Strength Stability Of Thirumalaipadi Brick Oasis By Admixtures
Special Issue - 2019International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181CONFCALL - 2019 Conference ProceedingsStrength Stability of Thirumalaipadi Brick Oasisby AdmixturesP. Sujitha MagdaleneAssisstant ProfessorDept of CIVIL-PITST.ArthiG. MurugeshwariDept of CIVIL-PITSDept of CIVIL-PITSAbstract:- In this project we have discussed the behavior ofbrick strength under various admixtures. The use of earthconstruction is well established in energy efficient housing.Clay bricks consist of red soil, clay, water, and admixturessuch as silica or alumina. The advantages of clay brickinclude its low-cost and great thermal behavior. Althoughclay brick is considered one of the oldest constructionmaterials, engineers and builders do not have enoughinformation about its mechanical properties. Also there is noaccurate design code to follow before construction. This studyis devoted to enhance the low compressive strength of mudbrick without sacrificing its low thermal conductivityproperties. The experimental program in this researchincludes the use of different admixtures such as silica (0%,10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) increase the compressivestrength of the basic clay mix. While adding 10% silica as anadmixture this experimental results, lead to an optimumcompressive strength of the brick.clay brick as a building material however has not beenseriously investigated through scientific experimentation.Therefore, this study aims to investigate: improvements inclay brick consolidation by increasing its durability; andimparting water penetration to clay brick. In this research,the effect of different clay brick components on strengthand thermal conductivity properties are investigated. Thebasic mixture consists of clay (red soil and sand), silica andwater. Many additives are provided to the basic mixture inorder to improve brick properties.The overall aim of this study is to determine, throughextensive experimental investigation, the effect ofdifferent clay brick ingredients on strength and absorption,and utilize these results in a forthcoming study on thermalconductivity properties. With this in mind, the specificobjectives of the study are to improve clay brickconsolidation by using materials such as soluble silicate,ethoyl silicate, silanes or siloxanes, isocyanates andvarious polymers agents to treat clay brick permeability.In addition, the effect of using metallic fibers to improveclay brick durability is investigated.1. INTRODUCTIONEarth as clay bricks, has been used in buildingconstruction for thousands of years and approximately 30%of the world’s present population still live in earthenshelters. Clay brick is an inexpensive, environmentallyfriendly and abundantly available building material. It hasbeen used extensively for building construction around theworld, particularly in extreme hot, dry desert climates.Silica is added to improve compressive strength, and mayprevent clay bricks from cracking. The clay brick is thenshaped in a mould of almost any size or shape or by hand.The brick mixtures are then laid to dry in the heat of thesun for about 15 days before use.Clay bricks have several advantages over otherconventional building materials, e.g., concrete masonry.These advantages include: a very minimal manufacturingprocess; skilled laboris not necessary; clay is availablefrom natural resources; inexpensive construction materials;and clay structures are able to perform satisfactorily underhot environmental conditions. However, there are manydisadvantages in using clay bricks as building materials.These include: clay brick may tend to erode under rainimpact; absorption of water causes swelling of clay brick,while evaporation of water from the clay brick gives rise toshrinkage and cracking; and clay brick is a relatively fragilematerial, which cannot resist earthquake.It is known that clay brick technology has been widelyused in desert countries due to the widespread existence ofsilt and clay deposits in these areas. Theimportanceof usingVolume 7, Issue 111.1ADVANTAGES OF BRICK1.1.1 AESTHETIC APPEALBrick possesses natural and infinite pleasant colours ofburnt clays. Its color formation is achieved through acomplicated physio-chemical reaction during the firingprocess. In contrast to the color of stained body, brickcolouris permanent and will not fade during weatheringprocess. Bricks natural colors combined with the extremeflexibility in applications produce aesthetic results whichare always personal and everlasting.1.1.2 THERMAL INSULATIONBrick generally exhibits better thermal insulationproperty than other building materials like concrete.Perforation can improve the thermal insulation property ofbricks to some extent. Besides, theThermal Massandmoisture that the brick has absorbed can help to keep thetemperature inside the house relatively constant.1.1.3 FIRE RESISTANCEThe fire resistance of a building material refers to thelength of time a walling element is about to resist a fullydeveloped fire. In every case, clay brick walls obtainmaximum fire ratings. To the owner of a clay brickPublished by, www.ijert.org1
