Lecture 1 Outline: Introduction Energy In Transportation

Lecture 1 Outline: Introduction – Energy in TransportationI.II.III.IV.Thoughts on the future of transportationa. Mass electrification vs. biofuels vs. fuel cells vs. nuclear fusion?Energy use in the USAa. Thought exercisei. Typical energy use on a carb. Vehicle energy modeli. Braking energyii. Energy conversion lossesiii. Aerodynamic dragiv. Rolling resistance1. Comparison to bicycle and trainc. Transportation efficiency calculationi. Comparison to aircraft, trains, buses, rocketsPropulsion system efficiencya. Brief introductionAdministrative issuesa. Course objectivesb. Grading/assignments/participationc. Topics coveredd. AssignmentsLecture 2 Outline: Energy & ThermodynamicsI.II.III.IV.V.1st law of thermodynamicsa. Conservation of energyb. Carnot cyclec. Heat enginesnd2 law of thermodynamicsa. Entropy conservationExample problema. Piston-membrane-dual gas problemExample problem IIa. Similar to problem 1Example problem IIIa. Brayton cycleLecture 3 Outline: Internal Combustion Engines II.II.Introductiona. Otto vs. Diesel vs. BraytonOtto Cycle specifics1

III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.a. Animationb. PV diagramc. Comparison to ideal Carnot efficiencyDiesel Cycle specificsa. Animationb. PV diagramc. Comparison to ideal Carnot efficiencyOtto vs. Diesela. Key differencesi. Mechanical componentsii. EfficienciesBrayton Cycle specificsa. Animationb. PV diagramc. Comparison to ideal Carnot efficiencyEngine Applications: Gasolinea. Light vehicles and machineryEngine Applications: Diesela. Heavy machineryEngine Applications: Braytona. Aircraftb. Stationary power generationc. Some heavy machineryLecture 4 Outline: Internal Combustion Engines III.II.Piston enginesa. 2 stroke vs. 4-strokeb. Improvementsi. Turbo and super-chargingii. Direct Injection1. HCCIiii. Variable valve timingc. Emissionsi. Emissions typesii. On-board vehicle controls1. Catalytic converters2. Particulate traps3. Gasoline vs. Diesel differencesiii. Government regulationsVehicle improvementsa. Transmissions2

III.i. Introduction to DSG, CVT, 7 and 8 speed automaticsb. Start/stopTransition to hybrid/electric drivetrainsLecture 5 Outline: Road Vehicle Engineering & Components I (Vehicle Dynamics,Powertrain & Components)I.II.Model for vehicle power demanda. Thermodynamic efficiencyb. Vehicle Massc. Aerodynamic dragd. Rolling ResistanceVehicle Dynamicsa. Geometryi. Wheelbase and track widthii. Steering and suspension anglesb. Mass Distributioni. Roll Centersc. Tractioni. Center of tractiond. Aerodynamicsi. Center of pressuree. Vehicle Responsei. Under/Oversteerii. Weight transferiii. Speed wobblef. Advanced controlLecture 6 Outline: Road Vehicle Engineering & Components IIIII.IV.V.Powertrain componentsa. Manual transmissionb. Automatic transmissionc. CVTMaterialsa. Steelb. Aluminumc. Magnesiumd. CompositesManufacturing processesa. Stampingb. Welding3

VI.Electronics / Communicationa. CANbusLecture 7 Outline: Electric & Hybrid Vehicles I (Consumer Electric Vehicles)I.II.III.IV.V.Brief backgrounda. Different types of electric vehiclesi. Commercial applications, etc b. History of the development of the electric cari. 1968 Great Electric Car Racec. “Who killed the electric car” – brief mentionDrivetrain comparisona. Conventional vs. Hybrid vs. Battery-Electricb. Efficiency comparisonTechnical – efficiency ratingsa. TerminologyBenefitsa. V2G possibilityb. Night-time chargingNew energy sourcesa. Power grid capacityb. Operating costsc. CO2 emissionsLec 8 Outline: Electric & Hybrid Vehicles IIVI.VII.Challengesa. Energy densityb. Rangec. Charge timed. Coste. Battery lifef. Consumer acceptanceg. Operating costEV research at MITLecture 9 Outline: Rail Transport: Fossil Fuel, Electric, Urban & High-Speed(Fossil Fuel Rail)I.II.Rail Transportation OverviewTechnical Overview of Rail and Energya. Aerodynamic Dragb. Hertz contact forces4

