Industrial Hemp Production In Michigan

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E3402INDUSTRIAL HEMPPRODUCTION IN MICHIGAN

INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTION IN MICHIGANAuthors:James DeDecker, Director, Upper Peninsula Researchand Extension Center, MSUEric Anderson, Educator in Field Crops, MichiganState University ExtensionChris DiFonzo, Professor, Department of Entomology,College of Natural Science, MSUDean Baas, Educator in Sustainable Agriculture, MSUExtensionKurt Thelen, Professor, Department of Plant, Soil andMicrobial Sciences, CANR, MSUErin Burns, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant,Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agricultureand Natural Resources, MSUMarilyn Thelen, Associate Director, Agriculture andAgribusiness Institute, MSU ExtensionMartin Chilvers, Associate Professor, Department ofPlant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, CANR, MSUBrook Wilke, Farm Manager, Kellogg BiologicalStation, MSUTable of ContentsHistory & Regulation.3Uses & rieties.4Seedbed Preparation & Planting.5Fertility.5Weed Control.5Insect Pests.6Diseases & Management. 7Harvest & Storage. 7References & Resources.8Cover photos (Clockwise) iStockphoto.com/cyano66 (top left) iStockphoto.com/rezkrr (top middle) iStockphoto.com/Kameleon007 (top right). Bottom three photos courtesy Cornell University.Produced by ANR Communications & Marketing for MSU Extension (https://www.canr.msu.edu/outreach/MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture thatencourages all people to reach their full potential. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color,national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteranstatus. Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Jeffrey W.Dwyer, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. This information is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or tradenames does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned. 1P-5:2019-Web-RM/HD WCAG 2.0 AA MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY2MSU EXTENSION

INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTION IN MICHIGANHistory & Regulationof Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) andMichigan universities (Industrial Hemp Research Act,2014). The federal Drug Enforcement Agency, however,delayed issuing controlled substances permits, whichhas stalled industrial hemp research in Michigan andelsewhere.Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is cannabis cultivatedto produce fiber, grain, biomass, or non-intoxicatingmedicinal compounds, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Asdefined by law, industrial hemp has less than 0.3% THC(tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive component inmarijuana.The 2018 Farm Bill legalized commercial production ofindustrial hemp in all 50 states and opened the door forthe redevelopment of a domestic hemp industry. Stateshave been given the authority to regulate industrialhemp. Michigan growers and processors must registertheir hemp acres and facilities with MDARD and submitcrop samples for THC testing.Cannabis sativa is among the earliest and most widelycultivated plants, and was once a globally important fibercrop (Barber, 1991). It is believed that Spaniards broughthemp to the Americas in the mid-16th century, and by1619, Native Americans and British colonists were growinghemp for fiber in New England (McIlwaine & Kennedy,1905). The fiber was especially well-known to earlymariners, whose sails were commonly made of canvas, amaterial once derived from and named after cannabis.Uses & MarketsIndustrial hemp enthusiasts commonly claim that over25,000 uses exist