Drug Prevention 4Teens - Exploring
Drug Prevention4TeensA Drug Abuse Prevention Guide For Teens
Drug PreventionIntroduction:Substance Abuse Guide For Teens 1Table of ContentsPart One:Today’s Drug Problem 2Extent of Problem 2Drugs of Abuse 3 Cannabis Heroin Cocaine 4 Methamphetamine Prescription Drugs 5 GHB Ecstasy 6 LSD PCP Ketamine 7 Anabolic Steroids Inhalants Over the Counter (OTCs) 8Costs to Society 10Why Do Young People Use Drugs? 11Attitudes About Drugs 13What Is Addiction? 15Drug Treatment 15What About Drug Legalization? 16Part Two:Drug Prevention and Awareness 17Principles of Prevention 18Drug Prevention Programs 20Prevention Resources 20Part Three:What You Can Do 23How Teens Can Assist WithDrug Awareness Programs 23Drug Prevention Projects 25
Substance Abuse Guide For TeensLearning for Life has partnered with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the federal agency best known for dismantlinginternational and domestic drug trafficking organizations. DEA isalso a leader in the prevention community and works with schools,parents, communities, and the public to provide accurate information on the harm drugs cause. Learning for Life groups, posts, andparticipants embrace these efforts in our communities and, withDEA Special Agents across the nation, hope to have an impact onteen drug use in our country.Learning for Life and the Drug Enforcement Administration consider young people to be a valuable resource in preventing substance abuse. Whether you make a personal decision not to usedrugs, help educate your peers about the dangers of drugs, orinform members of the community about the damages caused bydrug use and trafficking, you are making a difference in combatingthis problem.Jointly, we are pleased to present this program guide to supplement Learning for Life programs.1
Part One: Today’s Drug ProblemExtent of ProblemDrug use in the UnitedStates is a seriousproblem, but much progresshas been made througheffective drug prevention andenforcement programs duringthe past decade. Teen druguse decreases when youngpeople perceive that druguse is risky, and good drugprevention programs helpteens understand how andwhy drugs are harmful.Most kids don’t takedrugs. According to a recentgovernment survey druguse rates have decreasedsince 2001. Kids are rejectingmarijuana, LSD, steroids,ecstasy, methamphetamine,alcohol and tobacco. They arealso telling researchers thatthey know more about thedangers of drugs—and thathelps them say no to drugs.You can find detailed information on drug use in America from the following sources:Monitoring the Future www.monitoringthefuture.org National Survey on Drug Use and Health http://oas.samhsa.gov Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration www.samhsa.gov National Institute on Drug Abusewww.drugabuse.gov Office of National Drug Control Policy www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov Drug EnforcementAdministration www.dea.gov www.justthinktwice.com2
Drugs of AbuseThere are many illegal substances abused today. There are othersubstances, such as over-the-counter medications, householdproducts, and legitimate pharmaceuticals (medicines) that are also abused.This brief guide provides information on the most commonly abused drugs. Hereare some facts which will help you understand the facts about illegal drugs.The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) categorizes drugs into five categories(Schedules I-V) according to their medical use, potential for abuse, and safety. Themost addictive drugs, and drugs which have no medical use, are in Schedule I.Federal penalties for manufacturing and/or distributing illegal drugs are basedon the danger each drug poses to individuals and to the public.There are several classes of drugs; each class has different properties andeffects on the user.Narcotics: Narcotics (such as heroin, morphine, OxyContin, etc.) are used todull the senses and reduce pain. Narcotics can be made from opium (from theopium poppy) or created in a laboratory (synthetic and semi-synthetic narcotics).Stimulants: Stimulants reverse the effects of fatigue on the body and brain.Sometimes they are referred to as “uppers.” Cocaine, amphetamines,methamphetamine and Ritalin are stimulant drugs. Cocaine is derivedfrom the coca plant grown in South America. Nicotine (found intobacco) is also a stimulant.Depressants: Substances included in this category aretranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety medications andalcohol.DrugCannabis: Marijuana and hashish are substances referred toas