The Role Of Spectroscopy In Organic Synthesis
The Role of Spectroscopy in Organic SynthesisKrishna P. KaliappanDepartment of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology-BombayMumbai 400 076 INDIAhttp://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/ kpkkpk@chem.iitb.ac.in
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History of Organic Synthesis
Birth of Organic SynthesisØ First total synthesis of a natural product, urea by Wohler in 1828Ø Marks the beginning of organic synthesisØ Conversion of an inorganic substance (ammonium cyanate) into anorganic substance for the first timeØ Until this discovery, it was believed that organic substances couldonly be formed under the influence of the “vital force” in thebodies of animals and plantsØ Hence, this disproved the “vitalism”
Introduction of “Synthesis”Ø As the second major achievement, acetic acid was synthesized fromelemental carbon by Kolbe in 1845Ø For the first time he coined the word “synthesis” to describe theprocess of assembling a chemical compound from other substances
Organic Synthesis (1900-1910)
Development of Grignard ReagentGrignard Reaction: Nobel prize in 1912 for the discovery of theso-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatlyadvanced the progress of organic chemistryPowerful tool to synthesize new C-C bondProvides flexibility in the synthesisCompt. Rend. 1900, 130, 1322
Development of Mannich ReactionMannich Reaction:Ø Amino alkylation of an acidic proton placed next to acarbonyl functional groupØ The final product is a β-amino-carbonyl compoundArchiv der Pharmazie 1912, 250, 6457
Claisen RearrangementClaisen Rearrangement:Ø Carbon-carbon bond-forming chemical reactionØ The heating of an allyl vinyl ether will initiate a[3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give a γ,δunsaturated carbonyl.Ber. 1912, 45, 3157
Organic Synthesis Through TimeØ Organic synthesis has always been one of the celebrated fields ofresearch activities through the development of science.Ø With time the size and complexity of molecular scaffolds haveincreased manifolds.Ø With the evolution of natural products synthesis as a major field ofresearch, highly complex organic molecules are regularly isolated orsynthesized.OOO H- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Complex Molecules
Complex Molecules
Complex Molecules
Molecular CharacterizationØ Once synthesized, a molecule had to be characterized.Ø Old characterization techniques involved destructive methods likebreaking down the molecule into smaller fragments or breaking it downcompletely for elemental analysis.Ø Apart from being time consuming and painstaking, such methods led toloss of precious compounds during characterization.Ø With molecules being more and more stereochemically diverse,methods of assigning stereochemistry had to be invented.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
The Story of EnantiomersØ In 1848, Louis Pasteur discovered that tartaric acidhad two types of crystals which had opposite effecton plane polarized light.Ø He was the first person to separate the twoenantiomers manually by the help of nothing but apair of tweezers and a microscope!COOHHCOOHOHHOHCOOHL( ) tartaric acidHOHHOHCOOHD(-) tartaric acidØ But still there remained the unsolved question of identifying the bondconnectivity and absolute stereochemistries CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Stereochemical ConfigurationØ During the turn of the 19th to 20th century, EmilFischer made his greatest contribution towards thesynthesis of sugars and assigning the stereochemicalrelation between them.Ø For characterization, he used chemical techniques likeoxidation, reduction, homologation and commonosazone formation (which he used to crystalizethrough the help of his beard!).Ø Combining all these techniques together, he successfully assigned thestereochemical relationship between epimers like glucose and mannose.Ø More importantly, he correctly assigned the relative stereochemistriesof all the stereocenters of the sugars, which in that era was aremarkable achievement!CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Organic Synthesis in 20th troscopyBondingStereochemistry& ConformationalMechanism,Physical ances in20th esisNewReactions
Role of SpectroscopyØ Spectroscopy literally means the study of the interaction of matterwith electromagnetic radiation.Ø Spectroscopy was invented and subsequently developed as a major toolfor molecular characterization as a replacement for destructivemethods previously used.Ø Electromagnetic spectroscopy can be broadly classified into thefollowing categories:Ø Absorption Spectroscopy: The energy absorbed by the matterwhen it interacts with the radiation is measured.Ø Emission Spectroscopy: The energy released by the matter when itdecays from an excited state to its ground state is measured.Ø Scattering or Reflection Spectroscopy: Studies the nature ofscattering of high energy incident radiation by a matter.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
WaveØ It transfers energy from one place to another.Ø In case of light, the energy is transferred due to local fluctuationsin electric and magnetic field.Ø Wavelength Distance between two crestsRed 625 nmGreen 520 nmØ Frequency No. of crests passing through a particular point persecondCH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan21
Electromagnetic SpectrumCH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan22