for the crop. Certainly a multitudeof products can be derived from industrial hemp fiber,grain, seed, oil, and straw and plant tissue (nonseed) oilextracts (cannabinoids).Prominent American agriculturalists and innovators,including George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, andThomas Jefferson, were interested in hemp as a rawmaterial for the manufacture of rope, textiles, and paper.Industrial hemp became a common farm crop in the 18thand 19th centuries, moving west with American settlers.The peak years of U.S. hemp production were 1840 to1890, with production concentrated in Kentucky, Missouri,and Illinois.The processed stems yield longer, higher quality fiberscalled “basts,” and shorter, woody, lower quality fiberscalled “hurds” or “shivs.” Bast fiber can be used to makeend products such as fabric and rope, while hurd is usedfor animal bedding, compost, and other lower valueproducts (Kraenzel, et al., 1998, p. 12). Seed can be resoldfor crop planting, hulled for food, or crushed for oil andoil derivatives and for cake (the meal left after removingthe oil) byproducts. In 2013 in the European Union, 56%of hemp seed was used for food and 44% for animalfeed (Carus, 2017, p. 8). The Hemp Industries Association(2019) reported total U.S. retail sales of hemp products(fiber and grain) at nearly 700 million in 2016, with themarket expected to grow at a rate of 10% to 20%. U.S.hemp imports have increased to meet this demand,reaching 67.3 million in 2017 with about 90% of theimports supplied by Canada.Historically, producing hemp fiber meant growing plantswith unknown THC levels. Increased availability of otherindustrial fibers and concerns about marijuana abuse ledto a gradual prohibition of cannabis cultivation in the U.S.beginning in the early 20th century. By the mid-1930scannabis was regulated as a drug in every state. Thefederal Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 effectively outlawedsales of cannabis nationwide through aggressive taxation.In the 1940s, plant breeders tried to develop low-THCcannabis cultivars, with mixed results. When other naturalfibers became scarce during World War II, the federalgovernment authorized the cultivation of about 400,000acres of hemp as part of a Hemp for Victory campaign.Yet by 1957, hemp was swept from America’s agriculturallandscape by increasing regulation, and synthetic fibersbecame standard in many industries.The market for CBD, which is concentrated in theglandular trichomes (specialized hairs) of flowers andleaves in industrial hemp, is expected to grow. However,the lack of extensive clinical trials related to CBD’s usein the treatment of various illnesses and conditions, andthe probable regulation of CBD as a pharmaceuticalproduct by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, makeestimates on market growth speculative at best.Increasing demand for hemp products and thedevelopment of low-THC cannabis cultivars have led torecent pro-hemp legislation. Section 7606 of the 2014Farm Bill permitted regulated research on this ancientcrop. In 2014, the Michigan Legislature removed industrialhemp (cannabis with less than 0.3% THC) from the state’slegal definition of marihuana (the spelling used in statelaw; Michigan Public Act 548, 2014) and authorizedindustrial hemp research by the Michigan Department MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYIndustrial hemp hasn’t been grown as a crop in theU.S. since the late 1950s, so growers must look at thedevelopment of hemp markets in other countries whenconsidering the crop’s economic feasibility. For example,the hemp acreage in Canada, where growing industrialhemp has been legal since 1998, varied greatly during the3MSU EXTENSION

INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTION IN MICHIGANcrop’s early years (Johnson, 2018, p. 10). At first, farmersmay not have known whether the crop was suitable fortheir farming operations. Then, after many had decidedto give hemp a try and acreage jumped substantially, acommercial buyer collapsed and left many farmers withseed and fiber they couldn’t sell (Small & Marcus, 2002,p. 318). In addition, a boom-season harvest and resultingprice drop meant many growers lost money on industrialhemp.important for cannabinoid production to avoid pollinationand seed set.SOILSHemp is best grown on well-drained, highly fertile soilswith ample organic matter. Given adequate fertility andmoisture, good hemp also can be grown on sandy soils.The cost of irrigation may prove uneconomical for hempon sandy soils, however. “Well-drained clay soils canbe used,” according to Small and Marcus, “but poorlydrained clay soils are very inappropriate because of theirsusceptibility to compaction, which is not tolerated”(2002, p. 312).These troubles might have been avoidable if a strongmarketing board had existed to help bridle the earlycompetitive forces and market instabilities, and todampen the price fluctuations. Without a marketingboard (or a similar limiting mechanism) in the U.S., theamount of hype surrounding the crop could initiallyspur comparable overproduction and market troubles.Therefore, it will be crucial that growers sign contractswith reputable buyers of industrial hemp products beforeplanting a hemp crop.Young plants are sensitive to wet or flooded soils duringthe first three weeks or until growth reaches the fourthinternode (about 1 foot tall) (Small & Marcus, 2002, p.312). Soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.5, with neutralto slightly above neutral preferred.CLIMATEAgronomyHemp prefers a significant amount of moisture. Researchat Ridgetown College, Ontario, indicates the crop needs10 to 13 inches of in-season rainfall (Baxter & Scheifele,2000, Climatic Conditions, para. 1). Furthermore, “abouthalf of this moisture is required during flowering and seedset in order to produce maximum grain yield. Droughtduring this stage reduces seed set and produces poorlydeveloped grain heads. Continued drought results in lowyields of light grain” (Baxter & Scheifele, 2000, ClimaticConditions, para. 2).Industrial hemp is an untested crop in Michigan. Researchis needed to provide data on planting, management,fertility, harvesting, and processing specific to productionin Michigan. In the meantime, Michigan growers willhave to rely on a variety of hemp production resourcespublished by states such as Kentucky and Canadianprovinces such as Ontario that have industrial hempresearch programs. Michigan and Ontario’s proximity andsimilar latitude make information from that province onsoils, climate, suitable hemp varieties, and managementpractices most relevant to Michigan growers.In addition, they state, “during the period of vegetativegrowth, hemp responds to daytime high temperaturesof 25 C to 28 C (77 F to 83 F). Young plants can growslowly at temperatures as low as 2 C (36 F). After thethird pair of leaves develops, hemp can survive daily lowtemperatures as low as -0.5 C (31 F) for 4 to 5 days”(Baxter & Scheifele, 2000, Climatic Conditions, para. 3).DESCRIPTIONIndustrial hemp is a broadleaf, annual, wind-pollinated,and tap-rooted plant that can grow rapidly under idealconditions. When grown for grain production, branchingmay occur, and the plants reach heights of 6 to 10feet. Shorter plants are favored for ease of combineharvesting. The flowers and seed set on female plantsare indeterminate, which means that seeds develop andmature over an extended period. Thus, both immatureand ripe seeds are present on the same plant.VARIETIESWhen grown for fiber production, hemp may growwithout branching to a height of 6 to 13 feet. Becauseof the denser plantings typical for fiber production, thebottom leaves atrophy due to shading.Most industrial hemp varieties originate from Europe. Thethree types are: Dioecious, having male and female flower parts onseparate plants Monoecious, having male and female flower partson the same plant Female predominant, a dioecious type with 85%to 90% female plants (Baxter & Scheifele, 2000,Varieties, para. 1)For cannabinoid production, only female plants aregrown, and wide spacing is used to encourage branchingand maximize flower production. Hemp pollen cantravel long distances in windy conditions, so isolation isCharacteristics unique to each variety include seedsize, oil content and composition, and fiber quality andyield. Varieties grown for fiber may contain 15% to 25%bast fibers (Baxter & Scheifele, 2000, Varieties, para. 2). MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY4MSU EXTENSION

INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTION IN MICHIGANAccording to researchers at the University of Kentucky,“Dual-purpose cultivars are suitable for both fiber andseed uses; however, the current industry trend in othercountries seems to be toward selecting varieties specificfor one use or the other” (Kaiser, Cassady, & Ernst, 2015,p. 3).for fiber, hemp is planted in dense stands to discouragebranching and flowering and to promote height, thusmaximizing fiber yields (Kaiser, et al., 2015, p. 3).For grain production, final plant populations shouldbe around 400,000 to 600,000 plants per acre. TheUniversity of Kentucky recommends 20 to 40 lbs. peracre PLS and row spacings from 8 to 16 inches forseed or dual purpose (Williams & Mundell, 2018, p. 4).Plants are spaced farther apart for seed productionto encourage flowering and branching. Accordingto Williams and Mundell, “Field-scale cannabinoidproduction systems are not yet well-defined. Lackingappropriate research-based information, cannabinoidproduction from seed should be thought of similarly tograin production” (2018, p. 5).Most hemp cultivars are photoperiodic (day-lengthtriggers flowering), and earlier planting dates result inmore vegetative growth before flowering. Because hempis day-length sensitive, flowering is triggered with theonset of shorter days, generally 4 to 5 weeks after thesummer solstice (June 20 or 21) depending on latitude(Cherney & Small, 2016, p. 11; Baxter & Scheifele, 2000,Seedbed Preparation and Planting, para. 3).Finding cultivars suited to local conditions and purpose –fiber, grain, or cannabinoids – is a key to success. InCanada, “only varieties of industrial hemp that are namedin the List of Approved Cultivars (https://bit.ly/2ZwaD1x),published by Health Canada, are approved for planting.These varieties are known to produce plants containingless than 0.3% THC under normal conditions. The THClevel may vary with stage of growth and increase underenvironmental stress conditions. They mature to fiber in60 to 90 days and to grain in 110 to 150 days. Using homegrown or ‘common’ seed is illegal” (Baxter & Scheifele,2000, Varieties, para. 3).The best planting date is determined by soil temperature.It ranges from late April to late May in Northern Ontarioand may be similar for Michigan; however, do not plantafter the first week of June. Furthermore, observationsin Northern Ontario indicate that grain yield may notrespond as positively to early planting as does fiber yield,but early planting may help to advance the harvest date(Baxter & Scheifele, 2000, Seedbed Preparation andPlanting, para. 4).FERTILITYBecause industrial hemp has not been grown in recenttimes using modern production agricultural methods, westill have much to learn about region-specific nutrientrequirements for the crop. Historical knowledge suggestsindustrial hemp has nutrient requirements similar to otherhigh producing crops grown in the Great Lakes Region.In neighboring Ontario, Canada, researchers suggestapplying up to 110 lbs. per acre of nitrogen, based onsoil fertility, and 40 to 90 lbs. per acre of potash, basedon soil test results. Consult Growing Industrial Hemp inOntario (Baxter & Scheifele, 2000) for details.Currently no U.S. standards exist for seed certification(Kaiser, et al., 2015, p. 3). To meet the needs ofdeveloping markets, contracts may specify the exactvarieties to grow.SEEDBED PREPARATION & PLANTINGGood seed-to-soil contact is required to achieve thebest germination rate of industrial hemp seed. A firm,level and relatively fine seedbed – comparable to directseeding forages – should be prepared. Work and plantas soon as the soil is dry enough to avoid compaction.Hemp can be grown using either no-till or conventionaltillage and planted with a standard grain drill. Broadcastseeding followed by cultipacking is also acceptable. Plantseed at a depth of ¼ to ¾ inch. Hemp seed germinatesat 40 F, although soil temperatures at or above 46 F arebest for fast germination.Growers on coarser textured Michigan soils may benefitfrom adding sulfur at 20 to 30 lbs. per acre. Avoidoverfertilizing, which can compromise crop qualitythrough stem breakage and lodging.WEED CONTROLCulturalIndustrial hemp for fiber is usually sown in 6- to 7-inchrows with an ideal final stand of 800,000 to 1,000,000plants per acre. Seeding early, as soon as soil conditionsare suitable, is recommended. A minimum seeding rate of1 million seeds per acre is recommended by researchers.The University of Kentucky recommends 40 to 60 lbs.per acre of pure live seed (PLS) and row spacing of 8inches for fiber (Williams & Mundell, 2018, p. 4). Generally, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYPlanting in ideal conditions is the best weed controloption for industrial hemp production (Hall, Bhattarai,& Midmore, 2014). Proper stand establishment andvigorously growing hemp plants are highly competitivewith weeds (Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance 2019; Hall,et al., 2014). For example, when planted under idealconditions, hemp can germinate rapidly and reach afoot tall two to four weeks after planting. After this initial5MSU EXTENSION

INDUSTRIAL HEMP PRODUCTION IN MICHIGANgrowth, hemp enters the elongation stage (period ofrapid growth), which can provide about 90% groundcover and suppress weed growth.blister beetle adults. None are expected to cause seriousdamage to fast-growing stands of hemp.Plant population is another factor in weed control.Research in Canada has found that in fields with highplant populations, canopy closure occurs earlier in theseason, thus shading weeds and reducing weed growth(Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance, 2019).Several insects bore into stems and stalks of hemp.One is European corn borer (ECB), which historicallycaused serious injury to hemp in parts of Europe. Afterits accidental introduction into the U.S. in the early1900s, ECB was commonly reported in hemp fieldsbefore World War II. As in c

The peak years of U.S. hemp production were 1840 to 1890, with production concentrated in Kentucky, Missouri, and Illinois. Historically, producing hemp fiber meant growing plants with unknown THC levels. Increased availability of other industrial fibers and concerns about marijuana abuse led

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