EARLY BRITISH COLONIES
EARLY BRITISH COLONIES Beginning in the early1600s, the Englishestablished colonies alongthe eastern coast of NorthAmerica1607: Jamestown was firstto be settled permanently!John Smith led this groupof settlersColony struggled at first,then was saved byTobacco crop
PURITANS CREATE A “NEWENGLAND”16th centuryReformation caused asplit in the ChristianChurch; Catholics andProtestants One extreme group ofProtestant reformers –the Puritans sought tocleanse or “purify”their religion of alltraces of Catholicism ThePURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”
COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE New England Colonists(Puritans) soon conflictedwith the Native Americansover land & religionKing Philip’s War wasfought in 1675 betweenthe Natives and Puritansending a year later withmany dead and theNatives retreating
SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES Dominatedby Dutchand Quaker settlers,the Middle Colonieswere founded in themid-1600s William Penn ledQuakers as theycolonized Pennsylvaniaand Delaware
ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER Throughout the 1600s and1700s, more BritishColonies were establishedBy 1752, the EnglishCrown had assumed more& more responsibility forthe 13 coloniesMercantilism & NavigationActs were two such waysthat the Englishgovernment controlled thecoloniesKingGeorgeIII
MERCANTILISM: ANECONOMIC SYSTEM INWHICH NATIONS SEEK TOINCREASE THEIR WEALTHBY OBTAINING GOLD &SILVER AND WITH AFAVORABLE BALANCE OFTRADEMERCANTILISM
NAVIGATION ACTS 1651- England’sParliament passed a seriesof laws known as theNavigation ActsThese laws restricted thecolonies shipping & tradeShips, destinations, crews,goods: All strictlyregulated by the EnglishThe colonies weredeveloping a spirit of selfdetermination. Therefore,they were NOT happy withthese restrictions
THE COLONIES COME OF AGE New England, MiddleColonies, and the South –all developed distincteconomies and societiesIn the South, ruralPlantations with a singlecash crop were commonSmall Southern farmers(Germans, Scots, Irish)and African slaves madeup the majority of peopleSouthern Plantation
THE MIDDLE PASSAGEthe 17th century,Africans endured atransatlantic crossingfrom Africa to the NorthAmerican Colonies Cruelty characterizedthe months longjourney – 13% died onroute During
AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OFTHEIR CULTURE Despite enslavement,Africans coped with thehorrors of slavery viamusic, dance, andstorytellingSlaves also resisted theirposition of subservience byfaking illness, breakingtools, or work slowdownsOthers were more radicaland tried escape & revolt
NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCETHRIVESLIBERTY BELL The development of cities,expansion of trade, anddiverse economiesgradually made the Northradically different from theSouthPhilly was the 2nd largestBritish portFarming differed from theSouth: smaller, morediverse crops in North
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THEGREAT AWAKENING 1700s: An intellectualmovement known as theEnlightenment began inEurope and a religiousmovement known as theGreat Awakening started inthe ColoniesThe Enlightenmentemphasized reason,science, and observationand led to the discovery ofnatural lawsCopernicus, Galileo,Franklin and Newton werekey figures in science.
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREATAWAKENING A series of religiousrevivals aimed at restoringdevotion & piety sweptthrough the colonies in themid-1700sJonathan Edwards was aPuritan priest from NewEngland who wasinstrumental in themovementFire & Brimstone style ofworship; large, emotionallycharged crowdsLike the Enlightenment themovement stressed theimportance of theindividual
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Competition in North Americaled to a war (1754-1763)between old rivals, France andEnglandReferred to as the Seven YearsWar in the rest of the world.The French in North Americawere tradesmen (furs) not longterm inhabitants.The Ohio River valley was thesite of the beginning of theconflict.Mostly, the Colonists supportedthe British while the Natives“Indians” supported the French.FRENCH INDIAN WARBY NAT YOUNGBLOOD
BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN While the French had earlyvictories, the British led byWilliam Pitt and GeorgeWashington eventuallydefeated the FrenchTreaty of Paris ends thewar in 1763Brits claim most of NorthAmerica including Florida(from French ally Spain) &CanadaNative Americans alsorealized a French loss wasa Native American loss
REVOLUTION AND THE EARLYREPUBLIC
PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 To avoid further costlyconflicts with NativeAmericans, the Britishgovernment prohibitedcolonists from settlingwest of the AppalachianMountainsThe Proclamationestablished a line alongthe Appalachian thatcolonists could not cross(They did anyway)
COLONIAL RESISTANCE ANDREBELLION England’sParliament andBig BenThis was one of manymeasures passed by theEnglish Parliament thatwould be strenuouslyopposed by the AmericanColonists
NO TAXATION WITHOUTREPRESENTATIONColonists protest Hugedebt from theFrench-Indian Warcaused the EnglishParliament to impose aseries of taxes on thecolonists The Sugar Act and theStamp Act were twosuch taxes
THE SUGAR ACT The Sugar Act (1764)placed duties (taxes) oncertain imports that hadnot been taxed beforeMore importantly, it meantcolonists accused ofviolating the Act were triedin Vice-Admiral Courtsrather than Colonial Courts
THE STAMP ACT InMarch of 1765Parliament passed theStamp Act whichimposed a tax ondocuments and printeditems such as wills,newspapers, and cards(a stamp would thenbe placed on the item)
RESISTANCE GROWS InMay of 1765Colonists formed asecret resistance groupcalled, Sons of Libertyto protest the laws Merchants agree toboycott British goodsuntil the Acts arerepealed
MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS Moretaxes and actssoon followed:Declaratory ActTownshend ActsThe Townshend Actstaxed goods broughtinto the colonies fromBritain – includinglead, paint, glass,paper and TEA
TENSION MOUNTS INMASSACHUSETTS The atmosphere in Bostonwas extremely tenseThe city erupted in bloodyclashes and a daring taxprotest, all of whichpushed the colonists andEngland closer to warBoston Massacre was in1770 when a mob tauntedBritish soldiers – 5colonists were killedBOSTON MASSACRE 1770BY PAUL REVERE
BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773
BRITS RESPOND TO TEA VANDALS After 18,000 pounds of teawas dumped by colonistsinto Boston Harbor, KingGeorge III was infuriatedParliament responded bypassing the Coercive Acts,called the Intolerable Actsby the colonists; whichincluded the closing of theHarbor, the QuarteringAct, Martial law in Boston
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION Colonists start to organizeand communicateFirst Continental Congressmet in 1774 and drew uprightsMilitary preparation beganEngland reacts by orderingtroops to seize weaponsFIRST CONTINENTALCONGRESS - 1774 PHILLYATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUELADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, ANDGEORGE WASHINGTON
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD With Paul Revere’sannouncement, theColonists and the Britishbegan fighting in April of1775The first battle of theAmerican Revolution lastedonly 15 minutes, but itsimpact has lasted for over200 years
SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS May 1775, Colonial leadersmet for a SecondContinental CongressSome called forIndependence, some forreconciliationThe Congress appointedGeorge Washington ashead of the ContinentalArmyPatrick HenryaddressesCongress
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL June 1775Battle ofBunker HillBritish General ThomasGage decided on an attackon Breed’s Hill (nearBoston)Deadliest battle of war asover 1,000 redcoats and450 colonists diedBattle misnamed BunkerHill (Breed’s Hill wouldhave been more accurate)
INDEPENDENCE MINDED Publicopinion shiftedtoward Independence Why? Enlightenmentideas (John Locke’sSocial Contract, andThomas Paine’sCommon Sense)HUGE BEST SELLER,“COMMON SENSE” 1776
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE On July 2, 1776, theContinental Congressvoted unanimously thatthe American Colonieswere free and theyadopted the Declaration ofIndependence on July 4,1776.The Colonists had declaredtheir independence– theywould now have to fightfor itJEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE Colonistsdividedbetween Loyalists andPatriots 1/3- were Loyalists(supported our Mothercountry) 1/3 – were Patriots(supportedindependence) 1/3- didn’t care
WINNING THE WARWith French military leaderMarquis de Lafayette’s help,Colonial troops became effectivefighters May 1780, British troopssuccessfully take Charles Town,S.C. However, it was the last majorvictory for the British as GeneralCornwallis finally surrendered atYorktown, Va. on October 18,1781 The Americans victory shockedthe world Cornwallis surrenders
TREATY OF PARIS Peace talks began in Parisin 1782American negotiating teamincluded John Jay, JohnAdams, and Ben FranklinTreaty signed inSeptember of 1783 andofficially recognized theindependence of theUnited States and setboundaries
CONFEDERATION AND THECONSTITUTION After the Revolution, manyfavored a RepublicSome supported a strongfederal government(Federalists) while otherswere cautious about astrong central governmentand favored states rights(Anti-Federalists)
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION The Second ContinentalCongress ratified the firstconstitution of the UnitedStates, the Articles ofConfederation in 1781Gave states one vote eachin Congress regardless ofpopulation of stateSplit power betweenNational Government andState government, BUTgave most of the power tothe states.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLESOF CONFEDERATION America’s first ConstitutionEstablished Nationalgovernments ability towage war, sign treaties,coin money, run postofficeLand Ordinance of 1785 –made land parcels small &affordableNorthwest Ordinance of1787 – set requirement forstates
WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OFCONFEDERATION Congress could not collecttaxesEach state had one voteregardless of populationNo executive branchNo national court systemNine of thirteen statesneeded to agree to passany lawLacked national unityWeak Central Government(if a state did not like alaw, they did not have toenforce it)
SHAYS’ REBELLIONAn event that highlighted theweakness of the Central(National) government wasShays’ Rebellion Farmers in westernMassachusetts rose up inprotest over increased taxesthat caused many to lose theirfarms Daniel Shay led 1,200 farmerstoward the arsenal in Springfield The event caused alarmthroughout the republic 1787
CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT “Compromise”The delegates at theConstitutional Conventionrealized the need tostrengthen the centralgovernmentThey soon decided tocreate an entirely newConstitution instead ofamending the ArticlesCompromise was the orderof the day
VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANS VirginiaPlan:Bicameral Legislationbased on statepopulation NewJersey Plan:Unicameral Legislationbased on equalrepresentationone state one vote
GREAT COMPROMISEA committee was created, aftera long deadlock, to come upwith a compromise. The headof the committee, RogerSherman from Connecticut,suggested a compromise whichsatisfied both big & small states.It is called both the ConnecticutCompromise and the GreatCompromise. It established a BicameralCongress with a House ofRepresentatives (lower house)based on population (VA Plan)and Senate (upper house)based on equal representationone state one vote (NJ Plan)
THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE Next difficult issue: SlaverySouthern states wantedslaves included in thepopulation figures used todetermineRepresentatives, but nottaxed as propertyNorthern states, which hadfew slaves, disagreedwanting the opposite.The compromise was tocount each slave as 3/5thsof a person
DIVISION OF POWERS Next issue: Should theNational government or thestates hold power? Who shallbe sovereign?Delegates choose to splitpower but favor a strongcentral government.They developed a system ofFederalismThe federal government haddelegated, or enumeratedpowers (Coin money, regulateinterstate and internationaltrade, declare war, etc.)States had reserved powers(create education programs,set legal age for marriage)
SEPARATION OF POWERS
RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION The ConstitutionalConvention adjourned inSeptember of 1787Nine of thirteen states hadto ratify the ConstitutionSupporters of theConstitution wereFederalists.Those who opposed itwere Anti-Federalist.
