Thunderstorms & Lightning

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ARTICLE-A-DAY Thunderstorms & Lightning8 ArticlesCheck articles you have read:Introduction to Thunderstorms114 wordsIngredients for a Thunderstorm654 wordsLife Cycle of a Thunderstorm183 wordsThunderstorm Types1269 wordsIntroduction to Lightning203 wordsHow Lightning Is Created764 wordsThe Sound of Thunder499 wordsLightning Safety1360 wordsPage 1 of 23ReadWorks.org · 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ThunderstormsSHOWThisartiNO PARIntroduction to ThunderstormsT he text and imag e are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.It is estimated that there are as many as 40,000 thunderstorm occurrences each day world-wide.This translates into an astounding 14.6 million occurrences annually! The United States certainlyexperiences its share of thunderstorm occurrences.Annual number of thunderstorms the U.S.The fig ure above shows the averag e number of thunderstorm days each year throug hout the U.S. Themost frequent occurrence is in the southeastern states, with Florida having the hig hest number“thunder” days (80 to 100 days per year).It is in this part of the country that warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean(which . . . are necessary ing redients for thunderstorm development) is most readily available tofuel thunderstorm development.Page 2 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Ingredients for a ThunderstormSHOWThisartiNO PARIngredients for a ThunderstormT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.All thunderstorms require three ing redients for their formation:Moisture,Instability, anda lifting mechanism.[This text will examine each ing redient and explain how each ing redient helps in formingthunderstorms.]Sources of [M]oisture[The typical sources] of moisture for thunderstorms are theoceans. However, water temperature plays a larg e role in howmuch moisture is added to the atmosphere. . . [W]arm ocean currents occur along east coasts ofcontinents with cool ocean currents [occurring ] along westcoasts. Evaporation is hig her in warm ocean currents andtherefore puts more moisture into the atmosphere asThe oceans are the [sources] of moisture for theUnited States.compared to the cold ocean currents at the same latitude.Therefore, in the southeastern U.S. the warm water from the two moisture sources (Atlantic Oceanand Gulf of Mexico) helps explain why there is much more precipitation in that reg ion as comparedto the same latitude in Southern California.InstabilityAir is considered unstable if it continues to rise when g iven a nudg e upward (or continues to sink ifg iven a nudg e downward). An unstable air mass is characterized by warm, moist air near the surfaceand cold, dry air aloft.In these situations, if a bubble or parcel of air is forced upward, it will continue to rise on its own. AsPage 3 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Ingredients for a Thunderstormthis parcel rises, it cools, and some of the water vapor will condense,forming the familiar tall cumulonimbus cloud that is the thunderstorm.Sources of Lift (upward)Typically, for a thunderstorm to develop, there needs to be a mechanism[that] initiates the upward motion, something that will g ive the air anudg e upward. This upward nudg e is a direct result of air density.Some of the sun's heating of the earth's surface is transferred to the air, which, in turn, createsdifferent air densities. The propensity for air to rise increases with decreasing density. This . . .difference in air density is the main source for lift and is accomplished by several methods.Differential HeatingThe sun's heating of the earth's surface is not uniform. For example, a g rassy field will heat at aslower rate than a paved street. A body of water will heat slower than the nearby landmass.This will create two adjacent areas where the air is of different densities. The cooler air sinks,pulled toward the surface by g ravity, forcing up the warmer, less dense air, creating thermals.Fronts, Drylines and Outflow Boundaries[A front is] the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures and therefore differentair densities. The colder, more dense air behind the front [lifts] warmer, less dense air abruptly. Ifthe air is moist, thunderstorms will often form along the cold front.