cannabis and THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol) is the ingredientin cannabis which makes the user feel “high.”Effects:CannabisEffects: Euphoria, relaxedinhibitions, increased appetite,disorientation, impaired motor skills andconcentration. Overdose Effects: Fatigue, paranoia, and possible psychosis. CSA Schedule: Schedule I: Marijuana hasno medical use. Schedule II: Marinol isa synthetic form of THC which can be prescribed for patients with particular medicalconditions. Street Names: Pot, Grass,Sinsemilla, Blunts, Mota, Yerba, Grifa, AuntMary, Boom, Chronic (marijuana alone ormarijuana with crack), Dope Ganja, Gang-Hallucinogens: These substances alter the perceptions and moodsof users. LSD, Ecstasy, PCP and Ketamine are made in laboratories, someof which are clandestine; non-manufactured hallucinogens include peyote andmescaline.Inhalants: Many common items such as glue, lighter fluid, paint products,cleaning fluids, gasoline, and propellants in aerosol cans contain chemicals thatproduce intoxicating effects similar to alcohol. Inhalant abuse is the deliberateinhaling or sniffing of these products to get high.Steroids: Anabolic steroids are defined as any drug or hormonal substancethat is chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone and promotesmuscle growth. Some steroids are used for legitimate medical reasons, but manyare illegally manufactured and distributed.3
Specific DrugsAfghanistan are the main sources ofhashish.Hash oil is produced by extractingCannabisthe cannabinoids from plant materialCannabis Sativa L. with a solvent. The color and odor ofMarijuana is grown in the Unitedthe resulting extract will vary, depend-States, Mexico, Canada, South Amer-ing on the type of solvent used. Currentica, Asia, and other parts of the world.samples of hash oil, a viscous liquidIt can be cultivated outdoors and inranging from amber to dark brown inindoor settings. Marijuana is usuallycolor, average about 15smoked and the effects are felt withinpercent THC.minutes. Depending on the dosage andother variables, users can feel relaxedand have altered senses of smell, sight,taste and hearing, distorted senses ofHeroinHeroin is atime, shifting sensory imagery, rap-narcotic which canidly fluctuating emotions, fragmentarybe injected, smokedthoughts, impaired memory and dullingor snorted. It comesof attention.from the opium poppyTHC (delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol)grown in Southeast Asiais the psychoactive ingredient found in(Thailand, Laos and Myanmar—the marijuana plant. In the 1970’s, theBurma); Southwest Asia (Afghanistanaverage THC content of illicit marijuanaand Pakistan), Mexico and Colombia. Itwas less than one percent. Todaycomes in several forms, the main onesmost commercial grade marijuanabeing “black tar” from Mexico (foundfrom Mexico/Colombia and domesticprimarily in the western United States)outdoor cultivated marijuana has anand white heroin from Colombia (pri-average THC content of 4 to 6 percent,marily sold on the East Coast). although some samples have tested ashigh as 25 percent THC.High doses of marijuana can resultinjected. Because of the high purityof the Colombian heroin,many users now snort orexperience the same health prob-smoke heroin. All oflems as tobacco smokers: bronchitis,the methods of useemphysema, and bronchial asthma.can lead to addic-Extended use is associated with anti-tion, and the use ofmotivational syndrome, lung damage,intravenous needlesand risk to reproductive systems.can result in thetransmission of HIV. Hashish consists of the THC-richEffects: Euphoria,drowsiness, respiratorydepression, constrictedpupils, and nausea. Overdose Effects: Slow andshallow breathing, clammy skin,convulsions, coma, and possibledeath. CSA Schedule: Heroin has nolegitimate medical use: Schedule I. StreetNames: Horse, Smack, Black Tar, Chiva,and Negra (black tar). In the past, heroin was mainlyin hallucinations. Marijuana smokersHashish and Hashish Oil(smoked, ingested) DrugEffects:HeroinCocaineCocaine is a powerful stimulant de-resinous material of the cannabis plantrived from coca leaves grown in Bolivia,which is collected, dried, and thenPeru and Colombia. The most commoncompressed into a variety of forms,method of use is snorting the cocainesuch as balls, cakes, or cookie-likepowder (Cocaine Hcl). Its crack form issheets. Pieces are then broken off,smoked (freebased). C ocaine is usu-placed in pipes, and smoked. Theally distributed as white powder, oftenMiddle East, North Africa, Pakistan, anddiluted (“cut”) with a variety of sub-Drug Effects:CocaineEffects: Increased alertness,excitation, euphoria (sometimesfollowed by a “crash”), increasedpulse rate and blood pressure, insomniaand loss of appetite. Overdose Effects:Agitation, increased body temperature,hallucinations, convulsions, possibledeath. CSA Schedule: Approved for useas an anesthetic for ear, eye and throatsurgeries: Schedule II. Street Names:Coke, Flake, Snow, Crack, Coca, andBlanca.4
