tall.A woody plant produces a new xylem layer?Every year8
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationScientific and common namesSpecific plants can have several common namesbut only one scientific name in LatinIn scientific classification the scientific name is abinomial, two parts, consisting of:Genus, a capitalized Latin name. In taxonomy, aunit above species and below familyspecies, a non-capitalized Latin name,In print, the Latin Genus and species names areitalicized , such as Hom o sapiens.
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationGenusSpeciesCommon NameAcerrubrumRed mapleViburnum trilobumAmerican Highbush Cranberry10
Plant Biology Basics, Plant ClassificationCultivars, varieties, and hybridsCultivar is a contraction of ‘cultivated variety’Always capitalized, set off with single quotes or theabbreviation cv. Produced by human selection.Variety is a naturally occurring variation of a plant.Preceded by var. and italicized.Hybrid is a cross of two or more species or cultivars.Hybrids can occur naturally, as shown in Acer xFreem anii , or through plant breeding.11
Plant Biology Basics, Plant thosTiliaamericana‘Boulevard’AcerX (the Xdenotes ahybrid cross)‘freemanii’MalusX‘PrariefireVariety CommonNamevar.inermis‘Boulevard’lindenFreeman maplePrariefirecrabapple12
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsThe cell is the basic building block for plants. Site ofall physiological processes that are associated withgrowth.Tissues are groups of cells related in structure or byfunction.Plant organs include: stems, leaves, roots, andreproduction. Each organ has a characteristic formand performs a major function in the plant.13
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsThe stemAttachment point for leaves, flowers,and fruit.Path, containing the xylem and phloemconductive tissues, for transport ofcarbohydrates, water, minerals and forapplied pesticides.14
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsThe stemNodes and internodesThe point of attachment for the leaf iscalled the node.The space between two nodes is theinternode.Buds embryonic stems enclosed in scalelike leaves called bud scales.15
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsBud scale scars. Scales form protective coveringsover immature leaves and sensitive growing tips(buds) at the outer most points of branches.Scars are left behind when the scales from lastyear's terminal bud dropped off as new leavesexpanded in the spring and the twig grewthroughout the season.”16
Short SummaryIn MN turf grass is classed a cool-seasonspecies.In scientific classification the scientific name isa binomial, consisting of Genus and species.Cultivar is a contraction for cultivated variety.Cultivar names are set of with single quotes andthe first letter is capitalized.17
Quick QuestionsHow many scientific names are there for singlespecies?OneName some plant organsStem s, leaves, roots, and reproductiveWhat is the attachment point for a leaf on astem?A node18
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsThe current year’sgrowth is thedistance from theterminal bud to andthe first set of budscale scars.Buds along thestem are calledlateral or axillarybuds.19
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsMeristems are rapidly growing plant tissue.Apical meristems at the growing tip of the shoot.Secondary meristems also called lateralmeristems, increase diameter.Marginal meristems are located near nodes andareas of leaf attachment. They are common inmonocots like grasses and regenerate the grassleaf blade after cutting.20
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsMeristems21
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsXylem and phloem are the two types of plantconductive tissue.Xylem conducts water and dissolved mineralsfrom the roots upward only.Xylem is also referred to as sapwood.Translocation is the movement of water andnutrients through the organs of the plant.22
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsPhloemPhloem conductssugars and othermetabolic productsare translocatedfrom the leaves.Movement isupward anddownward23
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsXylemGirdling is removal of a stripof bark including phloem,cambium , and sometimespart of the xylem.24
Plant Biology Basics, Plant Parts25
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsCambium The cambium is a layer or zone of cells, one cellthick, inside the inner bark. The cambium produces both the xylem andphloem cells. This is where diameter growth occurs andwhere rings and inner bark are formed.26
Short SummaryXylem conducts water and minerals upward.Phloem conducts sugars upwards and downwards.The cambium produces xylem and phloem cells.27
Quick QuestionsWhat are the two plant conducting tissuesXylem and phloemWhat occurs in regions of Meristems?R apidly grow ing plant tissueWhere does diameter growth occur?I n the cam bium28
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsLeavesA simple leaf Blade Petiole Stipule29