[A dry line is] the boundary between two air masses of different moisture content and divides warm,moist air from hot, dry air. Moist air is less dense than dry air. [Dry lines] therefore act similarly tofronts in that the moist, less dense air is lifted up and over the drier, more dense air.The air temperature behind a [dry line] is often much hig her due to the lack of moisture. That alonewill make the air less dense, but the moist air ahead of the [dry line] has an even lower densitymaking it more buoyant. The end result is air lifted along the [dry line] forming thunderstorms. Thisis common over the plains in the spring and early summer.Page 4 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Ingredients for a Thunderstorm[An outflow boundary is] a result of the rush of cold air as a thunderstorm moves overhead. Therain-cooled, more dense air acts as a "mini cold front" called an outflow boundary. Like fronts, thisboundary lifts warm, moist air and can cause new thunderstorms to form.TerrainAs air encounters a mountain, it is forced up becauseof the terrain. Upslope thunderstorms are common inthe [Rocky Mountains] . . . during the summer.Clouds [are] covering [a] mountain peak as air is forced up due toterrain.Page 5 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Life Cycle of a ThunderstormSHOWThisartiNO PARLife Cycle of a ThunderstormT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.The building block of all thunderstorms is the thunderstorm cell. Thethunderstorm cell has a distinct [life cycle] that lasts about 30minutes. [The life cycle has three stag es: a cumulus cloud g rowing in thetowering cumulus stag e, the cloud forming into a cumulonimbus cloudin the mature cumulus stag e, and the cloud collapsing in the dissipatingstag e.]The Towering Cumulus StageA cumulus cloud beg ins to g row vertically, perhaps to a heig ht of 20,000feet (6 km). Air within the cloud is dominated by updraft with someturbulent eddies around the edg es.The M ature Cumulus StageThe storm has considerable depth, oftenreaching 40,000 to 60,000 feet (12 to 18 km).Strong updrafts and downdrafts coexist.This is the most dang erous stag e whentornadoes, larg e hail, damag ing winds, andflash flooding may occur.The Dissipating StageThe downdraft cuts off the updraft. Thestorm no long er has a supply of warm moistair to maintain itself and therefore itdissipates. Lig ht rain and weak outflow winds may remain for a whileduring this stag e, before leaving behind just a remnant anvil top.Page 6 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Thunderstorm TypesSHOWThisartiNO PARThunderstorm TypesT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.[The building block of thunderstorms is the thunderstorm cell. A thunderstorm can be made of onecell or multiple cells. A sing le-cell thunderstorm can be an ordinary cell or a supercellthunderstorm. Thunderstorms with more than one cell can be multi-cell clusters or multi-celllines, which are also called squall lines.]Ordinary CellAs the name implies, there is only one cell with this type of thunderstorm. Also called a "pulse"thunderstorm, the ordinary cell [consists] of a [one-time] updraft and [one-time] downdraft. Inthe towering cumulus stag e, the rising updraft will suspend g rowing raindrops until the pointwhere the weig ht of the water is g reater than what can be supported.At which point, [a] drag of air from the falling drops beg ins to diminish the updraft and, in turn,[allows] more raindrops to fall. In effect, the falling rain turns the updraft into a downdraft. Withrain falling back into the updraft, the supply of rising moist air is [cut off] and the life of the sing lecell thunderstorm is short.They are [short-lived], and while hail and g usty wind can develop, these occurrences are typicallynot severe. However, if atmospheric conditions are rig ht and the ordinary cell is strong enoug h,there is the potential for more than one cell to form and can include microburst winds (usually lessthan 70 mph, [or] 112 km/h) and weak tornadoes.M ulti-cell ClusterAlthoug h there are times when a thunderstorm consists of just one ordinary cell that transitionsthroug h its life cycle and dissipates without additional new cell formation, thunderstorms oftenform in clusters with numerous cells in various stag es of development, merg ing tog ether.While each individual thunderstorm cell, in a multi-cell cluster, behaves as a sing le cell, theprevailing atmospheric conditions are such that as the first cell matures, it is carried downstreamby the upper level winds with a new cell forming upwind of the previous cell to take its place.Page 7 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Thunderstorm TypesThe speed at which the entire cluster ofthunderstorms move downstream canmake a hug e difference in the amount ofrain any one place receives. There aremany times where the individual cellmoves downstream, but [additional] cells[form] on the upwind side of the clusterand move directly over the path of theprevious cell.The term for this type of pattern whenviewed by radar is "training