2Special Issue - 2019International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181CONFCALL - 2019 Conference Proceedingsbuilding, this means peace of mind and substantial savingsover time on insurance premiums. After adding the admixtures the cost will remainsconstant for brick.1.1.4 ZERO MAINTENANCE COST2.MATERIALS AND METHODSClay bricks do not require maintenance. Clay brick maycost a little bit more cost initially, but the very first timethat you paint, you might well spend more than theadditional cost of the brick. In addition, you do not need toworry the clay brick from rotting, denting, warping,rusting, splitting, peeling, fading and termites. As yourhome gets older, it naturally becomes more beautiful.1.1.5 FLEXIBLE IN APPLICATIONThe high compressive strength of fired clay bricks hasbeen exploited for millennia to build structures rangingfrom single-storey huts to massive public buildings andenormous bridges and viaducts. In particular, it can be usedfor load bearing structures which greatly simplify theconstruction process so as to save materials, time, andlabor. Besides, brick can be made into convenient shapeand size to facilitate the construction work.1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The main objective of this project is to study the effectof addition of silica in bricks.To make the bricks without compromising its strength.The objective of present work is to develop bricks withgood strength as addition of clay by fly as silica in10% to 50% for increase the strength.The material and methods used throughout the work arediscussed as follows.2.1 MATERIALSVarious materials including conventional are mentionedwith their respective specifications.2.1.1 RED SOILRed soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm,temperate, moist climate under deciduous or mixed forest,having thin organic and organic-mineral layers overlying ayellowish-brown leached layer resting on an illuvial redlayer.2.1.2 CLAYClay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material thatcombines one or more clay minerals with possible traces ofquartz, metal oxides and organic matter. Clays are plasticdue to particle size and geometry as well as water contentand become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying orfiring.TABLE 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL INBRICK1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT To evaluate the ultimate strength of brick using silicaas an admixtures.To compare the compressive strength between beforeand after using admixtures.If the ingredients aren't mixed thoroughly, some partsof the brick may be drier than others, and that too canlead to crackCompositionPercentage (%)Silica (SiO2)50-60Alumina (Al2O3)20-30Lime (CaO) 5Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)5-6Manganese Oxide (MnO)Small amount2.1.3 WATER1.4NEED FOR THE PRESENT STUDYWater used for making masonry mortar shall be cleanand free from injurious quantities of deleterious material.Potable water is generally confided tothe requirement of IS456: 2000 satisfactory for usein masonry mortar. 2.2REPLACED MATERIALS To determine the resistance of clay bricks under crackdue to high temperature.To increase the strength by adding the silica powder.Producing bricks of superior qualities to those ofstandard clay bricks are in addition to theenvironmental solution.Admixtures that are used apart from the conventionalmaterials are mentioned below with their respectivespecifications.2.2.1 SILICA1.5 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE In order to reduce the water absorption capacity toincrease the strength. Spreading of ash on the brick after manufacture reducesthe crack formation.Volume 7, Issue 11It is a hard, unreactive, colourless compound whichoccurs as the mineral quartz and as a principal constituentof sandstone and other rocks.Published by, www.ijert.org2
Special Issue - 2019International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181CONFCALL - 2019 Conference ProceedingsFIG. 1 SILICAPOWDER FOR REPLACEMENT OF CLAY IN BRICKW1 0.374 gW3 1.192 gW2 0.710 gW4 1.030 gSPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.132.3 PRELIMINARY TESTThe following preliminary tests were conducted on theraw materials Sieve Analysis Specific Gravity Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Water Content2.3.1 SIEVE ANALYSISTake the sieves and arrange them in descending orderwith the largest size sieve on top. If mechanical shaker isusing then put the ordered sieves in position and pour thesample in the top sieve and then close it with sieve plate.Then switch on the machine and shaking of sieves shouldbe done at least 5 minutes. After sieving, record the sampleweights retained on each sieve. Then find the cumulativeweight retained. Finally determine the cumulative passingpercentage retained on each sieves.FIG. 