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsLeavesLeaf types:1. A sim ple leaf has one attachpoint to the stem.2. Com pound leaves have two ormore leaflets arising from theattachment point to the stem.30
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsLeaf arrangementsOppositeAlternateWhorled31
Plant Biology BasicsLeavesThe epidermis the outer partof the leaf covered by a waxycuticle.The area between the upperand lower epidermis is themesophyll.The mesophyll has veins thatcontain xylem and phloem,chloroplasts forphotosynthesis and air spacesfor gas exchange.32
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsLeavesThe stomata provide pointsfor gas exchange and permitthe movement of watervapor.Guard cells regulate thefunction of the stomata,opening and closing for gasexchange.Cuticle the outermost layerof the upper and lowerepidermis.33
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsLeavesWhen applying contact herbicides the leaves arethe primary target.Epidermis an outer protective layer or layers ofcells in the leaves covered with waxy layers calledthe cuticleThe cuticle can affect the ability of pesticides topenetrate the plant.34
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsRootsThe root is an organ.Roots anchor and support the plant.Stores carbohydrates from the leaves to betranslocated through the plant for spring growth.35
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsRootsTranslocation is the movement of water andnutrients through the organs of the plant.Plant organs includeRootsStemsLeaves36
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsRoot systemsRoot systems most turfgrasses andcommon nursery plants have afibrous root system as opposed to ataprootTaproot, one main root from whichbranch roots extend. Tap rootspenetrate deeper into the soil thefibrous roots.Fibrous roots, many branchingroots.37
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsRhizomeAn underground stem that spreads to producenew aboveground shoots.Many invasive plants have rhizomes.Some rhizomes have thickened areas forstorage e.g. potato. The potato tuber istechnically a modified underground stemproduced at the tip of a rhizome.38
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsRhizomesExamples ofrhizomatous plantsa. Lily of the valleyb. Quackgrass39
Plant Biology Basics, PartsThe function of the flowers isto attract pollinators.Flower the reproductive organof angiospermsTypical flower partsPistil is the female part of theflower.Stamens are the male partsof flowers.There are perfect, monoecious,dioecous plants.40
Short SummaryThe epidermis is a protective layer of cellscovered by the cuticle.The cuticle can affect the ability of pesticidesto penetrate the plant.The mesophyll is a layer between the upperand lower epidermis containing chlorophyll.The rhizome is an underground stem.41
Quick QuestionsWhat are the two types of root systems?Taproot and fibrousWhat is translocation?The m ovem ent of w ater and nutrients throughthe organs of the plantWhat are the two leaf types?Sim ple and com pound42
Plant Biology Basics, PartsTypical flower partsSepals are modified leaves,usually green, that surroundthe petals.Petals are showy, white orcolored to attractpollinators.43
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsAdventitious rootsAdventitious roots arise fromcertain stem tissue if separatedfrom the plant or if injury occurs44
Plant Biology Basics, Plant PartsFruit and seedIn botany fruit means aripened ovary.Seed consists ofSeed coatdormant embryoStored food ccalledendosperm.45
Plant Biology Basics, Growth CyclesGrowth CyclesPlants are classified by their life cycles and growthhabits.Plant TypeGrowth CycleAnnual 1 yearBiennial 1 and 2 yearsPerennial 2 years46
Plant Biology Basics, Growth CyclesGrowth cyclesAnnual. A plant thatcompletes its lifecycle in oneyear. e.g., cereal grains,marigolds, petunias, etc.Winter annuals germinate inearly winter and bloom inlate winter or spring47
Plant Biology Basics, Growth CyclesBiennial. A plant are plantthat requires two growingseasons to complete its lifecycle.During the first year theplants undergo vegetativegrowth and often produce arosette. e.g., foxgloves,hollyhocks, and garlicmustard.48
Plant Biology Basics, Growth CyclesGrowth cyclesPerennial A plant that survives from year to year.Perennials can be herbaceous e.g., hostas or woody e.g.,maple, pines, rhododendrons. Woody perennials arecategorized based on height and growth habit.Deciduous plants loose their leaves at the end of eachgrowing season.Conifers loose their old needles every 3 years.49
Short SummaryThe pistil is the female part of the flower.The stamen is the male part of the flower.Adventitious roots arise from stem tissue.In botany, fruit means ripened ovary.50
Quick QuestionsWhat is the growth cycle of an annual?An annual com pletes its life cycle in oneyearWhat is the growth cycle of a biennial?A biennial goes through tw o grow ingseasons.What is the growth cycle of a perennial?A perennial live through m ore than tw ogrow ing seasons.51