echoes."Training thunderstorms producetremendous rainfall over relatively smallareas leading to flash flooding .Sometimes the atmospheric condition aresuch that new cell g rowth is quite vig orous.They form so fast that each new celldevelops further and further upstreamg iving the appearance . . . the thunderstormcluster is stationary or is movingbackwards, ag ainst the upper level wind.Tremendous rainfall amounts can beproduced over very small areas by back-building thunderstorms. In 1972, 15" (380 mm) fell in sixhours over parts of Rapid City, SD, due to back-building storms.M ulti-cell Line (Squall Line)Sometimes thunderstorms will form in a line, which can extend laterally for hundreds of miles.These "squall lines" can persist for many hours and produce damag ing winds and hail.Updrafts, and therefore new cells, continually re-form at [the] leading edg e of [a] system with rainand hail following behind. Individual thunderstorm updrafts and downdrafts along the line canPage 8 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Thunderstorm Typesbecome quite strong , resulting inepisodes of larg e hail and strong outflowwinds, which move rapidly ahead ofsystem.While tornadoes occasionally form onthe leading edg e of squall lines, theyprimarily produce "straig ht-line" winddamag e.This is damag e as a result of the [sheer]force of the [downdraft] from athunderstorm spreading horizontally asit reaches the earth's surface.Long -lived strong squall lines [are] called "derechos" (Spanish for “straig ht”). Derechos cantravel many hundreds of miles and can produce considerable widespread damag e from wind andhail. . . .Often along the leading edg e of the squall line is a [low-hang ing ] arc of cloudiness called the shelfcloud.This appearance is a result of the [rain-cooled] air spreading out from underneath the squall lineacts as a mini cold front. The cooler dense air forces the warmer, less dense air . . . up. The rapidlyrising air cools and condenses, creating the shelf cloud.Supercell ThunderstormsSupercell thunderstorms are a special kind of [sing le-cell] thunderstorm that can persist for manyhours.They are responsible for nearly all of the sig nificant tornadoes produced in the U.S. and for most ofthe hailstones larg er than g olf ball size. Supercells are also known to produce extreme winds andflash flooding .Supercells are hig hly org anized storms characterized by updrafts that can attain speeds over 100Page 9 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Thunderstorm Typesmph (160 km/h) and are able to produceg iant hail with strong or even violenttornadoes. Downdrafts produced bythese storms can producedownbursts/outflow winds in excess of100 mph (160 km/h), posing a hig hthreat to life and property.The most ideal conditions forsupercells occur when the winds areveering or turning clockwise withheig ht. For example, in a veering windAn idealized supercell.situation the winds may be from thesouth at the surface and from the west at15,000 feet (4,500 meters). This chang e in wind speed and direction produces storm-scalerotation, meaning the entire cloud rotates, which may g ive a striated or corkscrew appearance tothe storm's updraft.Dynamically, all supercells are fundamentally similar. However, they often appear quite differentvisually from one storm to another depending on the amount of precipitation accompanying thestorm and whether precipitation falls adjacent to, or is removed from, the [storm’s] updraft.Based on their visual appearance, supercells are often divided into three g roups:Rear Flank Supercell - Low precipitation (LP),Classic (CL), orFront Flank Supercell - Hig h precipitation (HP).In low precipitation supercells the updraft is on the rear flank of thestorm, providing a barber pole or corkscrew appearance to thecloud. Precipitation is sparse or well removed from the updraftand/or often is transparent.Also, larg e hail is often difficult to discern visually. With the lack ofprecipitation no "hook" [is] seen on Doppler radar.Page 10 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Thunderstorm TypesThe majority of supercells fall in the "classic" categ ory. The classicAn idealized "low precipitation" supercell.supercell will have a larg e, flat updraft base with striations orbanding seen around the periphery of the updraft. Heavyprecipitation falls adjacent to the updraft with larg e hail likely and has the potential for strong ,long -lived tornadoes.Hig h precipitation supercells will have.the updraft on the front flank of the stormprecipitation that almost surrounds updraft at timesthe likelihood of a wall cloud (but it may be obscured by the heavyprecipitation)tornadoes that are potentially wrapped by rain (and thereforedifficult to see), andextremely heavy precipitation with flash flooding .An idealized "high precipitation" supercell.Beneath the supercell, the rotation of the storm is often visible aswell. [It] is visible as a lowered, rotating cloud . . . called a [wall cloud, which] forms below the rainfree base and/or below the main storm tower updraft. Wall clouds are often located on the trailingflank of the precipitation.The wall cloud is sometimes a precursor to a tornado. If a tornado were to form, it would usually doso within the wall cloud.With some storms, such as hig h precipitation supercells, the wall cloud area may be obscured byprecipitation or located on the leading flank of the storm.