Organic SpectroscopyØ Organic spectroscopy relates to the study and characterization oftypical organic molecules.Ø The following techniques are most commonly used to elucidate thestructure of an organic molecule:Ø Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (UV)Ø Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)Ø Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)Ø Mass SpectrometryCH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Ultraviolet SpectroscopyØ UV light can be absorbed by molecules to excite higher energy (mostloosely bound) electrons from lower energy states to higher states.Ø Such transitions can be studied extensively to understand the bindingenergy of the corresponding electrons undergoing transition.Ø Since π-electrons are most loosely bound in an organic molecule, UVspectroscopy yields a lot of information about the degree ofunsaturation in a molecule.Ø When the wavelength of the transition exceeds the UV range, basedon the same principle, even the colours of molecules can be explainedon the basis of absorption of visible light.β-caroteneλmax 452 nm1,3-butadieneλmax 217 nmCH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Infrared SpectroscopyØ IR light can be absorbed by the vibrational modes of molecules to getexcited to higher vibrational levels.Ø Molecular vibrations constitute of vibrations across bonds or certaingroups as a whole.Ø So IR spectroscopy gives a lot of information on the functional groupsand types of bonds present in the molecule.Ø Even for the same functional group, there is distinct differencebetween the stretching frequencies.HC C OOHνC O(stretch) 2140 cm-1νC O(stretch) 1715 cm-1CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
O-H, N-H, C-HS-H,C N, C CClean Region of IRTransmittance (%)Overview of Functional Groups in IRC O, C N,C CS O, N O,C-O, C-NC-C, C-Cl, C-Br, C-IWave Number (cm-1)CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
NMR SpectroscopyØ Magnetically active nuclei split into their corresponding nuclear spinstates upon being exposed to magnetic field.Ø When the frequency of this nuclear transition couples with that of anexternally supplied radiofrequency wave, resonance is said to takeplace.Ø A huge number of magnetically active nuclei can be probed throughthis technique: 1H, 2D, 13C, 19F, 31P, 11B, 77Se, 125Te to name a few.Ø 1H NMR is probably the most informative and widely used technique.Ø NMR spectroscopy provides information about the different types ofprotons present in the system, the number of each type of protonpresent and also the chemical environment in which the differenttypes of protons are present.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
NMR Spectroscopy1HNMR Correlation Chart:CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
NMR SpectroscopyØ 13CNMR also can be very useful in providing information about thetypes of carbons present in the molecule.Ø Attached Proton Test (APT) and Distortionless Enhancement byPolarization Transfer (DEPT) can also give information about thenumber of protons attached to any carbon.Ø 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy correlates different nuclei with oneanother and gives information about how they are connected betweenthemselves either through bond or through space.Ø For a standard organic molecule of average complexity, a properlyrecorded combination of all these NMR techniques is more thansufficient to identify the structure of the molecule completely.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
NMR Spectroscopy13CNMR Correlation Chart:CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Mass SpectrometryØ Molecules are ionized by various techniques and then filteredaccording to their masses.Ø During this process, molecules might break down into constituentfragments, based on the stability of ions formed. Even thesefragments are detected and returned according to their masses.Ø Technique is fundamentally different from others described becausehere there is no interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation.Hence this technique is called spectrometry (and not spectroscopy).Ø A mass spectrum can give information about the molecular weight ofthe parent compound.Ø Based on the mass of the fragments formed, or of those which areeliminated, one can deduce vital information about the possiblefunctional groups present.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Carbon-Hydrogen StretchingSome comparisons among the principal spectroscopic methods(Good features score three stars):Identification of functionalgroupMeasurement of molecularcomplexitySensitivity (sample size needed)Quantitative informationInterpretably of all of thedataTheory needed to interpretspectraEase of instrument operationInstrument 13CNMR1HCH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan
Text BooksØ Spectrometric Identification of Organic compounds by Silversteinand Webster, 5th Ed (UV), 7th Ed (Mass, IR, NMR).Ø Organic Spectroscopy by William Kemp, 3rd Ed.Ø Spectroscopy by Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, Vyvyan, IE.Ø Application of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds by JohnDyer.Ø Spectroscopic problems in organic chemistry, Williams and Flemings.Ø Solving problems with NMR spectroscopy Atta-Ur-Rahman.Ø Organic Spectroscopy by Jagmohan.CH- ourseInstructor:KrishnaP.Kaliappan33
Organic Spectroscopy by William Kemp, 3rd Ed. ! Spectroscopy by Pavia, Lampman, Kriz, Vyvyan, IE. ! Application of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds by John Dyer. ! Spectroscopic problems in organic chemistry, Williams and Flemings. ! Solving problems with NMR spectroscopy Atta-Ur-Rahman. ! Organic Spectroscopy by Jagmohan. 33
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1. Introduction to Spectroscopy, 3rd Edn, Pavia & Lampman 2. Organic Spectroscopy – P S Kalsi Department of Chemistry, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad Common types? Fluorescence Spectroscopy. X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography Flame spectroscopy a) Atomic emission spectroscopy b) Atomic absorption spectroscopy c) Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Visible spectroscopy Fluorescence spectroscopy Flame spectroscopy Ultraviolet spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy Thermal radiation spectroscopy Detecting and analyzing spectroscopic outputs The goal of all spectroscopic systems is to receive and analyze the radiation absorbed, emitted, .
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