III.IV.V.VI.VII.c. Energy balance vs. automotiveRail Operationsa. Switchesb. Track Gaugec. Study of train wear, standards or gaugesSteam Engine Historya. Pre steam engine railb. Development of Steam Engine, James Watt (1794)c. 1830, first intercity rail opened (Liverpool – Manchester)d. 1869, first transcontinental railway completed in USe. Steam dominant in rail from early 1800’s till about 1930Steam Engine Componentsa. Boilerb. Steam Circuitc. Running Geard. CouplingsSteam Engine Fuela. Wood (US early), Coalb. WaterDieselisationa. Compression ignition patented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel in 1892b. Advantages over steami. Much less pollution / cleaner work environmentii. Can be operated by one engineeriii. Higher thermodynamic efficiencyiv. High tractive loadc. Diesel Cycled. Mechanical Transmissionsi. Usually fluid coupling between engine and epicyclic gearboxii. Transmission can be limiting factor for power and torque outputLecture 10 Outline: Rail Transport: Fossil Fuel, Electric, Urban & High-Speed(Electric Rail)VIII.Diesel – Electrica. Classificationsi. On-board generation (hybrid diesel electric, gas turbine)ii. On-board storage (battery electric)iii. Off-board generation (third rail, overhead lines)b. Currently almost all locomotives are diesel-electricc. Technicali. Diesel engine to electric generator to electric traction motors5

IX.ii. (power transmission) - DC Versions until 1960’siii. AC made possible by high capacity silicon-carbide rectifiersd. Throttlingi. Usually accomplished in discrete stepsElectric Raila. Patent by Thomas Edisonb. Late 19th centuryc. Advantagesi. 90% efficiency of traction motorsii. Less pollutioniii. Efficiency gains from regenerative brakingd. DC vs ACi. Allowable voltage rangesii. Regenerative braking / fail safe motor brakingiii. Transition from DC to ACiv. GridsLecture 11 Outline: Rail Transport: Fossil Fuel, Electric, Urban & High-Speed(Urban & High Speed Rail)X.XI.Urban Raila. Historyb. Presence in citiesi. United Statesii. Worldc. Technologiesi. From coal / steam to electric early onIntercity / High Speed Raila. Historyi. Japan – Shinkansenii. Europeiii. Chinaiv. United Statesb. Technologyi. High Speedii. Aerodynamicsiii. Safetyc. Mag Lev Trains6

Lecture 12 Outline: Water Transport: History, Vessels, Port Operations (WaterTransport History)I.II.III.Energy efficiency:a. BTU per ton-mile:i. Rail: 341ii. Water: 510iii. Heavy Trucks: 3,357iv. Air freight: 9,600Most are propelled by diesela. 2-stroke turboi. Largest run on heavy fuel oil (little distillation required)b. Nuclear is insignificanti. A few experiments in the ‘60’s; Russia has a few nuclear ice-breakers, not muchelsec. Single engine, single-screw is generally preferredi. Reliability and economy3-year engine overhaul scheduleLecture 13 Outline: Water Transport: History, Vessels, Port Operations (WaterTransport: Vessels)I.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.VIII.IX.7.4 billion tons of cargo carried in 2007, globally (Source: wiki)a. Vs.BulkPassengerTankera. Oilb. LPGc. Chemicalsd. FoodReefer shipsa. Temperature controlledRORO (roll on / roll off) shipsa. Ferries, for automobiles, etc Cruise shipsa. Many have propulsion by azimuth thrusters – large electric motors in podsb. Diesel-electrici. Electrical losses: 8%1. Vs. shaft/mechanical losses at 2%Improvements currently considered: counter-rotating propellers at podsEnergy use per item carried7

