Rtpal J962 - Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission

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DistinguishingThe Troutof Pennsylvania(Family—Salmonidae )ByJACK MILLER and KEEN BUSSFishery BiologistsBenner Spring Fish Research StationPennsylvania Fish CommissionA H E R E are four species of trout in Pennsylvania—the brown trout, the rainbow trout, the brook trout andthe lake trout. T h e brook trout and possibly the laketrout are native to Pennsylvania. In the late 19th century lake trout were planted in many lakes in the northeastern portion of the state, and the current stocks mayhave originated from these plantings. The brown troutare made up of many strains imported from Europe.T h e rainbow trout originated from the Pacific drainageof the west coast of the United States.T h e variations in color within the species are verystriking due to heredity, water factors, foods, physicalconditions and hatchery stocks. It is said that some ofthe present brook trout strain reared in the hatcheriesoriginated from Canada, via the Trexler Hatchery inAllentown, about 1916.All trout reared in the hatcheries today are fallspawners but originally the rainbow trout spawned inthe spring. Hatchery selection has moved their spawning time to early fall.Wild trout lay their eggs in gravel depressions calledredds which are formed by the actions of the female'sfins and body. After the eggs are fertilized they arecovered with gravel by the female and the parents haveno more to do with the eggs or young. Mortality is highamong young trout because they exist in a helpless stateas sac-fry for a long period of time, depending on thewater temperature.The trout, which is a member of the salmon family,has one characteristic which is not present in manyfishes. This structural difference is the presence of theadipose fin, the fatty fin without rays which is foundbetween the dorsal and caudal fins.T h e brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)is probablythe most beautiful of the native fishes. The back isolive-green, mottled with dark gray overmarkings. Thiscolor pattern is carried through on the dorsal fin. Thecolor on the sides grade to lighter shades on the bellyThe red spots on the sides, when present, have bluehalos. Maximum length in Pennsylvania is about 20inches.The lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)is not common in Pennsylvania but does provide fishing for enthusiasts in a few lakes in the northeastern portion ofthe state and has been introduced into northwesternPennsylvania in recent years. The color and the markings on the back are somewhat similar to the brooktrout with its mottled pattern. The sides are spottedwith light yellow or whitish spots but no red spots arepresent. This is a fish of comparatively cold, deep lakesIt does not run up streams to spawn, but spawns onshoals within the lake. Maximum length reported inPennsylvania is about 32 inches.The name of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) impliesthe color. The back is dark brown grading to a lightershade on the sides. It usually has large black spots andmay have reddish orange spots with paler halos aroundthem. Maximum size in Pennsylvania is about 30 inches.The rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gets its namefrom the horizontal pink stripe on its sides. W h e n firstcaught, this band reflects the light and gives the trout arainbow pattern. Numerous small black spots are foundon the sides, the back, and on the dorsal and caudal fins.Maximum size in Pennsylvania is about 30 inches.PENNSYLVANIAANGLER

Distinguishing the Trout of PennsylvaniaBr»ok Trout' Front edge of pectoral fin margined in white.* Usually red spots on yellow spots on body.3- Tail square.Br Wn Trout' Pectoral fins not margined in white.2- Scattered dark spots on body, usually interspersed with red or yellow.3. Body has brown color tone.* Tail with no spots or few scattered spots onupper tail.Ra'mbow Trout' Pectoral fins not margined in white.' Usually many small black spots on body,never red spots.* Body greenish, adults usually with pinkishlateral stripe.4- Tail heavily spotted.Lake Trout1. Never red spots, but yellow spots sometimes present.2. Tail forked.*PRIL- 1962