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY USING PYCNOMETER2.3.3 PLASTIC LIMIT AND LIQUID LIMITSelect a 200 to 250 gm specimen. Adjust the watercontent of the specimen by adding distilled water andmixing on a glass plate with a spatula. This specimenshould be close to, but not past, the liquid limit of the soil.Place the prepared soil in a container and let the specimenstand for at least 16 hours. The IS 2720 (Part 5): 1985 isused to refer liquid limit.Select 20 gm specimen of the same sample used for thepreparation for the liquid limit test. This sample should bedry enough so that it will not be sticky. Place this sample inthe same container and on top of the water specimen.2.3.4 WATER CONTENTFIG.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS2.3.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITYThe Pycnometer is used for determination of thespecific gravity of soil particles of both fine grained andcoarse grained soils. The code referred for this is IS 2386(Part3): 1963. The specific gravity of soil is determinedusing the relation:W2 – W1Specific Gravity -----------------------------------(W4 – W1) – (W3 – W2)Volume 7, Issue 11Take about 30 to 50gm of soil sample if it is finegrained and about250 to 300gm if it is fine grained soil into the container and weigh it (W1). Place the container inthe oven and dry for 24 hours at temperature of 1050 –1100C. Remove the container from the oven replace the lidand cool it, after cooling weigh the container along with lid(W2), clean and dry the container and weigh it (W3).2.4 TESTING OF BRICKIt is necessary to check the quality of brick before usingit in construction activities. There are some field tests thatwe can conduct in the field in order to check the quality ofbricks. These tests are as follows Compressive Strength Test Water Absorption Test Shape and Size Test Hardness TestPublished by, www.ijert.org3
4Special Issue - 2019 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181CONFCALL - 2019 Conference Proceedings2.4.5 Soundness TestIn this test, the two bricks are taken and they are struckwith each other. The bricks should not break and a clearringing sound should be produced.Soundness TestEfflorescence Test2.4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICKBrick specimen shall be of size 23cm x 11cm x 7cm fornon-modular brick and the range should be 3.5 to 14MPa.Compressive strength of brick made with 23cm x 11cm x7cm, brick mixed and cured with reference to Indianstandard code specification IS1077: 1992 and for testing IS3495:1992.2.4.2 WATER ABSORPTION FOR BRICKThe bricks, when tested in accordance with the procedurein IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992. Dry the specimen in aventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115 C till itattains substantially constant mass. Cool the specimen toroom temperature and obtain its weight. Specimen warm totouch shall not be used for the purpose. Immersecompletely dried specimen in clean water at a temperatureof 27f 2 C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipeout any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh thespecimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after thespecimen has been removed from water. The waterabsorption should be less than 20% .Water absorption;percent by mass, after 24hour immersion in cold water isgiven by the following formula:W [(M2– M1) / M1] x 100TABLE 2 WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICK FORREPLACEMENT OF SILICAPercentage 7.98.38.68.9The presence of alkalis in bricks is harmful and they forma gray or white layer on brick surface by absorbingmoisture. To find out the presence of alkalis in bricks thistest is performed. In this test a brick is immersed in freshwater for 24 hours and then it’s taken out from water andallowed to dry in shade.If the whitish layer is not visible on surface it proofs thatabsence of alkalis in brick. If the whitish layer visible about10% of brick surface then the presence of alkalis is ofacceptable range. If that is about 50% of surface then it ismoderate. If the alkalis presence is over 50% then the brickis severely affected by alkalis.TABLE 3 VALUES OF EFFLORESCENCE FORBRICKSOBSERVATIONNo deposition10% area covered withsalt25% area covered withsalt50% area covered withsalt 50% area covered withsaltRESULTNil efflorescenceSlight efflorescenceModerateefflorescenceHeavy efflorescenceSerious efflorescence4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:In this research silica is used to replacement of soil invarious proportions such as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%.The brick tested for compression test and waterabsorption. The quantity of water chosen as per IS456:2000 for an exposure condition of severe for brick.The optimum strength obtained at a replacement of 10% ofbrick. The silica added brick made with the optimumstrength gained replacements.4.1.3 SHAPE AND SIZE TESTIn this test, a brick is closely inspected. It should be ofstandard size and its shape should be truly rectangular withsharp edges. For this purpose, the bricks are selected atrandom and they are stacked lengthwise, along the widthand along the height. A good quality brick should havebright and uniform color throughout.4.1.4 HARDNESS TESTIn this test, a scratch is made on brick surface with thehelp of a finger nail. If no impression is left on