[A wall cloud] associated with potentially severe storms can . . .Be a persistent feature that lasts for 10 minutes or more,Have visible rotation, [and]Appear with lots of rising or sinking motion within and around the wall cloud.Page 11 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Introduction to LightningSHOWThisartiNO PARIntroduction to LightningT he text and imag e are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.Lig htning is one of the oldest observed natural phenomena on earth. At the same time, it also is oneof the least understood. While lig htning is simply a g ig antic spark of static electricity (the samekind of electricity that sometimes shocks you when you touch a doorknob), scientists do not have acomplete g rasp on how it works, or how it interacts with solar flares impacting the upperatmosphere or the earth's electromag netic field.Lig htning has been seen in volcanic eruptions, extremely intense forest fires, surface nucleardetonations, heavy snowstorms, and in larg e hurricanes. However, it is most often seen inthunderstorms. In fact, lig htning (and the resulting thunder) is what makes a storm athunderstorm.At any g iven moment, there can be as many as 2,000 thunderstorms occurring across the g lobe.This translates to more than 14.5 MILLION storms each year. NASA satellite research indicatedthese storms produce lig htning flashes about 40 times a second worldwide.This is a chang e from the commonly accepted value of 100 flashes per second, which was anestimate from 1925. Whether it is 40, 100, or somewhere in between, we live on an electrifiedplanet.Annual number of lightning flashes based on observations from NASA satellites.Page 12 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

How Lightning Is CreatedSHOWThisartiNO PARHow Lightning Is CreatedT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.The conditions needed to produce lig htning have been known for sometime. However, exactly how lig htning forms has never been verified, sothere is room for debate.Leading theories focus around separation of electric charg e andg eneration of an electric field within a thunderstorm. Recent studiesalso indicate that ice, hail, and semi-frozen water drops known asg raupel are essential to lig htning development. Storms that fail toproduce larg e quantities of ice usually fail to produce lig htning .Forecasting when and where lig htning will strike is not yet possible and most likely never will be.But by educating yourself about lig htning and learning some basic safety rules, you, your family,and your friends can avoid needless exposure to the dang ers of one of the most capricious andunpredictable forces of nature.Charge SeparationThunderstorms have very turbulent environments. Strong updrafts anddowndrafts occur with reg ularity and within close proximity to eachother. The updrafts transport small liquid water droplets from the lowerreg ions of the storm to heig hts between 35,000 and 70,000 feet, milesSeparated charges in athunderstormabove the freezing level.Meanwhile, downdrafts transport hail and ice from the frozen upperreg ions of the storm. When these collide, the water droplets freeze and release heat. This heat inturn keeps the [surfaces] of the hail and ice slig htly warmer than their surrounding environment,and a "soft hail", or "g raupel," forms.When this g raupel collides with additional water droplets and ice particles, a critical phenomenonoccurs: [electrons] are sheared off of the ascending particles and collect on the descendingparticles. Because electrons carry a neg ative charg e, the result is a storm cloud with a neg ativelyPage 13 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