By DAVID GUNSTONDO FISH TALK? Most people—especially anglers—would smile at the suggestion. But is it so improbableas it sounds ?After all, most other creatures have some form ofcommunication with their own kind. Even the so-calleddumbest animal can produce some form of noise attimes, notably during courtship and mating, even if onlya faint piping or grunt or snort. We know now thateven bees talk by fanning their wings at one anotherat variable speeds and pitch.Whales, long thought to be completely silent creatures, are now known to grunt and groan and makeclicking noises under water, while recent work ondolphins has proved beyond any doubt that they arehighly intelligent animals that are most voluble; conversing continually among their own kind with a startling repertoire of quacks, clicks and whistlings. In fact,dolphin language is at this moment being seriouslystudied by phonetics experts in America who hope tolearn it themselves and, eventually, to teach captivedolphins something of our own form of speech.Will men ever similarly set out to study fish talk?The chances are that they will, for it seems fairly certain that fish can and do produce quite a lot of noises,intended primarily as a means of communication withother fish of their own kind, in short, as talk.There are two prerequisites for any form of talk:the ability to hear it, and the need to make it. In fishboth these requirements are present. All fish can hear,if in a different way to ourselves. And almost all fishneed to be in some form of touch with each other, notonly during their breeding season, but also for keepingin shoals, migrating together and moving towards foodtogether.Fish possess an internal ear provided with the usualtubules and the same liquid-filled spaces as are foundin other animals, including ourselves. But they haveno external, visible ears and also—most importantly—no aperture in the head to connect the internal ear withthe outside world, as have whales and dolphins.Yet in all animals this inner ear has two functions:to hear with, and to maintain balance. It is this latterfunction which a fish's inner ear is believed to servemost.For fish are more complex creatures than we tendto imagine. Take, for instance, their lateral line, in verymany species a single grooved line running along eitherside of the body from head to tail, and containing various sense organs. This line acts as a device for detect-iing variations of water pressure, and its owner cottMhardly get along without it.The lateral line of many fish has regular perforationsand beneath it lies a shallow canal containing sense cell*and nerve endings. With the constant aid of these thefish can tell even in complete underwater darkness ho near it is to bank or rock or other obstacle, how closeit is to other fish in the shoal or swimming close bfithe exact temperature of the water and its rate of flowIt is also probable that a fish can similarly registervibrations entering the water that are more or lessalien to its habitat—like the screws of a passing shipor motorboat, footfalls on the river or lakeside bank'even an angler knocking out his pipe on the side o»his boat!It is also most likely that the lateral line augmentsthe fairly simple ear most fish possess by providing it5owner with a lot of information about the doings andintentions of its neighbors in the water, including asensitive reaction to the movements of a fin or tailclose to it, as when perch are grouped in a school.Thus equipped for the detection of sounds and vibr»'tions in and near the water in which it lives, a fish mustalso possess some means of producing talk itself. No*although the harsh "bark" of a landed conger eel andthe so-called "breathing sounds" of certain fish likecarp are not true fishy voices, being merely air-con'ducted noises caused by the sudden expulsion of theoxygen and nitrogen gas from the fish's swim-bladder,many fish have the physical equipment for making'sounds which clearly has no other purpose.It will be realized that although water is a much morepositive conductor of sound-waves than air, the soundsof fishy talk are different to those we ourselves hear &the air. With its ear (and lateral line) already in thewater, a fish can register the sound vibrations traveling'towards it immediately in the liquid inside its own earIt does not have to effect the change from sound-wavesin the air, as our ears do. So what with changing waterpressures and currents and temperatures, plus the fairlyconstant "din" set up under water by almost all swim'ming creatures, from shrimps to sharks, a fish's hearingis probably more sensitive and more selective than weimagine. For the all-pervading hush of the underwaterworld is, as we now firmly know, a complete myth, aswartime asdic and sonar operations proved. There arealways plenty of noises beneath the surface, and theyare largely made by fish.Some fish have scraping devices for making subPENNSYLVANIAANGLER