stances, the most common being sugars andone’s thoughts, and auditory and visualhallucinations. These effects can lastlocal anesthetics. Thisfor months and even years after usingis done to stretch themethamphetamine, and violent andamount of the producterratic behavior is often seen amongand increase profits forchronic users. dealers. Drug Effects:MethamphetamineEffects: Increased alertness, excitation,euphoria, increased pulse rate and bloodpressure, insomnia and loss of appetite. Overdose Effects: Agitation, increasedbody temperature, hallucinations,convulsions, possible death. CSA Schedule: Methamphetaminehydrochloride is prescribed for appetitesuppression: Schedule II. Street Names:Crank, Ice, Crystal, Krystal, Meth, Speed,and Tina.Crack is sold in small,inexpensive doses that aresmoked. Its effects are felt imme-Prescription DrugsPain Killersdiately and are very intense and short-Vicodin is hydrocodone mixedlived. The intensity of the psychologicalwith acetaminophen. Hydrocodone is aeffects of cocaine depends on the dosesemi-synthetic opioid similar in effectsand rate of entry to the brain. Cocaineto morphine. Hydrocodone products,reaches the brain through the snortingwhen abused, can lead to dependence,method in three to five minutes. Intra-tolerance, and addiction. Vicodin isvenous injection of cocaine producesone of the most frequently prescribeda rush in 15-30 seconds, and smokingmedications for pain. Other productsproduces an almost immediate intenseinclude Vicoprophen , Tussionex ,experience. These intense effects canand Lortab .be followed by a “crash.”The cocaine manufacturing processOxycodone is used as an analgesic and is formulated into numeroustakes place in remote jungle labs wherepharmaceuticals including OxyContin the raw product undergoes a series of(a controlled-release product) and withchemical transformations.aspirin (Percodan ) or with acetaminophen (Percoset ). These drugsMethamphetamineMethamphetamine is a stimulantwhich is generally produced in largelaboratories in Mexico, the UnitedEffects: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression,constricted pupils, and nausea. Overdose Effects: Slow and shallowbreathing, clammy skin, convulsions,coma, and possible death. CSASchedule: Pure hydrocodone and oxycodone are in Schedule II. Hydrocodoneproducts fall into schedules III and V.5require a doctor’s prescription and areprescribed for moderate to severe pain.Fentynal is extensively used foranesthesia and analgesia. Duragesic States and Asia, or in “smallis a fentanyl transdermal (through thetoxic labs” in the Unitedskin) patch used in chronic pain man-States. It can be injectedDrug Effects:Pain Killersare prescribed for pain relief. They allagement, and Actiq is a solid formu-or smoked. “Ice” islation of fentanyl citrate on a stick thatthe crystallized formdissolves slowly in the mouth for ab-of methamphetaminesorption through mucous membranes.and it is generallyIllicit use of pharmaceutical fentanylsmoked. In all its forms,first appeared in the mid-1970’s in themethamphetamine is highlymedical community. To date, over 12addictive and toxic. The onset of meth effects isabout the same as cocaine, but theylast longer. Meth remains in the centraldifferent analogues of fentanyl havebeen produced clandestinely and identified in the U.S. drug traffic.The biological effects are indistin-nervous system longer than cocaine,guishable from those of heroin, with theand chronic abuse produces a psycho-exception that the fentanyl may be hun-sis that resembles schizophrenia. Otherdreds of times more potent. Fentanylsigns of meth use include paranoia,is most commonly used by intravenouspicking at the skin, preoccupation withadministration, but like heroin, it may