X.a. Also per tonCompared to other transportation methodsLecture 14 Outline: Water Transport: History, Vessels, Port Operations (PortOperations)I.II.III.IV.Containerizationa. TEU – twenty foot equivalent unit, 20*8.0*8.5 feetb. Most today are 40-foot containers (2 TEU containers)c. Since 1960’s – containerization (also interface with rail and road)Big organizational hurdle:a. Movement:i. Shipsii. Containersiii. Cargob. Loading/unloadingc. Smaller ships – tugsd. Storage – warehousesee. Cashflow pricingf. Information managementg. Customsh. Marketing and competitioni. Safety securityj. Environment and sustainabilityExample from 15.053 – operational research algorithmsa. Maximum flowsi. Math problemsStats:a. Port flowsLecture 17 Outline: Aircraft TypesI.II.Intro to Chapter 1 - Historya. Balloons/Dirigiblesb. Heavier than airc. Commercial Air transportd. Helicopterse. Conquest of spacef. Commercial use of spaceCurrent uses of aircrafta. Manufacturers overviewi. Equipment volume / market share8

III.IV.V.b. Transportation efficiency per given payloadAirport considerationsa. Traffic and logisticsi. Relationship to port operationsFuelsa. Sources/volumeb. Future possibilitiesc. Consumption increase / industry growthMaintenance IntervalsLectures 18 & 19 Outlines: Fixed-Wing Aircraft Aerodynamics I & III.II.III.IV.Lift:a. Buoyancy liftb. Lift from fluid air motionSources of Drag:a. Profile Dragb. Induced Dragc. Effects on Drag2-D Aircraft modela. Equations of motionSteady Flight:a. Thrust-velocity curvesb. The stalling speed of an aircraftc. Maximum lift-to-drag ratiod. Endurance and range of an aircrafte. Gliding flightf. Technical:i. Basic equations governing flight – applied with examples relating to differentaircraft geometryg. How Helicopters WorkLectures 20 Outline: Aircraft EnginesGoal: Understand the principles that guide their design for varying applications. Basic combustionprocess has already been Power TurbineNozzlesEngine Types9

a.b.c.d.e.f.TurbojetTurbofanTurbopropAfterburning turbojetsRamjetsUltra high bypass engines / Future possibilitiesLectures 21 Outline: HelicoptersI.II.III.IV.V.Basic mechanicsa. Swashplate blade pitch controlb. Physics behind tail rotor and twin rotor helicoptersPower plantsEfficiencies – quick overview: homework problemUsesRole in transportationLectures 22 Outline: RadarI.II.III.IV.HistoryPrinciple of operationConfigurations and typesRole in transportation todayLecture 24 Outline: Navigation Module (Navigation)I.Historya. Improvements leading up to the GPS erai. Celestial navigationii. Original mapping techniques1. Compass inventioniii. Pilotingiv. Dead reckoningLecture 25 Outline: Navigation module (Global Positioning System GPS)I.GPS Historya. LORAN and Decca Navigator – WWII ground based navb. Observation of Doppler effect on Sputnik (1957)c. First satellite nav system – Transit, US Navy, 1960d. GPS developed in response to nuclear age – SLBM fixing, etce. 1973 – Navstar GPS program created, combining multiple military projectsf. Pres Reagan made GPS available for civilians after 1983 Korean Air disaster10

II.III.IV.g. Satellites launched between 1989 and 1994h. Pres Clinton disables selective availability in 2000GPS Technology Basicsa. System Architecturei. DOD operatedii. Space Segment1. 24 to 32 satellites in medium earth orbit ( 20000 km)2. 6 planes of 4 satellites each3. 6 satellites always within line of sight from anywhere on earthiii. Control Segment – master control station and monitor stationsiv. User segment – military and civilian users of GPSv. Atomic clocks, corrections for relativityb. Competition to GPSi. EU, China, Russiac. Message Transmissioni. Time of Messageii. Precise Orbital Information (Ephemeris)iii. Almanac of all GPS satellitesd. Position and Velocity Calculationi. Trilateration using propagation time of signalii. Usually requires at least 4 satellitesiii. Time delays create sphere’s of possible location from each satellite. Intersectionof spheres indicates positione. Accuracyi. After SA disabled, civilian accuracy improved from 300 meters to 20 metersii. Receiver clock major source of errorPossibilities and LimitationsGPS Applicationsa. Navigation, Map Making, Surveyingb. Integration with cellular telephonyc. Geofencingd. Geotagginge. Missile and projectile guidancef. Reconnaissance, Search and Rescueg. GPS Satellites – US Nuclear Detonation Detection SystemLecture 26 Outline: Navigation Module (Global Information System GIS)V.GIS Overviewa. Definition (data linked to locations)b. Historyi. 1854 John Snow – Cholera outbreak11