arine conversation, others are equipped with specialaptations of the swim-bladder that can produce water0rne signals. It is a remarkable fact that certain fishcan vibrate their swim-bladders in the water so that" und-waves emanate from them, to be picked up byller fish at some distance. For instance, the spottedatnsh has a couple of springy projections on the front ts swim-bladder and their action, aided by specialluscles, causes a violent vibration of the bladder. Ash taken out of the water has been known to produceanoise audible a hundred feet away.Sticklebacks can produce a scraping sound by rubbinglebottom of one of their dorsal spines against a bone,*hile the miller's thumb (that flat-headed, slimy littlesh found in many spring-fed Pennsylvania troutYearns) similarly rubs a spine against its gill cover. he Indian catfish scrapes its dorsal fin up and down" e serrated surface of part of its backbone and makesl lu te a noise in this way on occasion, when it feels incllned. A similar sound is made when the common suns'1 grates its upper throat teeth against the lower.There are even fish with combined "voices" ofMechanical scrapers and swim-bladder amplifiers. Therumming trigger fish creates a frictional noise with its nes and then broadcasts the sound via its swimladder. That curious fish, the croaker (so commonalong the Atlantic coast), probably makes its odd spawn g cry in like manner, for even when produced fiftyeetbelow the surface, it can be heard in the air byluman beings. There is a possibility too, that in someotthe spiny fish, the sharp grating sounds may beEarning notes, intended to frighten off attackers.Many other fish undoubtedly produce distinctive talkJ contractions or vibrations of the swim-bladder, inaway We do not fully understand, any more than athemoment we are still not sure just how dolphinsniake their clicks and quacks. For no water creaturesPossess vocal chords as we know them.Whales and dolphins and perhaps fish also are susPected of being able to find objects in the dark depthsotthe ocean, where the only known clue to their ability0do so is their sensitivity to waves of ultrasonic freSllency, bounced back to their hearing equipment, radarashion. Although just how they detect the direction ofasound under water at any frequency is still undecided. But this explanation alone does not explain why fishno all mobile water creatures need to make a noise,0talk. Sending out a single continuous "pulse" fors nic perception is one thing, but creating a variety ofUriderwater noises recognizable only to other fish of theame kind is quite another. From our experience withCaptive dolphins and sharks we know that solitary cap1Ves tend to be mostly silent, whereas two or three or"ore confined together become immediately voluble.Cle arly, then, fish talk among themselves, often atPerhaps a basic level of communication, but to a rigidPattern that makes sociability in the shoal or groupasy, breeding untrammelled by distance, darkness ors litariness, and life not quite so dull and simple asItllght be supposed.4PRIL-1962

TWO GREAT ANGLERSDEPARTSparse Grey HaekleI N RECENT months, the sport of fly-fishing has beendeprived of two of its greatest figures, George M. L.LaBranche and Preston J. Jennings. LaBranche createdthe distinctive American school of dry-fly-fishing andJennings was the pioneer in American stream entomology for fishermen.It is notable that the British were producing soundbooks about the water insects, which are important tothe fly-fisherman, nearly a hundred years before wewere, in America. The explanation is simple. Untilthe brown trout supplanted the speckled brook troutin the warming waters of the Delaware watershed, about1912, there had been no need for an American streamentomology because the brook trout was a meat-eatereasily caught on any fast-moving, gaudy lure and therewas no need for the American fly-fisherman to studystream insects. He stuck to his wet Royal Coachman,brown or gray hackle, Parmachenee Belle or SilverDoctor regardless of the natural insect on the water,and did all right.The brown trout was a horse of a very differentcolor. He proved to be an insect-eater, never whollyforsaking this diet even when he grew large. He wascynical, suspicious and sharp-eyed; and if the angler'sfly didn't resemble the brown trout's natural food ofthe moment, there would be no sale rung up on thecash register.First the American angler turned to English flieswhich imitated the natural insects, and then to theEnglish method of fishing them, dry fly. Neither wasworth a hoot; our insects were not only different fromthose in England but we had far, far more differentkinds, although far fewer in numbers; and the dry-flymethod of the chalk streams—waiting until a fish cameon the feed and then casting to it a floating imitationof the natural it was taking—wasn't suited to ourrough, turbulent streams, smaller fish population andscanty fly life.LaBranche found out what to do about it. He foundthat a natural insect could be imitated effectively, notnecessarily by copying its size, shape and color (although he never denied that it helped if these werecorrect), but by its proper action. He shifted theemphasis from the fly itself to the way in which itwas used—its presentation, which involved, in his own8words, "the position of the fly on the water" (i.e., "the same current that was bringing food to the fisWfand "its action" (its completely unhampered natu* float as it came down on the current). Furthermoresince our streams are, typically, too rough for tneJfisherman to detect a fish even when it is feedi ng, Wfished in every spot where experience and judgme11'told him there ought to be a fish; as the English p utit, he fished the water rather than the rise. And I ecarried this to the length of "creating a hatch"—cM ceiving the fish into the belief that a hatch of natm*insects was beginning—by making as many as fift).consecutive, perfect casts to one spot.It might be noted in passing that perhaps LaBranchetook advantage of an optical law of which he wasfl then aware, the phenomenon of "the fish's window'Nowadays everyone is aware that the fish can see UP ithrough the surface of the water only in a limitedcircle right above him; outside that circle all it c3f jsee is the reflection from the underside of the surfaceas from a mirror. A floating fly in the window canbeseen in its detail of size, shape and color; outside thewindow, all the fish can see is the impression of thefloating fly's legs on the surface.The point is that in fast water a fish must star1rising well before the fly gets to him or he will miss %But as he rises, the size of his "window" diminishesIt is very possible, and I believe it is a fact, that if thecurrent is fast enough, the fish has to rise so far aheadof the fly that he never has the fly inside his fast'diminishing "window" until the instant when fish andfly come together. Everyone who fishes dry on faS4water has experience of "missed strikes" when his flyis not quite right, but not everyone realizes that theyare not misses but last-second refusals by the fish a5he discovers the fraud just as he is about to take. I'1that instant, when he gets his first clear look at thefly, he closes his mouth and turns away, creating thedisturbance which looks like a rise but isn't.This would explain why "presentation" alone is notnearly so successful on slow streams, and fails on th placid, rich Hampshire chalk streams on which theBritish dry-fly method was born.Obviously the basis of LaBranche's method was goodcasting, accurate, well-controlled and faultless. And a{PENNSYLVANIAANGLEU