also be smoked or snorted. Ultram (tramadol hydrochloride)to stimulant medications when taken inand Ultracet (tramadol with acet-the form and dosageaminophen) are prescription medica-prescribed by doc-tions indicated for the management oftors. In fact, it hasmoderate to moderately severe pain.been reported thatstimulant therapy inchildhood is associ-DepressantsXanax (alprazolam) is from thebenzodiazepine family of depressants.It is used to treat anxiety and panicdisorders.Valium (diazepam) is also from theated with a reduction inthe risk for subsequent drugand alcohol use disorders.Adderall is an amphetamine whichis used to treat attention deficit hyperyears of age and older and inIt is usually used to treat anxiety, alco-adults.hol withdrawal, muscle spasms, andwidely prescribed medications in theUnited States. Concurrent use of alco-GHBThere are threehol or other depressants with Valium kinds of GHB abus-can be life-threatening.ers: those who takeAlprazolam and diazepam areEffects: Xanax andValium misuse is associated with amnesia, hostility,irritability, and vivid or disturbing dreams, as well as tolerance and physical dependence. Overdose Effects: Concurrent use ofalcohol or other depressants with Valium or Xanax can be life-threatening. CSASchedule: Xanax and Valium are inSchedule IV.activity disorder (ADHD) in children 6benzodiazepine family of depressants.seizures. Valium is among the mostDrug Effects:Depressantsthe drug to get high,the two most frequently encounteredthose who use it inbenzodiazepines on the illicit market.bodybuilding, and thoseAbuse is frequently associated withwho commit sexual assaultadolescents and young adults who takeafter drugging their victims. GHB is alsothe drug to get high. Abuse of benzo-frequently used in combination withdiazepines is particularly high amongMDMA (Ecstasy) to counter over-stimu-heroin and cocaine abusers.lation. It is frequently taken with alcoholDrug Effects:StimulantsEffects: Misuse of Ritalin and Adderall may causeshort, intense periods of highenergy. Overdose Effects: Highdoses of Ritalin or Adderall can produce agitation, tremors,euphoria, palpitations, and highblood pressure. Psychotic episodes,paranoid delusions, hallucinations, andbizarre behavior have been associated withstimulant abuse. CSA Schedule: Ritalin and Adderall are inSchedule II.and is often found at bars, parties,nightclubs, raves and gyms.StimulantsGHB is often called the “date-rape”Methylphenidate (Ritalin , Concer-drug. Because of its effect on memory,ta ) is a stimulant which is prescribedGHB may cause users to forget detailsfor attention deficit/hyperactivity dis-surrounding a sexual assault.order. It has a high potential for abuseGHB is quickly eliminatedand produces many of the same effectsfrom the body, and itas cocaine and amphetamines. Bingeis sometimes hard touse, psychotic episodes, cardiovascularconfirm its presencecomplications, and severe psychologi-during rape investiga-cal addiction have all been associatedtions.with methylphenidate abuse. According to the National Institute on DrugAbuse, methylphenidate is a valuableEcstasy (MDMA)medicine for adults as well as childrenEcstasy is a synthetic drugwith attention deficit and hyperactivitythat produces both stimulation anddisorder. Research shows that individu-hallucinatory effects and is associatedals with ADHD do not become addictedwith increased energy, sensual arousalDrug Effects: GHBEffects: Slurred speech, disorientation,drunken behavior without the odorof alcohol, impaired memory ofevents, and interaction withalcohol. Overdose Effects: Shallow respiration,clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak andrapid pulse, coma andpossible death. CSA Schedule:GHB in its illegal form isschedule I; a prescriptiondrug, Xyrem , formulatedfrom components of GHB,is Schedule III. Street Names:GHB, Georgia Home Boy, Grievous BodilyHarm, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X, SodiumOxybate, and Xyrem .6
and enhanced tactile sensations. Theeffects of MDMA are felt within30-45 minutes, peakingDrugEffects:EcstasyEffects: Heightenedsenses, teeth grindingand dehydration. Overdose Effects: Increasedbody temperature, electrolyte imbalance, cardiacarrest, possible death. CSASchedule: Schedule I. StreetNames: Ecstasy, XTC, Adam, LoveDrug, Eve, Hug, and Beans.The ability to make sound judgments and see common dangers is impaired, making the user susceptible toat 60-90 minutes, andpersonal injury. It is possible for userslasting 4-6 hours.to suffer acute anxiety and depressionIt producesafter an LSD “trip” and flashbacks havenerve cell damagebeen reported days, even months, afterthat can result intaking the last dose.psychiatric disturbances, muscle tension, tremors, blurredvision, and increasedbody temperature which canresult in organ failure and death.PCPPCP is generally produced inclandestine laboratories in the UnitedStates. It was originally used as