the surface,the brick is sufficiently hard.Volume 7, Issue 112.4.6 EFFLORESCENCE TEST5. CONCLUSIONThe aim of the project is to control the crack andincrease the strength of building materials that is brick inconstruction work, by having more or less similar physicaland chemical properties. By this research we haveproved that the use of silica in part of soil canimprove the compressive strength and water absorptionof brick. We can produce a cost effective brick, andby controlling usage of conventional building materials,the increase in cost can be controlled, Environmentalpollution caused by manufacturing of building materialscan be controlled. By the test results of replacement insoil, we have analyzed that the silica can beeffectively replaced for 10% - 50% of soil, hence thePublished by, www.ijert.org4
Special Issue - 2019International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181CONFCALL - 2019 Conference Proceedingsoptimum percentage of strength achieved for thesepercentages. And finallybrick produced by replacing 10%of silica in a same mix, and strength achieved forcompressive strength and water absorption are 12.3 and 7.9respectively.5.1 SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDYHence, different innovations can be done by changingthe parameter of the brick. It is recommended that furtherexperimental and numerical research is needed to developthe brick with more natural 0][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]Aakash Suresh Pawar, DevendraBhimraoGarud (2014)“Engineering Properties of Clay Bricks with use of Fly Ash”(eISSN: 2319-1163 pISSN: 2321-7308)Aginam, Nwakaire (2016) “Quarry Dust as a PartialReplacement ofCoarse Aggregates”( e-ISSN: 2278-1684,pISSN: 2320-334X)Arup Kumar Mandal, HimanshuRanjanVerma (2017)“Utilization ofAluminum Plant's Waste for Production ofInsulationBricks”DineshW. Gawatre, Laxmikant N. Vairagade (2014)“StrengthCharacteristics of Different Types of Bricks” (ISSN:2319-7064)IS 1077:1992 – Dimensions of brick-Common Burnt ClayBuildingBrick.IS 2720 (Part 5):1985 – Determination of Liquid Limit.IS 2386 (Part 3): 1963 – Determination of Specific Gravity andwaterAbsorption.IS 3495 (Part 1): 1992 – Determination of compression strength.IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992 – Determination of water absorption.IS 3495 (Part 3): 1992 – Determination of efflorescenceIS 2212:1991 Brick works – code of practice.MohamedAbdalla Almherigh (2014) “Common Causes ofCracking in Masonry Walls Diagnosis and Remedy” kar(2017)“StrengthBehavior of Brick Using Admixtures”Nithiya.R, Chris Anto.L, K.R. Vinodh, Dr.C.Anbalagan (2016)“Experimental investigation on bricks by using variouswaste materials”( ISSN:2278-621X)VamsiMohan. N, Prof. P. V. V. Satyanarayana,Dr.K.SrinivasaRao(2012) “Performanceof Rice Husk Ash Bricks” (ISSN: 22489622)Venkatesan .A, G.Anand, A. George Fernandez (2015) “ACompressive Strength and Water Absorption Test on BrickMade of Wood Ash, Charcoal with Clay Bricks” (ISSN 2321 –919X)Walderson Klitzke (2017) “Environmentally Clean Ceramicsfrom Printed Circuit Board Sludge, Red Mud of BauxiteTreatmentand Steel Slag”YelamanK. Aibuldinov (2017) “Environmentally CleanMaterials from Hazardous Red Mud, Groundcooled FerrousSlagand Lime Production Waste.Volume 7, Issue 11Published by, www.ijert.org5
prevent clay bricks from cracking. The clay brick is then shaped in a mould of almost any size or shape or by hand. The brick mixtures are then laid to dry in the heat of the sun for about 15 days before use. Clay bricks have several advantages over other conventional building materials, e.g., concrete masonry.
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Chapter 3 3.1 The Importance of Strength 3.2 Strength Level Required KINDS OF STRENGTH 3.3 Compressive Strength 3.4 Flexural Strength 3.5 Tensile Strength 3.6 Shear, Torsion and Combined Stresses 3.7 Relationship of Test Strength to the Structure MEASUREMENT OF STRENGTH 3.8 Job-Molded Specimens 3.9 Testing of Hardened Concrete FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH 3.10 General Comments
the drawings. Dimensions such as bottom of brick (B.O. BRICK), top of brick (T.O. BRICK), or header, sill and panel heights, can be established from datums set at the finished floor or bottom of panels. These are easy for the installer to interpret and help avoid cumulative errors in Engineering and Designing the Brick Panel 03
The color correction of brick masonry by application of ceramic stains and pigments is a widely used and accepted practice in brick construction. Brick colors are corrected on the surface in the wall more often than may be realized. Color correction of brick masonry has been success
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ADVANCED PLACEMENT TEACHING UNIT OBJECTIVES The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Objectives By the end of this Unit, the student will be able to: 1. identify the conventions of satire. 2. examine theories of humor. 3. analyze the narrative arc including character development, setting, plot, conflict, exposition, narrative persona, and point of view. 4. identify and analyze .