is he was a great master. George was an all-round Portsrnaii—a really good baseball player in his youth,SlT art, successful sailboat racer, and a phenomenallySood wingshot. But above all he was a splendid caster,"her tournament or stream, with the one-handed trout d or the two-handed salmon rod, and with the baitCasting r o d a n ( j jewelled multiplying reel. His "tipvork," by which the skillful fisherman lays his fly wn with the necessary slack behind it to let it float. ree 'y, or shoots it across half a dozen varying currentstoa pocket under the alders, was incredible.Neither LaBranche nor his devoted followers had0Pay much attention to the natural insect, and theydidn Although he himself never said it and didn'tbe]I e v e it, his followers have always summed up theAm, encan school in one sentence: "It's not what youh' ave but the way you use it; pattern is nothing, prest a t i o n is all that counts."""fortunately, this was true only in broken water,and not entirely even then. There were a lot of placeseven on the Brodhead and the Willowemoc where size,A1ape and c o l 0 r made all the difference. But when the)affled angler looked for a book to tell him what heneeded to know about the natural stream insects, thereWasnothing. English books, and good ones, there werenPlenty, but of little use since our insects were clifterent from theirs.Inorder to fill this gap an American artist, fisher'nan and prolific writer of how-to-do-it fishing books,lj uis Rhead, came up with "American Trout Streamlsects," a unique specimen of American angling liteiatii r e even though it was scientifically and practicallyWorthless. Apparently Louis had the ambitious idea of cornerlnS the American dry-fly market by following Halford's aniple. That great British authority had selectednrty-three natural insects which, he said, the fisherman CoUid profitably imitate. He had evolved thirtyhree fly dressings in imitation of these insects, and"umbered them. And he had approved the work ofw commercial fly tyers who followed them faithfully. aH the angler had to do, if he wanted a killing'nutation of, say, the Blue-Winged Olive (a common"tish natural much liked by the trout) was to write0Hardy's and order No. 17, or whatever it was. Thesherman got his fly, Hardy's got a profit, and presum'y Halford got a commission.*t is revealing to note that although "American Troutream Insects" describes, pictures and names 95A:me rican stream insects; and has a substantial, ifPrimitil motive, chapter on fly tying, it carefully omits anyy Patterns. Today Rhead's book is a collector's itemand a curiosity.It wasn't until 1935 that a scientifically sound book n the fisherman's insects appeared, a limited editiony The Derrydale Press which was .reprinted in a tradeedltion thirteen years later because of its continuingP Pularity. It was not a comprehensive entomology, nd it was written backward, in a maimer of speaking.utit was the work of a writer and fisherman who,*PRIL-1962although not a professional entomologist, neverthelessknew what he was talking about, and furthermore hadhad the good sense to have his book checked by severalauthorities on entomology before he sprang it on thepublic.Preston J. Jennings selected a number of popularand effective "standard" artificial flies used in the Cat

rtpal J962 . Distinguishing The Trout of Pennsylvania (Family—Salmon idae ) By JACK MILLER and KEEN BUSS Fishery Biologists Benner Spring Fish Research Station Pennsylvania Fish Commission A HERE are four species of trout in Pennsylvania— the brown trout, the rainbow trout, the brook trout and

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