EARLY ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM,GARFIELD THOMAS HAYWOOD, AND .

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EARLY ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM,GARFIELD THOMAS HAYWOOD, AND THE INTERRACIALPENTECOSTAL ASSEMBLIES OF THE WORLD(1906-1931)byTalmadge Leon FrenchA Thesis submitted toThe University of Birminghamfor the Degree of Doctor of PhilosophySchool of Philosophy, Theology, and ReligionCollege of Arts and LawThe University of BirminghamBirmingham, EnglandFebruary 2011

University of Birmingham Research Archivee-theses repositoryThis unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties.The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this workare as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified byany successor legislation.Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be inaccordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Furtherdistribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission ofthe copyright holder.

AbstractThis thesis examines Oneness Pentecostalism from 1914 to 1931 via its initial interracialvision, the ministry of Garfield Thomas Haywood, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of theWorld. It attempts to rectify a one dimensional historical perspective which has ignoredthe significance of race in the restorative framework of the early movement, tracing itsinterracial fervor to the Azusa revival and its resistance to the Parham influenced U.S.south. Fresh historical detail informs assessment of the 1906 Azusa mission founding ofthe interracial PAW and Oneness Pentecostalism’s most obscure, yet vital early leaders, J.J. Frazee and E. W. Doak. All key leaders are studied from the perspective of themovement’s major centers, especially the centrality and history of Haywood andIndianapolis as its foremost epicenter.Its interracial authenticity is examined inrelationship to its pre-Oneness PAW context, the battle for the Assemblies of God, andthe transition of the PAW from Trinitarian to Oneness Pentecostalism. Investigation ofthe 1924 PAW racial schism, impact, and withdrawing White segment reveals diffusionand the proliferation of separatism and independency. The final analysis summarizes themovement’s region by region development and global spread by 1930 and examines thesuccesses of early Oneness Pentecostal missionaries.

DedicationTo the life and ministry ofStuart Greene Norris (1901-1990) & Jessie Dunn Norris (1901-1994)Pastor & Pastor’s WifeMidway Tabernacle/ Apostolic Bible ChurchSt. Paul, Minnesota1934 – 1990FoundersApostolic Bible InstituteSt. Paul, Minnesota1937

AcknowledgementsI am greatly indebted to so many who have helped make possible the researchgoals of this doctoral thesis, but above everyone else, Rebecca Lynn French, mycherished wife, deserves the highest accolades for believing in me and supporting me inthese years of study. Special thanks go to my son Ryan Anthony and his wife RachelRene, their truly treasured Julia Lynn and Talmadge Joseph, my son Jonathan Austin andhis wife Vera, and my son Nathan Andrew for their personal sacrifices which have madethis venture feasible. And I owe a great deal of thanks to my parents by marriage, O’Neiland Jenean Smith, my sweet mom, Christine Leona Grant, and precious parents Alvin andBetty French. I want to pay a very special tribute, too, to the memory of my preciousgrandmother Ida French without whose spiritual blessing I would have been a mostdesolate soul indeed.I hasten to acknowledge that none of this work would have materialized withoutthe excellent tutelage of Allan H. Anderson, my supervisor at the University ofBirmingham, Birmingham, England. I certainly owe him a tremendous debt of gratitudeand appreciate his able assistance and support more than I can say. Others, too, throughthe course of these months of study have proven to be indispensible inspirations along theway, including the more recent scholarship and leadership of Mark Cartledge, also at theUniversity of Birmingham, as well as the continued insight derived from previousguidance and ongoing scholarship of Edith L. Blumhofer and J. Julius Scott at WheatonCollege and Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois.Topping the list of those to whom I feel most indebted for both friendship andsupport is preacher par excellence O. C. Marler and his dear wife, Joan. Old lions andbrave hearts have oft with skilled wisdom and the faith of Christ moved mountains.Such, indeed, are the inspirations received also in the years past from the ministries of C.E. Sturch, Raymond Roach, S. G. & Jessie Norris, Robert A. Sabin, Glenn L. Cox, andmost recently the encouragement and support of Wayne and Patsy Huntley. I especiallyrevere the support and encouragement received through the years from the incomparableNathaniel A. Urshan.The awesome and memorable love and support of the members of the FirstPentecostal Church of Wheaton, Illinois can never be forgotten. And the financial andspiritual backing of Calvary Tabernacle and the many students of Indian Bible College,Indianapolis, Indiana, and pastor and president, Paul D. Mooney means the world to me.And the same heartfelt appreciation goes to the Rock Church and Apostolic School ofTheology, Sacramento, California, and the pastor and president, Nathaniel J. Wilson.Also, special thanks are due my secretary during my years at Indiana Bible College,Jennifer Mast.And along the way quite a number of folks went out of their way to assist me inwhatever way possible and I sincerely want to thank them at this time. These include,though not exclusively, Alexander Stewart, Sherry Sherrod DuPree, David Bundy, WayneWarner, J. L. Hall, David Reed, Darrin Rodgers, RaNae Vaughn, Gary Garrett, PhillipDugas, Larry Booker, Harry Scism, Samuel Smith, and Marlon Millner.Talmadge L. French, February 2011, Raleigh, North Carolina, USAiv

Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations . xiCHAPTER ONEIntroduction1.1 Definitions and Parameters .11.1.1 Difficulties Inherent to Pentecostal Definition .31.1.2 A Consideration of Theological Parameters .61.2 Definition in Context – Restorationism .91.3 Garfield Thomas Haywood .111.3.1 Haywood, Indianapolis, and Interracial Pentecostalism .131.3.2 Haywood’s Impact on Black Oneness Pentecostalism .161.4 Research Sources and Limitations .181.5 Historiography of Oneness Pentecostalism .221.6 Conclusion – Scope and Sequence .31CHAPTER TWOG. T. Haywood & the Black Roots of Pentecostalism (1850-1905)2.1 Racial Implications of Parham’s Views .362.1.1 Spirit Baptism and the Pre-Azusa Street Revival Tongues Movement .372.1.2 Parham’s Impact on the Southwest States Region .402.2 Early Pentecostal Origins and Oneness Motifs.462.3 The Black Roots of Early Pentecostalism.492.4. Profile of the Black Experience – Haywood Slave Origins .562.4.1 The Southern Black Experience – Raleigh, North Carolina .602.4.2 Emancipation – Reality and Symbol.642.5 Haywood in the Late 19th Century U. S. Midwestern Context .672.5.1 Indianapolis and the Black Experience .70v

2.5.2 Reflections of the Black Experience in Black Publishing .722.6 Haywood’s Racial Voice as a Black Newspaper Illustrator .752.7 Conclusion .79CHAPTER THREEThe Impact of the Azusa Street Revival in Early Oneness Pentecostalism(1906-1911)3.1 The Emergence & Interracial Impact of the Azusa Street Revival .823.2 Influences and Precursors to Oneness Theological Ideology .883.2.1 Name Theology in Early Pentecostalism .893.2.2 Key Oneness Leadership Impacted by Azusa Street .923.3 The Los Angeles-based Pentecostal Assemblies of the World.993.3.1 The 1906 Founding of the PAW .1003.3.2 Early Pre-Oneness Leadership of the PAW .1023.4 The Revival in the Context of the Racial Complexity of Indianapolis .1053.5 Indianapolis, Indiana – “The Midwest Azusa” .1103.5.1 Glenn A. Cook and the Interracial Indianapolis Revival .1103.5.2 Indianapolis Pentecostalism Dubbed the Gliggy Bluk Revival .1143.6 Henry Prentiss and the Downtown Indianapolis Mission .1203.7 G. T. Haywood’s Conversion and Early Ministry .1223.8 Conclusion .128CHAPTER FOURThe Frazee Era Emergence of Oneness Pentecostalismand the Transitional Pentecostal Assemblies of the World(1912-1918)4.1 Shedding Light on an Obscure Era of Oneness Origins .1304.2 The Life and Leadership of J. J. Frazee .1344.3 The PAW Transition to Finished Work Theology (1911-1912) .1384.3.1 The PAW’s 1912 Relocation to Portland, Oregon.138vi