How Lightning Is Createdcharg ed base and a positively charg ed top.Field GenerationIn the world of electricity, opposites attract and insulators inhibit. Aspositive and neg ative charg es beg in to separate within the cloud, anelectric field is g enerated between its top and base. Further separationof these charg es into pools of positive and neg ative reg ions results in astreng thening of the electric field.However, the atmosphere is a very g ood insulator that inhibits electricflow, so a TREMENDOUS amount of charg e has to build up beforeThe electric field within athunderstormlig htning can occur. When that charg e threshold is reached, the streng thof the electric field overpowers the atmosphere's insulating properties, and lig htning results.The electric field within the storm is not the only one that develops. Below the neg atively charg edstorm base, positive charg e beg ins to pool within the surface of the earth . . . .This positive charg e will shadow the storm wherever it g oes, and is responsible for cloud-tog round lig htning . However, the electric field within the storm is much strong er than the onebetween the storm base and the earth's surface, so most lig htning ( 75-80%) occurs within thestorm cloud itself.How Lightning Develops Between [the] Cloud [and the] GroundA moving thunderstorm g athers another pool of positively charg edparticles along the g round that travel with the storm (imag e 1).As the differences in charg es continue to increase, positively charg edparticles rise up taller objects such as trees, houses, and telephonepoles.A channel of neg ative charg e called a "stepped leader" will descendfrom the bottom of the storm toward the g round (imag e 2).Thunderstorm gathers another poolof positively charged particlesIt is invisible to the human eye, and shoots to the g round in a series ofPage 14 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

How Lightning Is Createdrapid steps, each occurring in less time than it takes to blink your eye. Asthe neg ative leader approaches the g round, positive charg e collects inthe g round and in objects on the g round.This positive charg e "reaches" out to the approaching neg ative charg ewith its own channel, called a "streamer" (imag e 3).When these channels connect, the resultingelectrical transfer is what we see as lig htning .Negatively charged area in the stormwill send out a chargeAfter the initial lig htning stroke, if enoug hcharg e is leftover, additional lig htningstrokes will use the same channel and will g ive the bolt its flickeringappearance.[. . .]Tall objects such as trees and skyscrapers are commonly struck byLightning channel developslig htning . Mountains also make g ood targ ets. The reason for this is theirtops are closer to the base of the storm cloud.Remember, the atmosphere is a g ood electrical insulator. The less distance the lig htning has toburn throug h, the easier it is for it to strike.However, this does not always mean tall objects will be struck. It all depends on where the charg esaccumulate. Lig htning can strike the g round in an open field even if the tree line is nearby.Page 15 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

The Sound of ThunderSHOWThisartiNO PARThe Sound of ThunderT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.Reg ardless of whether lig htning is positive or neg ative, thunder is produced the same way. Thunderis the acoustic shock wave resulting from the extreme heat g enerated by a lig htning flash.Lig htning can be as hot as 54,000 F (30,000 C), a temperature that is five times hotter than thesurface of the sun! When lig htning occurs, it heats the air surrounding its channel to that sameincredible temperature in a fraction of a second.Like all g ases, when air molecules are heated, they expand. The faster they are heated, the fastertheir rate of expansion. But when air is heated to 54,000 F (30,000 C) in a fraction of a second, aphenomenon known as "explosive expansion" occurs. This is where air expands so rapidly that itcompresses the air in front of it, forming a shock wave similar to a sonic boom. Exploding fireworksproduce a similar result.When lig htning strikes, a shock wave is g enerated at each point along the path of the lig htningbolt. (The [illustration shows] only four points.) When the shock wave is first created, there is asharp boundary associated with it.Page 16 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

The Sound of ThunderThe initial sound reaches the ear with a loud bang , crack, or snap.As shock waves propag ate away from the path of the lig htning bolt, they are distorted becomingstretched and elong ated. The sound is more muted. Then other shock waves from more distancelocations arrive to the listener. Shock waves emanating along the lig htning bolt's path, arrivingto the listener's ear at the same time, enhance the intensity of the sound.Page 17 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