Plant Biology Basics, ReproductionSexual ReproductionHybrid vigor the tendency of a crossbred individualto show characteristics superior to both parentsPlant growth and development involves manychemical and physiological processes, which arecontrolled by environmental factors such as: lightwater, temperature, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.52
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowSeed germinationThe embryo utilizes food stored in the cotyledonsand endosperm, water, oxygen, a requiredtemperature range , and sometimes light togerminate. If the conditions are met the seedling isnow self-sustaining.53
Plant Biology Basics, ReproductionSexual ReproductionPollination. The sexual propagation of a plant,resulting when pollen (sperm) enters the pistil(ovary) of a flower.Sexual propagation combines the characteristicsof the parents resulting in an hybrid offspringdifferent from each parent.Sexual reproduction is an integral part of theprocess of evolution.54
Plant Biology Basics, ReproductionAsexual ReproductionNew plants can be startedfrom adventitious root orshoot pieces cuttings.Stolons are stems on the topof the ground that formadventitious roots at nodesand are called runners,strawberriesRhizomes are undergroundstems that form adventitiousroots at nodes and are calledpips, lily of the valley, iris.55
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowPhotosynthesisThe process by which green plants use sunlight tosynthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.56
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Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowAerobic Respiration is the process by which theplant releases energy from stored sugars andstarch.It is called aerobic because oxygen from the air isrequired.Plants constantly undergo aerobic respiration.58
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowGrowth occurs through cell division, cellenlargement, and cell differentiation.Cell division occurs in the root and shootmeristems increasing above ground heightand the root system.59
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowMeristemsApical meristems found in growing tips produceelongationSecondary or lateral meristems found in stemsproduce increase in diameterMarginal meristems forming leaf blades—regenerate plant parts lost to activities such asmowing60
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowCell divisionThe first stage of cell growth is cell division. CellDivision occurs in the marginal meristems andproducesLeavesBudsAdventitious roots61
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowThe second stage of plant growth is cell elongation. Cellscan enlarge in all dimensions but also can enlarge in ondimension resulting in elongation (length) or diameter(girth).The third stage of plant growth is cell differentiation.Differentiation in plants refers to the processes by whichdistinct cell types arise from precursor cells and becomedifferent from each other. The structure or function ofdifferentiated cells are specialized for a particularfunction.62
Short SummaryWhat is hybrid vigor?Hybrid vigor is the tendency of a hybrid to showcharacteristics superior to both parents .What is pollination?P ollination is the sex ual propagation of aplant.What increases the diameter of a plant?Cell division and enlargem ent63
Quick QuestionsHow does growth occur?Through cell division, elongation andifferentiationWhere does elongation occur?Elongation occurs at the apical m eristem s.What is aerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration is the release of energy fromstored sugars and starches.64
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowPlant growth hormones are substances producedby the plant to regulate and control its growth.These chemicals are active at very lowconcentrations and can be translocated fromwhere they are produced to where they areneeded.65
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowPlant growth eAir66
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowNutrientsThere are three primary nutrients, also calledm acronutrients , nitrogen, phosphorus, andpotassium.Nitrogen has a major role in plant growth,development and is responsible for the darkgreen plant color67
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowGenerally nitrogen-containing fertilizer will beused to sustain vigorous growthNitrate nitrogen which is soluble and not tightlybound by the soil. In sandy soil or with excessivemoisture nitrates can leach below the root zoneor converted to a gas and be lost to theatmosphere.Ammonium nitrogen can be converted to gas andbe lost to volatilization.68
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowNutrientsPhosphorus is important for early root growth andvigor.Minnesota adopted a phosphorus lawn fertilizerlaw to prevent excess phosphorous in turfapplications from polluting ground waters.69