FEDERALISTS Led by AlexanderHamilton, James Madisonand John Jay, Federalistsbelieved that while theConstitution was notperfect, it was far superiorto the Articles ofConfederationThey favored a strongcentral governmentJamesMadison“Father of theConstitution”
ANTI-FEDERALIST Lee penned his views in thewidely read, Letters from theFederal FarmersThe Anti-Federalist viewwas that the Constitutiondid not guarantee therights of the people of thestatesLed by Patrick Henry,George Mason, andRichard Henry LeeThe Anti-Federalistswanted a Bill of Rightsadded to the Constitution,and did not like thestrong centralgovernment created bythe Constitution.
ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS To satisfy the States andIndividual Rightsadvocates, a Bill of Rightswas added to theConstitution to guaranteethe rights of the individualand the States.The Bill of Rights wasratified in December of1791- three years after theConstitution was ratifiedThe promise of a Bill ofRights convinced moststates to vote in favor ofthe Constitution.First Ten Amendments
OLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTION The U.S. Constitution isthe oldest written nationalconstitution in the worldElastic Clause key toflexibilityAlso ability to change, or“amend” the Constitutionhelps preserve it27 Amendments havebeen added
LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION The hero of the Revolutionwas the unanimous choicefor the nation’s firstpresidentWashington took officeunder the Constitution andwith the CongressHe faced an enormoustask of creating a newgovernmentAmerica’s First President
The End
EARLY BRITISH COLONIES Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled permanently! John Smith led this group of settlers Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop
Honey bee colonies for operations with five or more colonies in the United States on January 1, 2020 totaled 2.88 million colonies, up 8 percent from January 1, 2019. The number of colonies in the United States on April 1, 2020 was 2.98 million colonies. During 2019, honey bee colonies on January 1, July 1, and October 1 were 2.67 million, 3.18
The Thirteen Colonies ] Eventually, colonists from Britain established 13 separate colonies along the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Together the colonies became known as New Why did the British build colonies in America? Focus The British Cross the Atlantic Figure 3.1 The Thirteen Colonies in North America.
Colonies: In contrast to the New England and middle colonies were the rural southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. People: The populations in the southern colonies were diverse and consisted of many European nationalities. Climate: The climate in the southern colonies was the warmest of
The Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic Colonies) I. Characteristics of the Middle Colonies: NY, PA, NJ, DE A. Excellent land for farming: region became known as the "bread colonies" for exports of grain; also fruits and vegetables. B. Three rivers – Susquehanna, Delaware, and Hudson – provided a the means to tap the fur trade in the interior.
honey bee colonies added for any quarter surveyed in 2019. Honey bee colonies renovated for operations with five or more colonies from January through March 2020 was 153,390 colonies, or 5 percent. During the quarter of April through June 2020, 632,680 colonies, or 21 percent, were renovated.
Britain's Thirteen Colonies. 30. The thirteen colonies were colonies of what country? 31. Shade in Britain’s Thirteen Colonies. 32. Name colony 33. Which colony was farthest north? 34. Which colony was farthest south? 35. What ocean bordered the colonies to the east? Write this on the map. 36. Which
British held most of the power. But during the early 1800s, middle-class profes-sionals in both colonies began to demand political and economic reforms. In Lower Canada, these demands were also fueled by French resentment toward British rule. In the late 1830s, rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Self-Rule for British Colonies
Unit: Early Colonies (1607-1732) (Week 3, 2 Weeks) Unit Overview From the foundation of the colonies beginning with the founding of Jamestown until the beginning of the Revolutionary War, different regions of the eastern coast had different characteristics. Once established, the thirteen British colonies could be divided into three geographic .