4.3.2 Initial Links between the Finished Work and Oneness Movements.1404.3.3 The Finished Work Debate in Portland, Oregon .1454.4 Haywood’s Earliest PAW Influence .1474.5 The PAW’s Competitive Role with the AG .1494.5.1 The Pre-Oneness PAW and AG.1504.5.2 The Racial Component in the Pre-Oneness PAW/AG Competitiveness .1524.6 The Emergence of Oneness Pentecostalism in 1913 .1564.6.1 Initial Acceptance and/or Rejection of Oneness Pentecostalism .1584.6.2 Enigmatic History of Frazee’s Rebaptism and Theology .1604.7 The Impact of G. T. Haywood’s Rebaptism .1614.8 The AG Expulsion of Its Oneness Ministers .1654.9 The Ministerial Composition of the Transitional PAW (1917) .1684.9.1 Inconclusive Evidence Regarding Early PAW Documents .1694.9.2 The 1917 PAW Trinitarian Majority .1704.10 Conclusion .174CHAPTER FIVEThe Doak-Haywood Interracial Era in Oneness Pentecostalism(1918-1924)5.1 The Oneness Merger of the PAW and the GAAA.1765.1.1 Theological and Racial Aspects of the New-Merged PAW .1775.1.2 The Pre-Merger Withdrawal of the Trinitarian Majority.1815.2 The Post-Merger Withdrawal of J. J. Frazee from the PAW .1845.3 The E. W. Doak Era of Interracial Leadership and Worship .1895.4. The Impact of High Profile Conversions, Rejections, and Defections .1945.5 The Unexpected Setback of R. C. Lawson’s Split from the PAW .1965.6 The PAW Ministerial Composition by 1920 .204vii

5.7 Interracial Adaptation .2065.8 The Increasing Black Ministerial Composition of the PAW .2085.9 Distribution of Oneness Pentecostal Churches by 1924 .2125.9.1 Centers of U.S. Black Oneness Expansion .2135.9.2 Increasing Southern Dominance .2155.10 Conclusion .216CHAPTER SIXRedrawing the Color Line in Early Oneness Pentecostalism(1923-1925)6.1 Early 20th Century U.S. Racial Context .2196.2 Black Perspectives Regarding 20th Century Racial Issues.2216.3 History of Racial Division in American Pentecostalism .2246.4 Characterizations of Intra-Pentecostal Racism .2296.5 Haywood and the Color Line in the History of Oneness Pentecostalism .2336.5.1 Washington and DuBois Influences.2346.5.2 The Crimson Stream and the Voice in the Wilderness .2366.6 Preliminary Discussion on Redrawing an Erased Color Line .2396.7 Historical Account of the PAW Racial Division (1923-1924) .2436.7.1 Southern and Separate White Meetings, Abolished Chairmanship, andRejection of the Signature of Black Officials on Ministerial Licenses .2436.7.2 The Defeat of the 1924 Texas Resolution for a Separate BlackAdministration and the Resulting White Walk-Out.2476.8 Post-Interracial PAW Perspectives on the Racial Division .2496.9 Comparative Analyses of the PAW Racial Divide– Tinney, MacRobert, and Gerloff.25276.10 R. C. Lawson’s Response to Oneness Racial Division .2556.11 Conclusion .261viii