The Sound of ThunderAt larg e distances from the center, the shock wave (thunder) can be many miles across. Theshock wave is g reatly elong ated. To the listener, it is the combination of the millions of shockwaves that g ives thunder the continuous booming . . . [or] rumbling sound we hear.[. . .]In addition, the temperature of the atmosphereaffects the thunder sound you hear as well ashow far away you can hear it.Sound waves move faster in warm air than theydo in cool air. Typically, the air temperaturedecreases with heig ht. When this occurs,thunder will normally have an audible rang e upto 10 miles (16 km).How sound waves travel through cool and warm airHowever, when the air temperature increaseswith heig ht, called an inversion, sound wavesare refracted (bent back toward the earth) as they move due to their faster motion in the warmer air.Normally, only the direct sound of thunder is heard. But refraction can add some additional sound,effectively amplifying the thunder and making it sound louder.This is more common in the winter asthunderstorms develop in the warm air above acooler surface air mass.If the lig htning in these "elevatedthunderstorms" remains above the inversion,then most of the thunder sound also remainsabove the inversion. However, many of thesound waves from cloud-to-g round strikesremain below the inversion g iving thunder aHow warm and cool air affect the sound of thundermuch louder impact.Page 18 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Lightning SafetySHOWThisartiNO PARLightning SafetyT he text and imag es are fro m the U.S. Natio nal Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administratio n.Lig htning is the MOST UNDERRATED weather hazard. On averag e, only floods kill more people.Lig htning makes every sing le thunderstorm a potential killer, whether the storm produces onesing le bolt or ten thousand bolts.In the United States, lig htning routinely kills more people each year than tornadoes or hurricanes.Tornadoes, hail, and wind g usts g et the most attention, but only lig htning can strike outside thestorm itself. Lig htning is the first thunderstorm hazard to arrive and the last to leave.Lig htning is one of the most capricious and unpredictable characteristics of a thunderstorm.Because of this, no one can g uarantee an individual or g roup absolute protection from lig htning .However, knowing and following proven lig htning safety g uidelines can g reatly reduce the risk ofinjury or death. Remember, YOU are ultimately responsible for your personal safety, and shouldtake appropriate action when threatened by lig htning .Where to GoThe safest location during a thunderstorm isinside a larg e enclosed structure withplumbing and electrical wiring . Theseinclude shopping centers, schools, officebuilding s, and private residences.If lig htning strikes the building , theplumbing and wiring will conduct theelectricity more efficiently than a humanbody. If no building s are available, then anenclosed metal vehicle such as anautomobile, van, or school bus makes adecent alternative.What [to] DoWhere NOT to GoNot all types of building s or vehicles are safeduring thunderstorms. Building s which are NOTSAFE (even if they are "g rounded") have exposedopening s. These include beach shacks, metalsheds, picnic shelters/pavilions, carports, andbaseball dug outs. Porches are dang erous as well.Convertible vehicles offer no safety fromlig htning , even if the top is "up." Other vehicles[that] are NOT SAFE during lig htning storms arethose [that] have open cabs, such as g olf carts,tractors, and construction equipment.What NOT to DoOnce inside a sturdy building , stay away from Lig htning can travel g reat distances throug helectrical appliances and plumbing fixtures. power lines, especially in rural areas. Do not useAs an added safety measure, stay in anelectrical appliances, ESPECIALLY cordedPage 19 of 23 2018 ReadWorks , Inc. All rights reserved.This article from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations has no known copyright restrictions.

Lightning Safetyinterior room.If you are inside a vehicle, roll the windowsup, and avoid contact with any conductingpaths leading to the outside of the vehicle(e.g ., radios, CB's, ig nition, etc.).telephones unless it is an emerg ency (cordlessand cell phones are safe to use).Computers are also dang erous as they usually areconnected to both phone and electric

[The building block of thunderstorms is the thunderstorm cell. A thunderstorm can be made of one cell or multiple cells. A single-cell thunderstorm can be an ordinary cell or a supercell thunderstorm. Thunderstorms with more than one cell can be multi-cell clusters or multi-cell lines, which are also called squall lines.] Ordinary Cell As the .

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