aThe majority of MDMA is pro-veterinary anesthetic and is illegallyduced in laboratories in Europe andproduced for human consumption inthen smuggled into the United States.powder, capsule and liquid form, andMDMA is usually distributed in tabletis frequently sprinkled on parsley, mint,form and many of these tablets areoregano or marijuana and smoked.imprinted with pop culture designs orcommercial logos.PCP use often causes a user tofeel detached from his surroundings.Numbness, slurred speech, and loss ofDrugEffects:LSDEffects: Illusions andhallucinations, alteredperception of timeand distance, impairedjudgment leading to possible personal injury. CSASchedule: No recognized medical use: Schedule I. Street Names:Acid, Microdot, Sunshine, and Boomers.LSDFor years, LSDEffects: Illusions andhallucinations, alteredperceptions of spaceand time. OverdoseEffects: Suicidal andhostile behavior, coma,convulsions, and possibledeath from respiratoryarrest. CSA Schedule: Wasused in 1950’s as intravenousanesthetic and discontinued forhuman use in 1965: Schedule I. StreetNames: PCP, Angel Dust, Killer Weed, andSupergrass.Auditory hallucinations and severemood disorders can occur. In somein laboratories in theusers, acute anxiety, paranoia, hostility,United States. It isand psychosis can occur.generally sold in theform of impregnated papertypically imprinted with colorfulgraphic designs. It has also been foundKetamineKetamine is a fast-acting anestheticin tablets (microdots), thin squares ofand can be used on both humans andgelatin (window panes), in sugar cubes,animals.As a drug of abuse, it can be takenDuring the first hourorally, snorted, or injected, and can beafter ingestion, us-sprinkled on marijuana or tobacco anders may experiencevisual changes withsmoked. If used intravenously, effectscan
effective drug prevention and enforcement programs during the past decade. Teen drug use decreases when young people perceive that drug use is risky, and good drug prevention programs help teens understand how and why drugs are harmful. Most kids don’t take drugs. According to a recent government survey drug use rates have decreased since 2001.
Prevention of Drug use anD Problematic use Prevention of Drug use anD Problematic use 1 UN Office on Drugs and Crime. International standards on drug use prevention. Vienna, 2013, p 1. introDuction Prevention of drug use, particularly among young people, is almost always a central goal in national policies on illicit drugs, as well as in
member requests a refill of the drug, at which time the member will receive a 60-day supply of the drug. If the Food and Drug Administration deems a drug on our formulary to be unsafe or the drug’s manufacturer removes the drug from the market, we will immediately remove the drug from our formulary and provide notice to members who take the drug.
(1) ease of drug availability, (2) lack of parental infuence, (3) normalization of drug use among peers, and (4) low perceived risk of harm from drug use. 3. However, for college students who engage in drug use, the personal and academic costs can be high, even more for drug use than for alcohol use, leading to gaps in enrollment, prolonged
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If the Food and Drug Administration deems a drug on our formulary to be unsafe or the drug’s manufacturer removes the drug from the market, we will immediately remove the drug from our formulary and provide notice to members who take the drug. Other changes. We may make other changes that affect members currently taking a drug. For
(drug-drug interaction), food, beverages, dietary supplements the person is consuming (drug-nutrient/food interaction) or another disease the person has (drug-disease interaction). A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug, i.e.
the construction of drugs, drug users, drug producers and drug traffickers as ‘the antagonistic drug Other’ (Herschinger, 2011) or existential threat. Initially the ‘Other’ was seen to be drug users, however gradually drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) and then ‘narco-terrorists’ became seen as the most dangerous drug ‘Other .
2.1 Anatomi Telinga 2.1.1 Telinga Luar Telinga luar terdiri dari daun telinga dan kanalis auditorius eksternus. Daun telinga tersusun dari kulit dan tulang rawan elastin. Kanalis auditorius externus berbentuk huruf s, dengan tulang rawan pada sepertiga bagian luar dan tulang pada dua pertiga bagian dalam. Pada sepertiga bagian luar kanalis auditorius terdapat folikel rambut, kelenjar sebasea .