CHAPTER SEVENThe Haywood Era in Oneness Pentecostalism –The Reshaping of Its Legacy and Organizational Context(1925-1931)7.1 Ramification of Racial Reversals in the Developing Oneness Movement .2637.2 The Black Majority, White Minority, and New Structure of the PAW (1925) .2657.3 White Organizational Diffusion, Separation, and Independency (1925-1931) .2697.3.1 Disparate Organizational Efforts of Exiting White Ministers .2707.3.2 The Engendering of Increased Separatism and Independency .2737.4 Expansion of Early Oneness Pentecostalism Worldwide (1915-1930) .2797.4.1 Autochthonous Oneness Organizations .2827.4.2 Oneness Pentecostal Missionary Expansion .2867.5 The Death of G. T. Haywood—April 12, 1931 .2917.6 The Writings and Theological Legacy of G. T. Haywood .2957.7 Microcosm of a Movement – The Indianapolis Legacy .3017.8 Conclusion .307CHAPTER EIGHTConclusion8.1 The Finest of the Wheat – Early Oneness Pentecostal Perspective .3098.2 The Restoration Context of Early Oneness Pentecostalism.3108.3 The Obscurity, Transition, and Battle for the PAW .3148.4 Racism and the Pentecostal Loss of Interracial Vision .3168.5 But, O Lord, How Long? .319AppendicesAppendix A: The Slave Owner Family of Ben Haywood .322Appendix B: Profiles of Early U.S. Oneness Pentecostal Pioneers .327Appendix C: Early Oneness Pentecostal Missionaries (1914-1930) .336ix

Appendix D: Pacifism and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World .343Appendix E: High Profile Rejection and Defection Impacting EarlyOneness Pentecostalism .350General BibliographyPrimary Sources: Books, Pamphlets, Ancestry Records .361Primary Sources: Periodicals .367Secondary Sources .374x

List of CJCEMAFCGCJNFPCFUCJCAGAAAApostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ JesusApostolic Archives InternationalApostolic Christian Assembly of the Name of Jesus ChristApostolic ChurchApostolic Church of the Faith in Christ Jesus [Mexico]Apostolic Church of JesusApostolic Church of Jesus Christ[originally – Apostolic Churches of Jesus Christ]Apostolic Church of Pentecost [Canada]Apostolic Faith Churches [Hawaii]Apostolic Faith Missionary Church of GodAssemblies of GodAssemblies of the Church Jesus ChristAssemblies of the Lord Jesus ChristApostolic Ministerial AssociationApostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God[originally – Ethiopian Overcoming Holy Church of God]Associated Brotherhood of Christians[originally – Associated Ministers of Jesus Christ]Associated Ministers of Jesus ChristBethel Ministerial Association[originally – Evangelistic Ministerial Alliance]Blessed Truth, TheBible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ WorldwideChurch of God (Apostolic)Church of God in Christ Jesus (Apostolic)Christian Gospel Spiritual Church [Mexico]Church of God in ChristChurch of Jesus Christ, TheChurch of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic FaithChurch of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the TruthChurch of the Lord Jesus ChristChrist Pentecostal Church [Yugoslavia]Center for the Study of Oneness PentecostalismChristian Outlook, TheDictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic MovementsEvangelical Church in the Spirit of the Apostles [Russia]Enumeration District Number – U.S. CensusEmmanuel Tabernacle Baptist Church Apostolic FaithEmmanuel’s Church in Jesus ChristEvangelistic Ministerial AllianceFree Holiness Church of God in Jesus’ NameFirst Pentecostal Church of Jesus ChristFirst United Church of Jesus Christ ApostolicGeneral Assembly of Apostolic Assembliesxi

PCAFPCIPHCGPMAPTSJCSPSTJCUPCIVWWGGlorious Church of God i

EARLY ONENESS PENTECOSTALISM, GARFIELD THOMAS HAYWOOD, AND THE INTERRACIAL PENTECOSTAL ASSEMBLIES OF THE WORLD (1906-1931) by Talmadge Leon French A Thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Theology, and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham

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