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowNutrientsPotassium is important for plant growth andsurvival. Potassium helps the plant tolerate heatand cold stress. Potassium deficiencies in soilcan lead to higher incidence of diseases, reducedtolerance to environmental stress, and morepest problems.Potassium movement in soil varies by soil type,coarse texture soils are most prone to potassiumleaching.70
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowSecondary macro-nutrientsSecondary macro-nutrients may be may beavailable in some soils but may need to besupplemented in other soils.CalciumMagnesiumSulfur71
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowMicronutrientsmicronutrients are found in lower quantities inplant tissues. The essential micronutrients area Boron Chlorine Copper Iron Manganese Molybdenum Zinc Nickel?72
Short SummaryNitrogen has the primary role in plant growthand development.Too much or too little water stresses plantsand increases pressure from pests anddiseases.Soil testing will help determine the need formacro-nutrients, secondary macro nutrients,and the need for supplemental fertilizer.73
Quick QuestionsWhat are the three macronutrients need byplants?Nitrogen, P hosphorus and potassiumWhat are the two types of nitrogen in fertilizer?Nitrate and am m onium nitrogenWhat is relative humidity?The m easure of the am ount of m oisture in air.74
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Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowLightLight is required for photosynthesis .Different plant species have differentrequirements for the number of hours of sunlightrequired for optimal growth.76
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowTemperatureTemperature influences a number of plantprocesses such as blooming and dormancy.Germination is directly related to temperature.Low soil temperatures limit nutrient and otherchemical uptake.Soil temperatures can also be used to determinethe timing of preemergence herbicides andfertilizers.77
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowAirAir is required for aerobic respiration of all plantcells.Air circulation and soil aeration are important.Wind can damage or dry out plants.Greenhouses require ventilation.78
Plant Biology Basics, How Plants GrowSelective herbicidesSelective herbicides control certain types of plants.The herbicide 2,4-D will control broad leaf weedsdicots, but not grasses, monocots. Other selectiveherbicides will control grasses.Broadleaf plants have broad, flattened leaves withnetted veins, dandelions and roses .79
Plant Biology Basics, Influences onPesticide Application SuccessGrowth cycleKnowledge of the plant growth cycle is useful inselecting when weeds are the most susceptible toherbicide application.Applying herbicide to an annual weed that hasalready gone to seed is ineffective.80
Plant Biology Basics, Influences onPesticide Application SuccessGrowth cycleSelect a time when weeds are the most susceptibleto herbicide application.Applying herbicide to an annual weed that hasalready gone to seed is ineffective.Some weeds best controlled prior to emergence.Track soil temperatures to determine when crabgrass reaches , 55 degrees F, the temperature forgermination.81
Plant Biology Basics, Influences onPesticide Application SuccessLeaf penetrationSome leaf shapes have a larger surface area whichprovides more area for herbicide penetrationIf the cuticle of the leaf epidermis is waxy, theherbicide contact/penetration will be reduced.Surfactants may improve leaf absorption82
Plant Biology Basics, Influences onPesticide Application SuccessTargets for herbicidesMeristems are areas of active growth and aretherefore good targets for herbicides.Systemic pesticides will be translocated togrowing points where they will cause the mostinjury.83
Plant Biology Basics, Influences onPesticide Application SuccessPesticide Transportation and TranslocationPesticides can enter plants below ground throughthe roots and above ground through the leaves.Since plants store food as carbohydrates the besttime for pesticide treatment for many perennials isin the fall when plants are translocating herbicidesto the roots. This helps with long term control.84
Short SummaryLight is required for photosynthesis.If the cuticle of the leaf epidermis is waxy, theherbicide contact/penetration will be reduced.Broadleaf plants have broad, fattened leaves withnetted veins.Pesticides can enter plants below ground through theroots and above ground through the leaves.85
Quick QuestionsWhen is the best time to apply a herbicide toperennials?I n the fall w hen plants are storing carbohydrates .What is the soil temperature when crab grassshould be treated with herbicide?55 degrees F86
cone-bearing trees and shrubs including pines, spruces, junipers . and firs. 2 . Plant Biology Basics, Plant Classification. Angiosperms flowering plants . 3 . Plants are classified by their life cycles and growth habits. Growth Cycles . Plant Biology Basics, Growth Cycles .
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